天然沸石对土壤水分运动特性及水稳性团聚体的影响

【目的】为研究沸石对土壤水分运动及团聚体分布的影响。【方法】向土壤中加入0%、5%、10%、15%、20%的沸石,进行室内土柱试验和水稳性团聚体分析试验,研究了施加沸石对土壤水分运动和土壤水稳性团聚体的影响。【结果】①沸石可以减小土壤累计入渗量和入渗速率,并阻碍湿润锋的推进,与对照组相比,添加沸石试验组的累计入渗量和入渗率不断减小,添加20%沸石,累计入渗量、入渗率、湿润锋减小幅度最大;②利用Kostiakov和Philip入渗模型拟合试验数据,Kostiakov模型和Philip模型拟合后R2均大于0.99,拟合效果较好,拟合参数A、S均小于对照组,进一步验证沸石有减缓入渗的作用。③沸石对水稳性团聚体及分形维数的影响与其添加量有较大关系,沸石施加量由0增加到10%时,≥0.25 mm土壤水稳性团聚体的量、分形维数分别由10.8%增加到18.3%、2.69减小到2.58,沸石施加量继续增加到20%,≥0.25 mm团聚体量减小至6%,分形维数增大至2.72。【结论】沸石能够减缓土壤水分入渗过程,在一定量的施加范围内,沸石能增大土壤中水稳性团聚体量。     

施加生物质炭对滨海盐碱土壤水分运移的影响

【目的】探究施加生物质炭对滨海盐碱土壤水力学特性的影响机制。【方法】通过室内模拟入渗实验,研究不同生物质炭施加量(质量分数分别为0%、0.3%、0.5%、0.8%、1.0%、3.0%、5.0%、8.0%)对典型滨海盐碱土壤水分导水入渗及持水性能的影响。【结果】供试土壤水分入渗速率和饱和导水率随生物质炭施加量增加呈先增大后减小趋势,生物质炭施加量<1.0%有助于供试土壤水分入渗,生物质炭施加量>1.0%则制约供试土壤导水性。1.0%生物质炭施加量是影响土壤水分入渗和土壤导水性的重要转折点。施加生物质炭能够显著提升滨海盐碱土壤的持水能力,且随着生物质炭施加量的增加而增加,但过量施加生物质炭降低了土壤渗透性,不利于提高滨海土壤的导水性。【结论】0.8%～1.0%的生物质炭施加量对滨海盐碱地改良成效较好。     

微咸水灌溉下粉垄耕作土壤水盐运移特性

【目的】明确微咸水灌溉条件下粉垄耕作土壤水分入渗规律及水盐运移特征。【方法】基于室内土箱试验,分析3种微咸水矿化度(0g/L(S1)、3g/L(S2)和5g/L(S3))和2种耕作(粉垄耕作(FL)和传统翻耕(FG))条件下的土壤水分入渗特征和水盐运移规律。【结果】水分平均入渗速率和垂直湿润锋推进速率随着微咸水矿化度的升高呈先增大后减小的变化趋势,水平湿润锋运移速度随着微咸水矿化度的升高而持续增加。FL处理下的土壤水分入渗速率、湿润锋推进速率相比FG处理有明显提升。Kostiakov模型可较好地拟合2种耕作措施下的土壤累积入渗量与入渗时间之间的关系(R²>0.99)。灌溉后20 d,FL处理下的土壤含水率均小于相同微咸水矿化度下的FG处理;同一耕作措施下,土壤含水率随着微咸水矿化度的升高而增加。【结论】微咸水灌溉与粉垄耕作对土壤水分入渗、土壤湿润锋运移和土壤水盐再分布具有改善作用。与灌溉前相比,灌溉后20 d,FL处理下的土壤平均脱盐率为42.95%～55.98%,而FG处理下的土壤平均脱盐率为32.34%～43.29%。随着矿化度的增加,FL处理下的平均土...     

氮肥溶液磁化灌溉下土壤入渗特征和水氮迁移规律研究

为探明不同浓度氮肥溶液磁化前后土壤入渗特征和水氮迁移规律,采用恒定磁场强度300 mT对质量浓度分别为0、0.4、0.7、1.1 g/L的硝酸钾溶液进行磁化处理,以未磁化处理为对照,测定各处理溶液的电导率、pH值、溶氧量、表面张力、累积入渗量、湿润锋运移距离和入渗后不同土壤剖面水氮迁移分布。试验结果表明：磁化处理溶液溶氧量显著提高,电导率和表面张力显著减小,并随溶液浓度变化有显著影响,但对pH值无显著影响。氮肥溶液磁化入渗增大了相同入渗时间内的湿润锋运移距离和累积入渗量,Philip、Green-Ampt、一维代数入渗模型拟合所得参数土壤吸渗率S、饱和导水率K_s以及有效土壤水扩散率■均增大,湿润峰处的土壤水吸力S_f、土壤水分特征曲线和非饱和导水率综合形状系数m均减小,增渗效果随氮肥溶液浓度增大而增大。磁化氮肥溶液可提高土壤持水能力,且随溶液浓度增大持水能力增强,一维代数入渗公式可较好描述不同磁场强度下各浓度溶液土壤入渗结束时的土壤含水率分布情况。氮肥溶液和磁化作用对土壤硝态氮含量的影响呈显著正相关关系,二者共同作用下,磁化高浓度溶液硝态氮含量...     

