Effect of soil application of nickel on growth,micronutrient concentration and uptake in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) grown in Inceptisols of Varanasi

A pot experiment was conducted in a glass house on low nickel containing alluvial soil in the Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, during 2012–13 and 2013–14, to study the response of barley to soil application of nickel (Ni). There were ten treatments of Ni (0, 2.5, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 mg kg^?1) studied with recommended dose of fertilizers nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and sulfur (N:P:K:S :: 40:30:30:20 mg kg^?1).The results showed a significant increase in plant height, number of tillers, chlorophyll content, straw and grain yield, and 1,000 grains weight with application of 10 mg Ni kg^?1 soil during both years of study. The micronutrient concentration and uptake in straw and grain increased with application of <15 mg Ni kg^?1 soil and beyond that declined significantly. Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid-extractable micronutrient iron, manganese, copper, zinc and nickel (Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn and Ni) content in soil increased with increasing level of Ni. The maximum urease activity in post-harvest soil was noticed with application of 40 mg Ni kg^?1 soil. The microbial population viz. bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes were higher with 5, 30 and 10 mg Ni kg^?1 soil, respectively.     

河岸带不同植被下土壤酶特征及其去污效果

通过测定河岸带常见植被类型下的土壤酶活性,比较其去污效果,分析土壤酶活性与TN、TP、NH4＋-N、COD等农业面源污染物去除率的相关性。结果表明,不同植被类型表层土壤酶活性存在显著差异（P〈0.05）,灌草、草本酶活性较大,乔灌草次之,乔草最小,而不同植被河岸带对农业面源污染物的去除率也表现出基本相同的规律,因此对农业面源污染去除效果最好的河岸带植被类型配置应为灌草或草本（芦苇）;不同植被深层土壤酶活性基本不存在显著差异。由相关性分析可知,TN、NH4＋-N去除率与表层土壤脲酶活性呈显著相关关系,而COD去除率与土壤脲酶的相关性不显著;TP、COD去除率与土壤磷酸酶活性的相关性显著。研究结果为利用土壤酶活性强度作为评价河岸带净化效果的指标提供了理论依据。     

尕海湿地不同退化梯度土壤脲酶与蛋白酶活性时空分布特征

为探讨高寒湿地退化对土壤酶活性的影响,本文以青藏高原东缘尕海湿地未退化、轻度退化、中度退化和重度退化4种不同退化梯度的0～10、10～20和20～40 cm层土壤为研究对象,研究不同退化梯度土壤脲酶与蛋白酶活性时空变化特征。结果表明：随退化梯度加剧,土壤含水量降低,温度升高;土壤脲酶活性在0～40 cm土层中表现为随退化加剧而逐渐降低,而蛋白酶活性趋势恰好相反;除重度退化外,其他退化梯度土壤两种酶活性均随土层加深而降低;0～40 cm土层中脲酶与蛋白酶活性分别在7、8月和6、7月最高;相关性分析表明土壤脲酶活性与蛋白酶活性和温度极显著正相关(P<0.01);土壤蛋白酶活性与微生物生物量氮极显著正相关(P<0.01),与含水量和温度显著正相关(P<0.05),与硝态氮显著负相关(P<0.05)。沼泽化草甸退化显著增加土壤表层脲酶活性而降低蛋白酶活性;温度对土壤脲酶与蛋白酶活性起促进作用,含水量、微生物生物量氮对土壤蛋白酶活性具有促进作用。     

Plant extracts from the Mediterranean zone of Chile potentially affect soil microbial activity related to N transformations: A laboratory experiment

Abstract

Available soil N can be lost through ammonia volatilization, nitrate leaching to surface and ground waters, and nitrous oxide emission under intensive systems of agricultural production. Research has shown that phenolic compounds isolated from certain plants influence N cycling in soils, which results in a decrease of N losses and represents a key issue for environmental protection worldwide. In this study, water-soluble and ethanol-soluble compounds were extracted from the leaves, bark and roots of certain tree and shrub species in the Mediterranean zone of Chile, with the aim of measuring their effects on N transformation, soil respiration, soil microbial biomass and urease activity. The studied species were Acacia caven Mol, Quillaja saponaria Mol., Bacharis linearis (Ruiz & Pav.) Pers. and Pinus radiata D. Don. Plant extracts were applied to soil (Haploxeralf) fertilized with urea. The extracts obtained from the roots of A. caven in water, bark of A. caven in ethanol, bark of P. radiata in ethanol, leaves of P. radiata in water and roots of B. linearis in water showed a reduction in the soil nitrification rate. The bark of A. caven in ethanol and bark of P. radiata in ethanol extracts showed a reduction in urease activity. In conclusion, only the bark of P. radiata in ethanol extract affected all the biological parameters considered, reducing soil nitrification, urease activity, microbial biomass and carbon dioxide emissions from the soil, these being attributed to high levels of phenolic content in the extract. However, further research is necessary to explain the mechanisms involved.     

