陕西冬小麦物候期对气候特征响应研究

通过对陕西关中平原和渭北旱塬两个不同生态区7个站点1992-2011年气象数据和冬小麦生长发育数据分析发现,两地冬小麦返青及返青前各物候期均呈推迟趋势,返青后各物候期呈提前趋势,导致冬小麦整个生育期均缩短。影响关中地区冬小麦物候期变化的主要因素为温度。越冬期与11月和12月平均温度呈正相关;返青期在关中平原与11月和12月平均温度呈正相关,1月份平均温度呈负相关,在渭北旱塬仅与2月份平均温度呈负相关;两地抽穗期与3-4月各月平均温度呈负相关,成熟期与3-5月各月平均温度及生育期平均温度呈负相关。日照时数对冬小麦物候期变化影响较小,主要为3-5月份各月平均日照时数与成熟期呈负相关关系,渭北旱塬生育期总日照时数与成熟期之间也达显著负相关。降水对物候期影响最小,相关关系均不显著。     

气象因子对焉耆盆地打瓜炭疽病发生的影响

为了明确新疆焉耆盆地打瓜炭疽病发生动态与气象因子的关系,以焉耆县种植的新籽瓜1号为研究对象,采用定点、定时系统调查的方法,对打瓜炭疽病病情指数与日平均温度、空气相对湿度、降雨量、累计降雨量进行相关性分析。结果表明,打瓜炭疽病从6月上旬开始发生,7月上旬到7月中旬为病害快速增长期,7月下旬达到高峰;日平均温度、空气相对湿度、降雨量、累计降雨量等气象因素与病情指数呈显著正相关。     

三江源高寒草地针茅牧草黄枯期与气象条件的关系

利用1999—2010年青海省三江源兴海县牧业气象观测站西北针茅牧草(Stipa sareptana var.krylovii)观测资料及同期的气温、降水、日照时数等气象资料,分析了气象因子对兴海高寒草地西北针茅牧草黄枯期的影响。结果表明:高寒草地西北针茅牧草黄枯期12年来表现为显著提前的趋势,平均每年提前1.4 d;牧草黄枯期与日平均气温≥0℃的终日呈显著正相关,并且随着9月中旬平均温度的显著升高牧草黄枯期提前;兴海9月上中旬降水量的减少以及日照时数的增加使牧草提前黄枯。多元线性回归分析表明,8月下旬和9月上旬的温度对西北针茅牧草黄枯影响最大,温度每上升1℃,黄枯期分别提前5.0 d和1.0 d。     

青海云杉无性系物候期对气象因子的响应研究

通过对张掖市龙渠青海云杉(Picea carassifolia)种子园内无性系7年的物候观测,运用ex-cel软件,对温度、相对湿度、日照时数三个关键气象因子与青海云杉无性系花芽开放期、花粉飞散盛期和叶芽开放期三个重要物候期进行相关及其回归分析。结果表明:1)青海云杉无性系花芽开放期,与四月上旬的平均温度、≥0℃积温极显著相关,与四月上中旬的平均相对湿度、日照时数显著相关,温度是影响青海云杉无性系萌芽的主要气象因子;2)青海云杉无性系花粉飞散盛期与四月下旬至五月上旬的平均温度、≥0℃积温、平均相对湿度、日照时数极显著相关。3)青海云杉无性系叶芽开放期与四月下旬至五月上旬的温度、≥0℃积温和四月下旬至五月上旬的平均相对湿度、日照时数显著相关。     

温度对玉米纹枯病菌生长与发病的影响

室内控制性测定结果表明,玉米纹枯病菌(RhizoctoniasolaniAG1鄄IA)菌丝生长的温度10～35℃,最适温度25～30℃;菌核萌发温度18～35℃,最适温度25～30℃。在幼苗和离体叶鞘上由菌丝引起侵染和发病的温度15～35℃,以25～30℃最适宜,潜育期最短,病斑较大。田间分期播种观察分析,气温和地面温度与病害始见的历期(播种期至病害初见期)分别呈显著负相关和极显著负相关。在田间自然条件下,始病的温度为20℃左右。这些结果为了解玉米纹枯病的发生规律,开展预测预报提供了科学依据。     