农膜残留对砂壤土和砂土水分入渗和蒸发的影响

通过室内试验设置5个不同残膜量(0、50、100、200、400 kg/hm~2)处理,研究不同残膜量对砂壤土和砂土水分入渗湿润锋、入渗速率、累积入渗量、土壤累积蒸发量和蒸发速率的影响,并评价了主要土壤入渗、蒸发模型在农膜残留土壤的适用性。结果表明:随着土壤中残膜量增多,砂壤土和砂土入渗速率变慢,土壤湿润锋运移相同距离所需时间均显著增加,其中运移30 cm时,砂壤土残膜量400 kg/hm~2处理(SL5)比无残膜处理(SL1)运移时间增加了27.56%;相同入渗时间内累积入渗量随残膜量增加均显著减小(P0.05),入渗结束后SL5处理比SL1处理累积入渗量减小了52.01 m L(23.12%);残膜量增加导致蒸发速率、累积蒸发量都显著减小(P0.05),蒸发结束后SL5处理比SL1处理累积蒸发量减小了30.63%,且不同残膜量对砂壤土的影响大于砂土。对4个土壤水分入渗及蒸发模型进行拟合,结果显示Kostiakov和Philip入渗模型均能较好模拟残膜条件下土壤水分入渗,其中Philip入渗模型拟合精度高于Kostiakov入渗模型,且对砂土中农膜残留下的土壤水分入渗模拟效果更好;Black蒸发模型随着残膜量增加拟合精度下降,而Rose蒸发模型受残膜量的影响较小,更适合于农膜残留土壤累积蒸发量估算。     

农田利用排水灌溉对土壤入渗特性及棉花生长的影响

为了评价南疆地区农田利用排水灌溉的适用性,通过马氏瓶供水、定盘式负压入渗仪以及室内棉花萌芽和幼苗生长的培养试验,研究了排水灌溉对土壤水分点源、面源入渗特性及对棉种萌发、幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,在水分点源入渗试验中,不同矿化度的排水灌溉后土壤水分入渗在水平方向上运移较纵向明显,当排水矿化度大于2 g/L时,在水平方向上土壤含水率随矿化度的增大呈显著下降趋势。在水分面源入渗试验过程中,当水头条件相同时,土壤水分入渗量随排水矿化度的增大而减小,当水头条件不同时,土壤水分入渗量随压力水头的减小显著降低。根据稳态条件下的面源入渗近似解,不同矿化度的排水灌溉后,土壤饱和导水率K_s先增后减,而模型参数λ_c的变化却呈相反的变化趋势,在排水矿化度达到2 g/L时K_s和λ_c出现了极值,矿化度越高对K_s和λ_c的影响越明显。利用排水灌溉后,当矿化度低于3 g/L时,能够保证棉种正常萌发而不产生危害,当矿化度超过3 g/L时,开始显现对棉种萌发的抑制作用,高于5 g/L时抑制作用强烈。排水矿化度低于4 g/L对棉花幼苗的生长影响较小,超过4 g/L时,棉花生育过程减缓显著。     

肥液浓度和生物质掺混量对微润灌溉入渗特性的影响

为了探明肥液质量浓度和生物质掺混质量比对微润灌溉土壤水分入渗特性的影响,采用室内土箱模拟试验的方法,设置3个肥液质量浓度水平(清水F₀:0 mg/L,低浓度F_L:200 mg/L,高浓度F_H:400 mg/L)和4个生物质掺混质量比水平(自然风干土B₀:0 g/kg,低掺混量B_L:15 g/kg,中掺混量B_M:30 g/kg,高掺混量B_H:45 g/kg),以发酵腐熟花生壳粉末为掺混生物质,研究微润灌溉的水分入渗速率、累积入渗量、湿润体体积以及湿润体质量含水率的分布特征.试验结果表明:肥液质量浓度和生物质掺混质量比对微润灌溉的初始入渗速率、稳定入渗速率、累积入渗量和湿润体质量含水率均值影响均具有统计学意义.与水平F₀B₀相比,增加肥液质量浓度和生物质掺混质量比可提高初始入渗速率13.02%~44.85%、稳定入渗速率13.50%~48.78%、累积入渗量5.65%~56.62%和湿润体质量含水率均值6.62%~30.09%;不同入渗时间内的累积入渗量符合Kostiakov模型;湿润体体积随肥液质量浓度和生物质掺混质量比增大而增大,且湿润体体积与入渗时间呈二次多项式关系;湿润体剖面面积和灌水均匀系数随肥液质量浓度和生物质掺混质量比增大而增大.     