人工湿地不同植被净化污水效果及其氮磷累积研究

通过模拟垂直流人工湿地污水系统,研究了湿地植被鸢尾（Iris pseudacorus）、香蒲（Typha orientalis）、茭白（Zizania aquatica）和芦苇（Phragmites australis）对生活污水总氮（TN）、总磷（TP）、氨氮（NH₄⁺-N）、生物耗氧量（BOD₅）和化学耗氧量（COD_Cr）的去除效果及其植被对氮磷累积效应。结果发现:（1）人工湿地4种植被对生活污水的净化效果存在一定的差异,对污水各个指标的去除率随人工湿地的运营期均呈“V”型变化,基本表现为反弹期 > 稳定期 > 恢复期 > 启动期;（2）综合比较可知,通过人工湿地整个运营期来看,人工湿地植被能有效促进湿地对污水的去除效果,其中以茭白和鸢尾的去除效果较好,而4种湿地植被对TP的去除率最高,对TP,NH₄⁺-N和COD_Cr的去除率差异不显著（p > 0.05）;（3）4种湿地植被地上和地下生物量表现出一致的变化规律,基本表现为鸢尾和茭白高于芦苇和香蒲,除了鸢尾以外,其他植被地上、地下生物量比（A/U）均大于1,4种植被地下生物量占总生物量的40%以上,并且地上部分N,P浓度高于地下部分N,P浓度,地上平均N,P积累量高于地下部分N,P积累量;鸢尾和茭白地上部分和地下部分N,P浓度和N,P积累高于芦苇和香蒲;（4）相关性分析表明人工湿地不同植被N,P积累量分别与生物量、N含量、P含量均呈显著的线性关系（p < 0.01）,生物量与N,P积累量的相关系数高于N含量和P含量的相关系数,表明人工湿地植被生物量对N,P积累量的影响大于植被体内N,P含量的影响,因此可以通过生物量来评价人工湿地植被对N,P的去除效果。     

沙漠系统中豆类作物根际附近区域土壤微生物群落研究

The aim of the current study was to gain a better understanding of the changes in soil microbial biomass and basal respiration dynamics in the vicinity of the bean caper （Zygophyllura duraosura） perennial desert shrub and the inter-shrub sites. Microbial biomasses as well as basal respiration were found to be significantly greater in the soil samples taken beneath the Z. duraosura shrubs than from the inter-shrub sampling sites, with no differences between the two sampling layers （0-10 and 10-20 cm） throughout the study period. However, seasonal changes were observed due to autumn dew formation, which significantly affected microbial biomass and basal respiration in the upper-layer inter-shrub locations. The calculated metabolic coefficient （qCO2） revealed significant differences between the two sampling sites as well as between the two soil layers, elucidating the abiotic effect between the sites throughout the study period. The substrate availability index was found to significantly demonstrate the differences between the two sites, elucidating the significant contribution of Z. duraosura in food source availability and in moderating harsh abiotic components. The importance of basal microbial parameters and the derived indices as tools demonstrated the importance and need for basic knowledge in understanding plant-soil interactions determined by an unpredictable and harsh desert environment.     