大豆灰斑病流行因子和预测预报的研究

1980—1989年调查结果分析表明,不同年份灰斑病流行程度与大豆生长季节的气象条件有关。6月下旬连续3天以上满足日平均气温≥18℃,日最低温度≥12℃,且相对湿度>80%或降雨量0.1mm以上(气象日)的气象条件,病菌就能侵入大豆叶片,经8—15天后叶片就会有病斑出现,温度越高,病害显症越早。大豆成熟前叶部病害发生程度与7天前气象日累加值呈显著指数相关。籽粒发病程度与大豆开花后20天至35天之间的降雨量、雨日、平均相对湿度和日平均温度≥20℃且日平均相对湿度≥85%的天数呈显著正相关,分别运用 Log-istic 函数和 Fuzzy 函数建立了较为准确的预测叶部和籽粒发病程度经验模型。     

气候变化对马铃薯晚疫病发生发展的影响——以甘肃省定西市为例

应用气象观测资料和马铃薯晚疫病发生地点、面积、发展趋势等资料,采用数理统计方法,分析气候要素变化特征、马铃薯晚疫病发生发展及其与气象条件的关系。结果表明:研究区域降水量年际变化呈下降趋势,气温年际变化呈显著上升趋势,大部分区域相对湿度略增、平均风速略减、日照时数减少。研究区域马铃薯晚疫病历年发病面积比例呈显著上升趋势,发病面积比例以每年3.55%的速度增加。马铃薯晚疫病发病面积比例与5～10月马铃薯生长季相对湿度、降水量、气温等呈正相关,而与日照时数、平均风速呈负相关。降水减少是马铃薯晚疫病发生发展的不利因素,气温增高、相对湿度增加、平均风速减小、日照时数减少均是有利的因素。当可控条件一定时,气象条件是马铃薯晚疫病发生发展的主导因素。气候变化导致马铃薯晚疫病呈上升趋势。     

小麦慢白粉品种的抗性组分研究

 2003~2004年度和2004~2005年度在田间测定了16个小麦品种(系)对小麦白粉菌E20菌株的抗性组分,包括潜育期、侵染几率、产孢量、病斑扩展和传染期。结果表明,小麦慢白粉品种(系)与高感对照品种相比,表现为潜育期长、侵染几率低、产孢量低、病斑扩展慢的特点,且这4个抗性组分与对照的差异都达到了显著和极显著水平,但慢白粉品种的传染期变化无一定规律。参试慢白粉品种的抗性组分参数与病情曲线下面积(AUDPC)的相关分析表明,潜育期与AUDPC呈负相关,但相关性不显著;产孢量和病斑扩展与AUDPC呈正相关,两年数据相关性均达到显著水平;侵染几率与AUDPC呈正相关,但2003-2004年度相关性不显著,而2004~2005年度相关性显著;传染期与AUDPC相关关系不明显。由此可见,在慢白粉品种的病害流行中起主要作用的是产孢量、病斑扩展,而侵染几率、潜育期和传染期作用相对较小。     

环境因子对负水头供液下温室番茄耗液量影响的通径分析

采用Pearson相关分析法研究负水头供液下不同淋洗时间和淋洗量处理下温室番茄日耗液量与空气相对湿度、气温和太阳辐射强度等环境因子的相关关系,采用通径分析原理分析各环境因子对番茄日耗液量的直接作用和间接作用,并建立了多元回归模型。结果表明:番茄日耗液量与各环境因子均呈显著线性相关(P0.05),其中与日平均太阳辐射强度和日最高太阳辐射强度的正相关性最强;与日最高相对湿度的负相关最强。日平均太阳辐射强度是番茄日耗液量的主要决策因子,决策系数为45.7%,日有效积温是主要限制因子,决策系数为-459.6%。番茄日耗液量模拟值与实测值的回归系数平方值为0.965。建立的多元线性回归模型可较好地预测番茄日耗液量。     