保水剂对红砂岩土壤持水特性的影响

为了探究红砂岩土壤中施用保水剂对其持水特性所造成的影响,在红砂岩土壤中按保水剂质量比为0,0.25‰,0.50‰,1.00‰,2.00‰施用保水剂的条件下,测定了不同比例保水剂措施下的土壤水分特征曲线、土壤入渗过程和土壤水分蒸发过程,并用二次曲线求得最佳施用量.研究结果表明,随着保水剂施用量增加,饱和含水量θ_s呈增大的趋势,而残余含水量θ_r、进气值相关参数α和开关系数n总体上呈现先增大后减小的趋势,保水剂主要增加土壤重力水.施用保水剂抑制了土壤的入渗性能,降低了水分垂直入渗率,延长了入渗持续时间,减缓了土壤水分蒸发速率.综合考虑保水效果和施用量,红砂岩土壤最佳保水剂施用量范围为0.50‰～1.00‰.     

生物炭对黑土区土壤水分及其入渗性能的影响

为探究黑土区施用生物炭对土壤水分及其入渗性能影响的持续性,2016—2018年连续3年在东北黑土区进行了单次施加生物炭(75 t/hm~2,BC处理)和不施加生物炭(CK处理)的室内外对比试验,分析各土层土壤含水率及土壤水分入渗过程。结果表明:施加生物炭可增加各土层土壤含水率,使其极值比K_a和变异系数C_v减小,且土壤含水率、K_a、C_v的变化幅度均随生物炭施用年限增加而减弱,2016—2018年苗期耕层土壤含水率增加最多,分别增加了14.54%、11.48%和7.08%;施加生物炭明显增大了土壤累积入渗量、土壤入渗速率,增强了土壤入渗能力,促进了湿润锋的运移,各年份BC处理土壤累积入渗量由大到小依次为2016年、2017年、2018年,初始入渗速率f_1分别增加了70.48%、58.98%和48.41%,土壤稳定入渗速率f_c由大到小依次为2016年BC处理(1.65 mm/min)、2017年BC处理(1.22 mm/min)、2018年BC处理(1.17 mm/min)、2016年CK处理(0.46 mm/min)、2017年CK处理(0.43 mm/min)和2018年CK处理(0.38 mm/min);2016—2018年中,2016年BC处理湿润锋运移距离最深(32.24 mm),各表征土壤入渗性能的指标均于生物炭施用当年效果最优,而后逐年减弱;土壤累积入渗量与时间具有幂函数关系,湿润锋运移距离与时间具有三次函数关系,R~2均在0.963～0.998之间;Philip、Kostiakov、Horton 3个入渗模型拟合对比结果表明,Kostiakov模型R~2最高(0.946～0.991)、RMSE最小(0.516～1.941 mm/min),拟合参数与实际情况相符,故本研究中Kostiakov模型拟合的土壤水分入渗过程最优。本研究可为东北黑土区施加生物炭后改良土壤水分入渗过程提供理论依据。     

不同种植年限压砂地土壤水分入渗过程及模型分析

为探究不同种植年限对土壤水分入渗的影响,利用室内垂直一维土柱入渗试验分析了不同种植年限(2,5,10,20,30,40 a)压砂地土壤水分入渗速率、累积入渗量和湿润锋运移规律,借助4种入渗模型对土壤水分入渗过程进行拟合并评价其适用性,通过一维代数模型及相关参数预测土壤剖面含水率分布特征.结果表明：随种植年限增加,土壤累积入渗量、入渗速率及湿润锋运移距离均减小,入渗时间为300 min时,5,10,20,30,40 a的累积入渗量相较于2 a分别减少了27.01%,43.32%,53.22%,54.79%和54.68%,湿润锋运移距离减小了24.84%,38.38%,48.56%,52.67%和54.00%.4种入渗模型的R²从大到小依次为Horton模型、通用经验模型、Kostiakov模型、Philip模型.入渗完成后同一深度土壤剖面含水率呈现出随种植年限增大而减小的趋势,一维代数模型拟合的不同种植年限土壤剖面含水率值与实测值间的MAE均为0.48%～2.09%,RMSE为0.52%～2.13%,D均大于0.782,t检验P值均大于0.05,说明其可以较好地拟合...     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。