婆罗门牛的引种及改良云南黄牛的效果

本文较详细地介绍了世界优良瘤牛品种－－波罗门牛的品种特征、繁殖性能、生长发育特点和产肉性能,以及其主要的生物学特性和适应性,对婆罗门牛成功引种做了切实可行的研究,分析了婆罗门牛疾病发生率,公牛精液品质等。系统地研究了婆罗门牛引入我国南方特别是西南低纬度、高海拔条件下与云南本地黄牛的杂交改良效果。     

肉用瘤牛婆罗门牛简介

婆罗门牛是瘤牛的一种，是一种偏肉用的瘤牛。瘤牛原产于亚洲和非洲。和普通牛十分接近。瘤牛与普通牛可以进行杂交．其杂交后代有正常的生育能力。瘤牛因为耆甲部有呈瘤状的肌肉组织而得名。婆罗门牛属美洲瘤牛。是在美国育成的新的瘤牛品种。经逐代选择强化了肉用生产性能。婆罗门牛体格高大．头部狭长．这个牛种仍保留着印度瘤牛的特点．耳朵大而下垂、瘤峰高耸．颈垂和脐垂十分发达．前后达成一片垂皮体驱短．四肢长。婆罗门牛的毛色较为复杂．有白、灰、棕、红、黑等颜色．公牛的颈及瘤部多呈黑色。婆罗门牛的公牛体重为８００～１１０…     

BMY牛在云南省德宏州推广应用的效果初报

BMY牛是云南省草地动物科学研究院自1984年至今通过婆罗门牛（Brahman, BB）、墨累灰牛（Murray Grey,MM）与云南黄牛（Yunnan Yellow Cattle,YY）杂交选育出来的一个热带、亚热带肉牛新品系,表现出较强的耐热抗蜱性能、繁殖性能好、生长发育迅速等特点.根据广东、广西、贵州及云南等省区引种推广应用反馈表明,BMY种公牛与本地母牛杂交具有较好的杂交优势,其后代具有体型较大、生长发育较快、耐粗饲、抗病强等特点.     

杂交的实际应用

杂交,是商品家畜生产者常用的一种交配方式。使用杂交主要是为利用不可能在一个品种或品系内固定的“杂交优势”。杂交,还被用于把两个以上品种的理想性状结合给杂种后代。例如,在热带或亚热带,曾经用婆罗门牛和美国品种杂交,以便把前者的抗病耐暑性和后者的优良产肉性能结合起来。在加拿大,把海福特同山地牛杂交,则是为了提高杂种一代犊牛的越冬能力。在家畜育种上常把母性性状好而生长性能     

云岭牛产业化发展现状及建议

云岭牛是通过婆罗门牛、莫累灰和云南黄牛杂交选育出来的适于热带亚热带环境饲养的肉牛品种。本文在介绍云岭牛新品种的同时,对近年来产业化发展的现状进行总结,同时提出发展建议。     

婆闽杂交一代牛耕作性能测定

作者利用美国肉用瘤牛婆罗门品种为父本与闽南黄牛杂交，其杂交一代牛（称婆闽牛）经耕作性能测定，结果表明，婆闽牛在平均年龄比本地牛小半岁的情况下，耕作性能优于本地牛。婆闽牛比本地牛耕作经常挽力提高３９．５％，耕犁最大挽力提高７９．９％，瞬间最大挽力提高４４．３％，平均耕速提高９８．１％，每小时耕作面积提高９６％，婆闽牛使役后，没有出现疲劳现象。并可比本地牛提前０．５－１年投入使役。     

云岭牛内脏营养成分分析与研究

[目的]研究旨在为云岭牛内脏副产物开发利用提供科学依据。[方法]随机选择年龄相近、性别相同(阉割公牛)的云岭牛和婆罗门牛各3头进行育肥、屠宰、分割,用国标方法测定云岭牛与婆罗门牛心、肝、脾、肺、肾、肠、胃常规营养成分(水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗灰分含量)并进行对比。[结果]表明:云岭牛内脏平均水分含量比婆罗门牛高0.38%,其中脾、肺、肾、肠水分含量显著高于婆罗门牛(P0.05),心水分含量显著低于婆罗门牛(P0.05),而肝、胃水分含量与婆罗门牛差异不显著(P0.05);云岭牛内脏平均粗蛋白含量为15.01%,比婆罗门牛高0.63%,除胃以外,云岭牛内脏各部位粗蛋白含量均高于婆罗门牛,其中脾、肾、肠显著高于婆罗门牛(P0.05);云岭牛内脏平均粗脂肪含量高达9.58%,其中脾、肠粗脂肪含量显著低于婆罗门牛(P0.05),而心、肝、肺、肾、肠粗脂肪含量与婆罗门牛差异均不显著(P0.05);云岭牛心、肝、脾、肺、肾粗灰分含量较高,分别为1.08%、1.34%、1.17%、1.59%、1.19%,其中肺粗灰分含量显著高于婆罗门牛(P0.05),心、脾、胃粗灰分含量显著低于婆罗门牛(P0.05),而肝、肾、肠粗灰分含量与婆罗门牛差异不显著。[结论]云岭牛内脏营养价值较高,是一种高蛋白质、高脂肪、矿物质含量丰富的理想食品,具有开发利用潜能。     