活水公园复合人工湿地春夏净化效果对比研究

依托成都市活水公园复合人工湿地系统,于2011年1-6月,对该人工湿地系统水流沿程主要水质指标（TN,NH₃—N,TP,DP）进行监测及处理效果分析,以深入研究不同季节人工湿地水流沿程污染物的净化规律。结果表明:主要污染物总氮、氨氮、总磷及溶解性磷的去除率春季分别为45.5%,65.7%,77%,72.6%,夏季分别为56.9%,87.1%,76.9%,73.7%,对氮的去除效果存在季节性差异,而对磷的去除效果差异性不明显;并联的人工湿地塘床区左湿地系统各主要污染物净化效果明显高于右湿地系统,对氮、磷的去除率平均高4%和6%。研究认为,活水公园复合人工湿地系统春夏对不同污染物的净化存在季节差异,人工湿地塘床区不同植物组合与配置对人工湿地处理效果会产生一定的影响。     

浑河上游河岸带土壤微生物数量及酶活性特征

为了研究浑河上游河岸带土壤质量现状,采用实地调查与实验室分析相结合的方式,测定了其天然灌木草地、次生林、人工松林和玉米地的土壤微生物数量和酶活性特征。结果表明,土壤微生物数量呈现出在天然灌木草地和次生林中最多,人工松林次之,玉米地最少的趋势;细菌在土壤微生物类群中占绝对优势,比例为99.87%~99.94%;土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶、磷酸酶、多酚氧化酶、过氧化氢酶活性变化范围分别为12.95~76.43,0.35~1.80,1.32~6.39,0.35~1.61 mg/(g·d)及0.93~3.27 ml/(g·20 min);5种土壤酶活性呈现出在天然灌木草地和次生林中最多,人工松林次之,玉米地最少的趋势;相关性分析中,细菌数量与5种酶活性显著正相关,放线菌数量与除了过氧化氢酶之外的其他4种酶活性显著正相关,真菌和蔗糖酶、磷酸酶和多酚氧化酶活性显著正相关。4种植被河岸带中,天然灌木草地和次生林具有最高的微生物数量和土壤酶活性,土壤质量高,是很好的河岸带形式。     

脲酶抑制剂不同用量对土壤氮素供应的影响

为研究在红壤双季稻田脲酶抑制剂适宜的添加比例,采用田间小区试验研究不同水平的脲酶抑制剂N-丁基硫代磷酰三胺(NBPT)对双季稻田土壤氮素转化的影响。本文设置NBPT的施用量为尿素的0. 5%、0. 75%、1. 0%、1. 25%、1. 5%5个水平。结果表明:与农民习惯施氮(单施尿素N 135 kg/hm~2)处理相比,NBPT与尿素的比例1. 0%时,对早、晚稻的产量与氮素回收率均无显著影响,当NBPT添加比例为1. 0%、1. 25%、1. 5%时,早、晚稻的产量以及氮素回收率均显著提高,且添加量在1. 0%与1. 5%的两个处理之间无显著差异;与单施尿素相比,添加NBPT大于1. 0%时,土壤脲酶活性和铵态氮含量在分蘖期显著降低,铵态氮含量在孕穗期显著升高,而硝酸还原酶活性、硝态氮含量及微生物量碳、氮含量始终无明显差异,孕穗期的脲酶活性也无显著差异;通过逐步回归分析发现,水稻分蘖期与孕穗期土壤中铵态氮含量对水稻产量影响显著,而且孕穗期的影响大于分蘖期,其余指标则对产量无明显影响,由此可知,添加NBPT可保持孕穗期较高的土壤铵态氮含量可能是其增产与提高氮肥利用率的主要原因,NBPT在稻田的适宜添加量为尿素用量的1. 0%以上。     