近55a来青藏高原东部气候演变特征

根据青藏高原东部50个气象台站1958—2012年的气象资料,采用气候倾向率、Mann-Kendall突变检验法、Morlet小波法、反距离权重等方法,对青藏高原东部逐月平均气温、降水量、日照时数、平均风速的变化趋势和空间格局进行了分析。结果表明:1近55 a青藏高原东部年平均气温呈极显著升高趋势,降水量呈显著增多趋势,年日照时数和平均风速呈显著减少趋势。青藏高原东部气候总体上呈较明显的暖湿化趋势。2青藏高原东部年平均气温在1993年发生了极显著的突变性升高,降水在1984年发生了显著的突变性增多,而平均风速和年日照时数分别在1992年和2001年发生了显著的突变性减少。3青藏高原东部年平均气温、降水量、日照时数和平均风速的第一主周期变化均为13 a。4青藏高原东部平均气温、年降水量总体由西北向东南递增,年日照时数大致由西北向东南递减,平均风速的空间变化不明显。     

Relationships between temperature and latent periods of rust and leaf-spot diseases of groundnut

The effect of temperature on the latent periods of rust, late leaf spot and early leaf spot diseases of groundnut caused by Puccinia arachidis, Phaeoisariopsis personata and Cercospora arachidicola , respectively, was studied. The latent periods (LP) of rust, late leaf spot and early leaf spot ranged from 12–49 days, 13–38 days and 13–39 days, respectively, between 12°C and 33°C An equation relating the rate of pathogen development (1/LP) to temperature was fitted using daily mean temperatures to provide three cardinal temperatures: the minimum (T_mln), optimum (T_opl), and maximum (T_max), T_mln was about 12°C for rust and about 10°C for the two leaf-spot diseases. T_opt, for all three diseases was close to 25°C. T_max was 31°C for early leaf spot, and extrapolated values for late leaf spot and rust were about 35 and 40°C, respectively.
For P. personata , a temperature response curve was fitted using data only from controlled environment experiments. This curve was used to simulate latent periods from both mean daily and mean hourly temperatures in the field. There was substantially better agreement between observed and simulated latent period with hourly temperatures, provided the developmental rate of the pathogen was determined at a constant temperature.     

河南省二点委夜蛾的发生规律及原因分析

为明确二点委夜蛾Athetis lepigone(M?schler)在河南省的发生规律,于2012—2013年在该省各地采用灯光诱集法对二点委夜蛾成虫进行诱测。结果表明:河南省二点委夜蛾每年发生4代,其中越冬代成虫在4—5月陆续羽化,未形成明显的高峰,第1代成虫高峰期为6月上中旬,第2代成虫高峰期为7月中下旬,8月下旬9月初为第3代成虫高峰期,其中第2代成虫密度明显大于第1代和第3代。2012年二点委夜蛾在河南省北部地区发生较重,浚县第2代成虫密度为4 916头,2013年河南省中东部发生较重,民权县和长葛市第2代成虫密度分别达到8 409头和5 390头。对成虫监测结果分析发现,2012—2013年河南省二点委夜蛾成虫发生期与降雨量和温度的关系不稳定,但每年第2代成虫密度与该年5、6月下旬日均降雨量呈显著正相关,依据5、6月下旬的降雨量和温度建立的2012年和2013年第2代成虫密度自然对数回归方程的均方根误差分别为0.612和0.752,可较好地反映二点委夜蛾第2代成虫的发生密度。     

Selection of Populations of Puccinia recondita f. sp. tritici for Shortened Latent Period on a Partially Resistant Wheat Cultivar

ABSTRACT Wild-type fungal population 851-WT was selected for shortened latent period on cv. CI 13227 for five uredinial generations to study the adaptation of Puccinia recondita f. sp. tritici to partially resistant wheat cultivars. Differences among wild-type and selected populations for traits contributing to parasitic fitness (i.e., latent period, infection frequency, and uredinium area and growth rate) were assessed in monocyclic infection experiments on susceptible cv. Monon and partially resistant cvs. Suwon 85, Sw 72469-6, L-574-1, and CI 13227. Differences were greatest among fungal populations on cv. CI 13227. The mean latent period of selected population 851-C5 was 2 days shorter (~20%) than that of wild-type population 851-WT. In addition, uredinia of population 851-C5 expanded 40% faster and produced ~75% more urediniospores. On cv. L-574-1, the selected population was also more fit than the wild-type progenitor for initial uredinium area and growth rate and cumulative urediniospore production. In contrast to wild-type and selected populations on cvs. CI 13227 and L-574-1, selected population 851-C5 on cv. Monon produced slower expanding uredinia with fewer urediniospores than did population 851-WT on Monon. These results show that variation in the latent period of P. recondita f. sp. tritici populations is partially under genetic control and wild-type P. recondita f. sp. tritici populations contain members reproductively more fit on partially resistant wheat cultivars but not necessarily on susceptible cultivars. Such members are capable of partially overcoming quantitative host resistance.     