婆罗门牛、云南黄牛及其杂交后代BMY牛群体遗传结构的微卫星标记分析

为我国热带亚热带的肉牛新品种(系)的育种提供理论依据,以了解其群体遗传结构及BMY牛的育成情况,选用婆罗门牛、云南黄牛其杂交后代BMY牛作为研究动物群体,对5条染色体上的7个微卫星DNA位点的遗传变异及多态性进行分析。结果表明:7个微卫星位点在3个群体中表现为高度多态性,多态信息含量在0.8362～0.5115之间。平均杂合度BMY牛最高为0.7439、云南黄牛为0.6708、婆罗门牛为0.6214。由此可见,BMY牛的育种取得了一定的成果,但横交固定还需进一步加强。     

论我国热带亚热带地区肉牛改良的方向

本文在综述国内外热带、亚热带地区肉牛研究情况的基础上，指出广大热带、亚热带地区肉牛改良首先考虑肉牛品种及其杂交后代的耐热抗蜱能力。同时指出我国热带、亚热带地区应推广使用婆罗门牛（Ｂｒａｈｍａｎ）及其杂种牛。     

澳洲婆罗门牛驯化饲养结果初报

云南省于１９９３年和１９９８年从澳洲分别引进了２４头和９９头婆罗门种牛,其中１１１头作为中国第一个婆罗门纯繁群留在云南省肉牛和牧草研究中心示范牧场驯化饲养。本文初步总结了这一品种在云南的适应性、生产性能和杂交改良效果等。     

Comparison of F1 Bos indicus x Hereford cows in central Texas: I. Reproductive, maternal, and size traits.

Cows (n = 116) sired by Angus, Gray Brahman, Gir, Indu-Brazil, Nellore, and Red Brahman bulls and from Hereford dams were evaluated (when bred to the same breed of bull) for reproductive performance and cow weight and height and their calves (n = 1,161) were evaluated for birth and weaning weight in central Texas (temperate winters and subtropical summers). Cows were born from 1982 to 1985 and their calves were born from 1985 to 1999. Crossbred cows sired by Angus had a higher (P < 0.10) occurrence of calving difficulty than Gir, Indu-Brazil, Nellore, and Red Brahman crossbreds. Calves from Gir crossbreds had lighter (P < 0.10) birth weight (34.8 kg) than calves from Angus and Red Brahman crossbreds (39.4 and 37.2 kg). Calves from Angus crossbreds cows had lighter (P < 0.001) weaning weight (227.0 kg) than calves from Bos indicus crossbreds. Cows sired by Angus were lighter (P < 0.10) as mature cows (520.69 kg) than Gray Brahman, Indu-Brazil, and Red Brahman crossbreds (585.6, 571.9, and 577.6 kg, respectively). They also had smaller (P < 0.05) hip height (124.7 cm) than Bos indicus crossbreds. Mature cows sired by Indu-Brazil had greater (P < 0.05) hip height (138.3 cm) than Gir crossbreds (133.8 cm). Differences among sire breeds were noted within cow age categories (2 through 14 yr of age) for pregnancy rate, calf crop born, calf survival rate (as a trait of cow), and calf crop weaned. Angus and Indu-Brazil crossbred cows were lower (P < or = 0.10) than Gir and Nellore crossbreds for pregnancy rate, calf crop born, and(or) calf crop weaned at some, but not all, ages. Indu-Brazil crossbreds had a lower (P < or = 0.10) calf survival rate than most other breed groups at ages 11 to 14 yr. The results of this study indicate that Nellore and Gir crossbreds, but not Indu-Brazil, could perform as well or better than breeds traditionally used in cross-breeding programs of U.S. cow-calf production.     

Comparison of F1 Bos indicus x Hereford cows in central Texas: II. Udder, mouth, longevity, and lifetime productivity.