双季稻田添加脲酶抑制剂NBPT氮肥的最高减量潜力研究

【目的】添加脲酶抑制剂（Urease inhibitor, UI）是提高肥料利用率的有效途径,在尿素（Urea,U）中添加1%的脲酶抑制剂NBPT（N-丁基硫代磷酰三胺）是目前研究使用证明效果最可靠的添加比例。针对当前稻田氮肥施用水平过高的问题,本文采用田间小区试验研究了目前脲酶抑制剂添加比例下稻田氮肥的减施潜力以及脲酶抑制剂的节肥增效机理。【方法】本试验在我国长江中下游的双季稻田进行,脲酶抑制剂用量NBPT为尿素用量的1%。尿素用量设五个水平为N 90、 112.5、 135、 157.5 和180 kg/hm2,分别依次记为U1、 U2、 U3、 U4和U5, 7个处理为CK（不施氮肥）、 U1+UI、 U2+UI、 U3+UI、 U4+UI、 U5+UI、 U5（U5为传统施氮量, N 180 kg/hm2为农民习惯施氮量）,三次重复。U1~U5处理施氮量分别是在农民习惯施氮量的基础上降低50%、 37.5%、 25%、 12.5%、 0%。通过取样分析水稻分蘖期和孕穗期各处理对土壤脲酶活性、 硝酸还原酶活性、 土壤铵态氮含量、 硝态氮含量以及微生物量碳、 氮的含量,研究NBPT对水稻两个主要生育期土壤氮素供应的影响,比较各处理的产量以及氮肥利用率来得出氮肥的减施潜力,在此基础上通过逐步回归分析研究以上各指标对产量的影响,探明脲酶抑制剂（NBPT）在双季稻田的增效机理。【结果】 1) 在双季稻田,添加NBPT后,施氮量为N 135 kg/hm2的籽粒产量达到最高。与传统施氮（单施尿素N 180 kg/hm2）处理相比,早、 晚稻可分别增产8.54%和12.87%,氮肥当季利用率分别提高6.78%和9.46%,可节约氮肥25%; 2)与传统施氮相比,添加NBPT显著降低了水稻分蘖期的土壤脲酶活性和铵态氮含量,显著提高了孕穗期的铵态氮含量,而对此时期的脲酶活性无显著影响,NBPT对两个时期的硝酸还原酶活性、 硝态氮含量及微生物量碳、 氮含量均无明显影响,可见基施的NBPT主要是降低尿素水解速率方面效果显著,并且NBPT具有时效性,其主要是在水稻孕穗期之前起作用,在生态上较为安全; 3) 从各项土壤指标与水稻产量相关性的逐步回归分析结果来看,水稻分蘖期与孕穗期稻田土壤中铵态氮含量对水稻产量影响显著,而且孕穗期的影响大于分蘖期,其余指标则对产量无明显影响。【结论】由于脲酶抑制剂NBPT减缓了分蘖期尿素的水解作用,提高了孕穗期土壤中的铵态氮含量,为水稻后期生长提供充足的氮肥,在双季稻减肥方面具有显著的效果。在本试验土壤条件下,尿素中添加1% 的NBPT,可在提高产量的同时,将传统施氮肥量减少25%,是适于稻田应用的脲酶抑制剂。     

施肥管理对农田黑土土壤水分盈亏的影响

东北黑土区是我国第二大粮食主产区,由降水变异较大引起的季节性干旱是限制粮食产量的主要因素。但是我们缺乏对该地区土壤水分缺乏时间的研究。研究以中国科学院海伦农田生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站内1999年-2008年的水分数据和气象数据为基础,结合Penman-Monteith公式计算得到的潜在蒸散量,通过分析作物根系活动内土壤储水量与潜在蒸散量之间的关系得到,在整个生长季内并不存在土壤水分缺乏,然而水分缺乏时期主要发生在每年的6月份和7月份,平均缺乏量分别为2.43 mm和7.04 mm,发生的概率分别为90%以上和50%以上。土壤水分缺乏主要受作物生长季内降水分布的影响。同时不同施肥管理对土壤水分缺乏的影响表现为化肥与有机肥的配合施用增加土壤水分缺乏发生的概率,化肥的施用次之,无肥的影响最小。因此,在研究区域肥料的施用已经引起了土壤的水分缺乏,关于土壤水分缺乏对粮食产量影响是需要我们再进一步研究的。     

低分子量根系分泌物对土壤微生物活性及团聚体稳定性的影响

以黑土为供试土壤,采用化学试剂模拟根系分泌物进行室内培养试验,研究低分子量根系分泌物及主要组分对土壤微生物活性及团聚体稳定性的影响.结果显示,与对照相比,低分子量根系分泌物及主要组分短期内均显著提高了土壤微生物的活性,促进了>250μm大团聚体,尤其是>2 000μm团聚体的形成,显著增强了土壤团聚体的稳定性.低分子量根系分泌物中葡萄糖组分有利于土壤中细菌的生长,从而在细菌活动的驱动下,促进了微团聚体的形成;苹果酸和谷氨酸组分则有利于真菌的生长和繁殖,在真菌菌丝网络的缠绕和牯结作用下,促使微团聚体进一步胶结形成大团聚体.因此,低分子量根系分泌物中各主要组分共同参与并影响土壤的团聚化过程,改善根际微区土壤的结构,以利于植物根系的生长.     