2008年我国部分麦区小麦白粉病菌群体对温度的敏感性

 The sensitivity of 113 isolates of wheat powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici) sampled from 6 provinces or cities in 2008 to temperature was tested by detached leaf segment method with setting up 5 different temperatures indoor. The results showed the mean ET₅₀ (which represents the temperature that is required to obtain 50% of the maximum effect) of all isolates tested was 23.02℃. ET₅₀ values of 17.70% isolates were more than 24℃. The highest and the lowest ET₅₀ of isolates were 25.22℃ and 19.42℃, respectively. There were a certain differences for isolates sensitivity to temperature among different provinces or cites. It was also found that when temperature increased during 22-26℃, the latent period of isolates prolonged, and the latent period of different isolates was different at the same temperature, too. These results will provide a reference for the oversummering division of wheat powdery mildew, as well as the effect of climate to the disease.     

荒漠-绿洲芦苇地蒸散量及能量平衡特征

运用波文比-能量平衡法,对荒漠绿洲芦苇地的蒸散量及能量通量进行了连续的测定,并对芦苇地蒸散特点和能量平衡特征进行了分析和探讨。结果表明:①芦苇的蒸散速率日变化表现出明显的昼夜变化,蒸散量随着芦苇的不同生长阶段存在明显的季节变化,生长季芦苇地总蒸散量为252.5 mm,各阶段降水量均不能满足蒸散发的需水要求,需要地下水的补给。②地下水作为干旱区绿洲的主要水源,其对绿洲蒸散发耗水的影响也是极为重要。净辐射是芦苇地蒸散耗水的能量来源和驱动力,气温是蒸散发的主导影响因子。风速在这些主导因子的影响下,起到加速的作用。③荒漠绿洲芦苇地平均感热通量峰值一般在250~300 W/m2之间,潜热通量平均最大值120~230 W/m2,平均土壤热通量峰值约20 W/m2。6月感热通量在地面能量交换中占主要地位,感热通量占净辐射的52.7%,潜热通量占净辐射的42.6%。7月潜热通量占净辐射的55.0%,感热通量占净辐射的40.4%。9月感热通量占净辐射的60%以上,潜热通量仅占净辐射的30%。土壤热通量约占净辐射的8%。     

Comparative pathogenicity of sexual and asexual spores of Zymoseptoria tritici (septoria tritici blotch) on wheat leaves

Zymoseptoria tritici ascospores and pycnidiospores are considered the main forms of primary and secondary inoculum, respectively, in septoria tritici blotch epidemics. The pathogenicity of the two types of spores of the same genotypic origin were compared through a two‐stage inoculation procedure in controlled conditions. Adult wheat leaves were inoculated with ascospores collected from field sources, yielding 119 lesions; pycnidiospores collected from 12 lesions resulting from these ascospore infections were then used for inoculation. Lesion development was assessed for 5 weeks; latent period, lesion size, and pycnidium density were estimated for different isolates. The latent period was calculated as the maximum likely time elapsed between inoculation and either the appearance of the majority of the sporulating lesions (leaf scale) or the appearance of the first pycnidia (lesion scale). The latent period was significantly longer (c. 60 degree‐days, i.e. 3–4 days) after infection with ascospores than with pycnidiospores. No difference was established for lesion size and density of pycnidia. A comparison with other ascomycete fungi suggested that the difference in latent period might be related to the volume of spores and their ability to cause infection. Fungal growth before the appearance of lesions may be slower after inoculation with an ascospore than with a pycnidiospore. The mean latent period during the very beginning of epidemics, when first lesions are mainly caused by ascospores, may be longer than during spring, when secondary infections are caused by pycnidiospores. Disease models would be improved if these differences were considered.     