Postpartum udder characteristics, aged mouth condition scores, and cow survival, longevity, and productivity were evaluated for 15 yr on F1 cows in central Texas (temperate winters and subtropical summers). The cows (n = 116) were progeny of Angus, Gray Brahman, Gir, Indu-Brazil, Nellore, and Red Brahman sires and Hereford dams. Crossbred cows sired by Nellore had smaller (P < 0.05) postpartum teat length than cows of all other crossbred groups and smaller (P < 0.10) postpartum teat diameter than Indu-Brazil and Red Brahman crossbreds. The Nellore crossbred cows had larger (P < 0.10) postpartum udder support scores (more well-supported udders) than Gir, Indu-Brazil, and Red Brahman crossbreds. As 14-yr-old cows, Angus crossbreds had lower (P < 0.05) mouth scores (indicative of one or more missing incisors) than Bos indicus crossbreds. Under actual and artificial (records were removed) culling procedures, Nellore crossbreds had the highest cow survival to age 14 and the highest longevity. Indu-Brazil crossbreds tended to be the lowest for both survival and longevity. Curves were fitted by nonlinear regression procedures to the adjusted frequencies of cows remaining at each age; scale and shape parameters were estimated and compared for the different breed groups. Breed group cow survival rates, calf crop weaned, and calf weaning weights were used 1) to construct population projection and production matrices for each breed group and 2) to generate breed group vectors containing projected age distributions and production information. Cows sired by Nellore and Gir were projected to require the fewest purebred cows to generate replacement heifers and to have the most calves and the largest total calf weight sold per year.     

An evaluation of tenderness of the longissimus muscle of Angus by Hereford versus Brahman crossbred heifers

Postmortem aging of carcasses obtained from Angus-Hereford (n = 8) and 5/8 Brahman crossbred (n = 8) heifers was investigated to determine the cause of variation in meat tenderness. Raw longissimus muscle (LM) myofibril fragmentation index was lower and cooked LM Warner-Bratzler shear force was greater for the 5/8 Brahman crossbreds (P less than .05). The activities of calcium-dependent protease (CDP) -I and -II were not affected (P greater than .05) by breed; however, CDP inhibitor activity was higher (P less than .05) in the 5/8 Brahman carcasses. The activities of cathepsins B and B + L were not affected by breed or postmortem storage time (0, 1, 3, 7 or 14 d). Hereford-Angus carcasses were fatter opposite the 12th rib and had higher USDA yield grades and marbling scores (P less than .05). Hereford-Angus crossbreds had less dark, coarse band formation around the exterior of the LM and lighter, finer-textured lean (P less than .05). Cooking loss (%) and cooking rate (g/min) were not affected by breed or postmortem aging (P greater than .05). The increased toughness in the 5/8 Brahman carcasses may be due to increased CDP inhibitor activity.     

Effect of postmortem treatments on the tenderness of meat from Hereford, Brahman and Brahman-cross beef cattle

The effect of postmortem aging (7, 14, 21 or 28 d), high-voltage electrical stimulation (stimulated or not stimulated) and blade tenderization (none or once; crossbreds only) on the sensory and cooking properties of meat from four beef breeds or breed-types (purebred Hereford, purebred Brahman, Hereford x Brahman and Brahman x Hereford) was determined. The meat from purebred Brahman cattle that was not electrically stimulated was less tender and more variable in tenderness than that from other breed-types but electrical stimulation reduced these differences in tenderness. The Brahman crossbred steers produced meat that was not different in tenderness or variability in tenderness from that of purebred Hereford steers, although all were only judged "slightly tender." Electrical stimulation reduced the length of postmortem aging needed to reach a given level of tenderness regardless of breed or breed-type. Meat from crossbred animals that was blade-tendernized was not different in tenderness from meat that was electrically stimulated. The results of this investigation indicate that purebred Brahman muscle was inherently less tender, but postmortem tenderization procedures produced meat that was similar tenderness to that of the other breed-types used in this study.     

Foraging Behavior of Criollo vs. Brahman × Criollo Crossbreds in the Bolivian Chaco: Case Study

Diet selection and performance of Criollo Chaqueño and Brahman × Criollo Chaqueño were studied in three seasons in the dry forests of the Bolivian Chaco using direct observations. During the dry season (DS) and the rainy season (RS), the Criollo cattle diet consisted of a higher proportion (P < 0.05) of woody plants compared with the crossbreds, while the crossbreds included a higher proportion of grasses. Leaf litter was selected in the DS by Criollos but almost not by crossbreds (P < 0.05; 23% and < 1% of diet selection, respectively). Season (P < 0.001) had an overall effect on body weight change with a loss of weight in the DS. However, between the DS and the RS the body weight of the Criollos increased (P < 0.05), whereas it did not differ (P > 0.05) for the crossbreds. Other than for the Criollos, the body weight of the crossbreds decreased (P < 0.05) from the DS to the transition period. Especially during the DS, Criollos made more use of forage resources from shrubs and trees and thus, seem to be better adapted to year-round forest grazing compared with the crossbreds.     