Control of the European grapevine moth<Emphasis Type="Italic">Lobesia botrana</Emphasis> in Greece by the mating disruption technique: A three-year survey

During 1996–1998 mating disruption trials were conducted on all three generations of the grapevine mothLobesia botrana Den. et Schiff. (Lep., Tortricidae) in a 25-ha vineyard situated at Spata, Attiki, Greece. Shortly before the beginning of the first flight period ampoule-type pheromone dispensers were set up lining a 6.5-ha rectangular plot. Around the dispenser zone a protection belt was created whereBacillus thuringiensis (Bt) and selective insecticides were applied against the second and third generation larvae. The protection belt was 35 m wide and covered 3.5 ha. The rest of the vineyard was divided into the reference plot — where conventional insecticide treatments were implemented to control both carpophagous pest generations, and the untreated control plot — which measured 1 ha. Male catches within the dispenser zone were virtually zero. Nevertheless, no difference was apparent between the percentage of mated females from within and outside of the dispenser zone. Attractant was released from the dispensers throughout the season at a rather constant rate, but by the middle of the third flight period dispensers were found to be almost empty. During the 3 years of the survey pest pressure was often at exceptionally high levels. The effectiveness of the mating disruption technique (MDT) was found to vary with year and pest generation. MDT was used against the first (anthophagous) generation with rather poor results. In the following carpophagous generations results were comparable to control measures with insecticides used and sometimes slightly better. The density of the pest population in the pheromone-treated vineyard as compared with the untreated control, was reduced on average by 67% in the second and by 57% in the third generation. MDT therefore did not accomplish sufficient crop protection. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2003.     

Effect of plant age, leaf position and leaf segment on infection of leek by leek rust, Puccinia allii

Potted plants of leek, Allium porrum cv. Musselburgh, were inoculated with urediniospores of leek rust, Puccinia alliii , and maintained for 21 days in a controlled-environment cabinet. Mean pustule density, mean pustule length and mean colony length all decreased with increasing plant age, from 2 to 8 months old, and there was a tendency for latent period to increase with increasing plant age. On 8-month-old plants pustule development continued over 21 days post-inoculation but the proportion of flecks developing into pustules remained below 50%. In non-tip portions of inoculated leaves, mean pustule density increased and mean pustule length decreased from upper to lower leaves in the standing crop. Tip portions of leaves either varied less in resistance with leaf position or showed random variation.     

基于Logistic、IBk以及Randomcommittee方法的条锈病潜育期小麦冠层光谱的定性识别

为寻求在小麦条锈病潜育期能探知和监测病害的简单便捷方法,通过人工接种不同品种小麦诱发条锈病,在小麦条锈病菌尚处于潜育期时,采集小麦冠层光谱数据,并利用双重Real-time PCR分子生物学技术检测条锈病菌潜育菌量,基于Logistic、IBK以及Randomcommittee三种方法,在不同建模比、不同参数变换下建立可识别潜育期小麦条锈病的数学模型。结果表明,在全波段范围内(325~1 075 nm),3种方法所建模型模拟识别潜育期小麦条锈病是可行的,但识别效果有一定差异,基于Logistic、IBK以及Randomcommittee方法所建模型的平均准确率分别为83.95%~84.51%、87.72%~88.98%、93.19%~93.46%。因此,基于Randomcommittee方法所建模型的识别准确率最高,效果最好,更适合小麦条锈病潜育期的定性识别。     

Effects of temperature, leaf wetness and cultivar on the latent period of Mycosphaerella graminicola on winter wheat

After inoculation of winter wheat cv. Longbow at a single time, lesions of M. graminicola were produced over a long interval starting 15–35 days after inoculation, dependent on temperature. There was no evidence that a single infection gave rise to more than one lesion. After the initial infection period at 100% relative humidity (r.h.), keeping leaves wet for c. 10 h per day did not shorten latent period on seedlings. Experiments in controlled-environment chambers demonstrated a minimum latent period at approximately 17°C Variation in the latent period of individual lesions was also minimum at this temperature. The latent period varied among the cultivars tested, cv. Longbow having the shortest, cv. Avalon having almost the longest. Field observations broadly confirmed the results of experiments in constant-environment chambers.