杂交肉用牛育肥性能对比试验报告

引进的夏洛来、皮埃蒙特和利木辛肉牛与张掖市当地西杂牛(本地黄牛与西门塔尔牛的杂交牛)开展三元杂交生产,在农户和全舍饲的两种条件下将3个三元杂交与本西杂交牛进行生长、育肥对比试验,结果表明,3个三元杂交牛生长发育迅速,增重快,均优于本西二元杂交牛;而且在全舍饲条件下,三元杂交牛更能发挥杂种优势。     

Preweaning growth of F1 tropically adapted beef cattle breeds x Angus and reproductive performance of their Angus dams in arid rangeland

The objective of this study was to determine the preweaning performance of F1 Brahman (Bos indicus)-, Senepol (Bos taurus)-, and Tuli (Sanga)-Angus calves under semiarid south Texas conditions and to evaluate the reproductive performance of their Angus dams. Four hundred eighty-nine records collected over 4 yr were analyzed. The statistical model for performance traits included the effects of breed of sire, year, sex, age of dam, and breed of sire x year. Year effects were important (P < 0.05) for performance traits but could be explained, at least partially, by differences between years in rainfall patterns. Brahman F1 calves were 13% less (P < 0.05) vigorous at birth, 4.7 kg heavier (P < 0.05) at birth, 13.5 kg heavier (P < 0.05) at weaning, 0.25 units lower (P < 0.05) in body condition score (BCS) at weaning, and 1.75 units greater (P < 0.05) in frame score (scores of 1 to 9) at weaning than Tuli and Senepol F1 calves. Senepol F1 calves were intermediate (P < 0.05) between the Brahman and Tuli F1 calves for birth and weaning weight but had 11% more (P < 0.05) vigor at birth than the other two crossbreds. Tuli and Senepol F1 were similar (P > 0.05) in BCS and frame size at weaning. Males were 3.3 kg heavier (P = 0.12) at birth than females, especially for the F1 Brahman males that were 4.5 kg heavier (P < 0.05) than their counterparts. Brahman F1 weaned 19.9 kg heavier (P < 0.05) than the average of the other two F1 in the year of the greatest rainfall (1994), whereas the average advantage in other years was 11.4 kg. This difference gave rise to a breed of sire x year interaction (P < 0.003). Brahman F1 were heavier at every measurement and appeared to be later-maturing and more able to excel under good forage conditions than the other two F1 breed types; Senepol and Tuli F1 were similar (P > 0.05) in these respects but appeared to be more competitive in relative growth rate to the Brahman F1 calves in years of greater nutritional stress. Angus females were observed to have a relatively low reproductive rate and high apparent fetal loss at the first (27.5%) and second (19.2%) compared with the third or later pregnancy (11.2%). Angus females that gave birth to Brahman F1 calves had 20.1% lower (P < 0.05) pregnancy rates in the succeeding year than those that had given birth to the other two breeds.     

Effects of ractopamine supplementation on behavior of British, Continental, and Brahman crossbred steers during routine handling

Equal numbers of British, Continental crossbred, and Brahman crossbred calf-fed steers (n = 420) were used to examine the effects of ractopamine supplementation and biological type on behavior during routine handling. Steers were blocked by BW within type and allocated to pens, resulting in 2 pens (10 cattle per pen) representing each block x type subclass. Pens within each block x type subclass then were randomly assigned to ractopamine supplementation treatments (0 or 200 mg.steer(-1).d(-1)), which were administered during the final 28 d of the finishing period. At the time final BW were obtained (28 d after treatment initiation), a single, trained observer, blinded with respect to treatment designations, recorded subjective scores to characterize behavior of each animal. Scores included entry force score (degree of force required to load the animal into the chute); entry speed score (walk, trot, run); chute behavior score (calm, restless shifting, moderate struggling); and exit speed score (walk, trot, run). Ractopamine supplementation had no effect on entry force score, chute behavior score, or exit speed score; however, cattle supplemented with ractopamine entered the chute more rapidly than did control cattle. Biological cattle type was a significant source of variation in entry force score and exit speed score. Continental crossbreds required greater (P < 0.05) force to enter the squeeze chute than did Brahman crossbred or British steers. In addition, Continental crossbred and Brahman crossbred steers left the processing chute with the greatest speed, whereas British steers exited the processing chute most slowly. Biological cattle type did not affect scores for entry speed or behavior during restraint in the chute. No adverse effects of ractopamine supplementation on cattle behavior were observed in this study.     

A reciprocal translocation difference in the autosomes of F1 Brahman × Hereford hybrid cattle,visualized by electron microscopy

Quadrivalent pairing was observed by electron microscopy of the synaptonemal complex in pachytene spermatocytes in seven out of nine F₁ Brahman × Hereford hybrid bulls. The presence of this chromosomal abnormality indicates that the carrier bulls were heterozygous for a reciprocal translocation, which could be contributing to the fertility problems of these hybrid cattle.