氮添加对紫花苜蓿根区土壤养分及土壤微生物量的影响

采用人工氮添加研究了紫花苜蓿根区土壤养分及微生物量对不同氮添加水平[CK;低氮LN,10 g/（m²·a）;中氮MN,20 g/（m²·a）;高氮HN,30 g/（m²·a）]的响应。结果表明:氮添加对紫花苜蓿根区土壤养分及微生物量的影响表现为正的增加效应,对根区土壤全氮含量无明显影响（P > 0.05）;土壤养分及微生物量随氮素的添加呈先增加后降低趋势,均表现为MN > HN > LN > CK,以中水平的氮添加对紫花苜蓿根区土壤微生物量增加效应最为明显;除了土壤全氮以外,不同水平的氮添加处理下土壤养分和微生物量均与CK达到差异显著水平（P < 0.05）;紫花苜蓿根区土壤微生物量对氮添加的敏感性高于土壤养分,其中土壤活性有机碳是不同水平氮添加处理后紫花苜蓿根区土壤养分变化的敏感指标。Pearson相关性分析表明,土壤微生物量和土壤养分与土壤含水量之间具有较强的正相关,二者与土壤pH有较强的负相关,表明了氮添加处理下紫花苜蓿根区土壤理化因子、养分和微生物量等地下生态系统各指标之间的统一性及相互作用和影响。     

生态沟—根孔湿地系统对大规模水产养殖尾水的净化作用

[目的] 分析基于根孔湿地构建的生态沟渠对水产养殖尾水的净化效果,为大面积养殖区循环养殖和污染减量化提供科学参考。[方法] 选取养殖面积超过500 hm²的宁夏回族自治区贺兰县寇家湖园区进行试验,以原有农田排水沟渠为基础,在沟渠两岸构建根孔湿地提升其净化能力,于2022和2023年对沿程水体进行采样,分析该系统对大面积水产养殖区产生的养殖尾水的净化效果。[结果] 2022年系统初运行时生态沟渠能有效净化养殖尾水中的磷酸盐、亚硝酸盐和氨氮,净化率分别为97.15%,96.00%和59.65%;2023年日常运行时该生态沟渠能有效净化大面积养殖区日常养殖过程中产生的养殖尾水,对磷酸盐、亚硝酸盐和氨氮净化率最高可达到87.70%,72.89%和83.15%,系统净化末端氨氮浓度低于0.5 mg/L,达到《地表水环境质量标准(GB3838—2002)》的Ⅱ类标准;缩短1/2的净化路程后,生态沟渠对养殖尾水依旧具有较好的净化效果,两个长度下生态沟渠出水口的营养盐浓度无显著性差异(p＜0.05)。[结论] 基于根孔湿地构建的生态沟渠能有效处理大面积水产养殖区日常养殖过程中产生的尾水,可实现养殖尾水的循环利用。     

Nitrification results in underestimation of soil urease activity as determined by ammonium production rate

The majority of soil urease activity measurements have been based on the rate of ammonium production under optimal conditions. However, such procedures do not exclude ammonium consumption by the nitrification process. The purpose of this study was to determine the percentage of soil urease activity that is underestimated due to soil nitrification. Six soils with diverse properties were incubated using a standard procedure for measuring soil urease activity. The dynamics of nitrite and nitrate were observed during the incubation. Our results showed that the percentage of underestimation ranged from 7.38% to 15.97%, depending on soil types and whether or not a buffer was used. We recommend that nitrification be taken into account when soil urease activity is assayed by the ammonium production rate method.     

Effect of nitrogen fertilization and irrigation on soil microbial activities and population dynamics — a field study

In a field experiment, net nitrogen (N) mineralization and immobilization were studied in relation to: 1) population dynamics and activities of N-metabolizing soil microbial communities, 2) changes in substrate-induced respiration (SIR) and 3) potential urease acitvity. Nitrogen fertilization (80 kg NO₃-N ha^-1) without irrigation induced additional N mineralization up to 280 kg N ha^-1. Net N-mineralization was weakly correlated to cell numbers of ammonifying and NH₄⁺-oxidizing microorganisms. Potential urease activity, respiration activity, and substrate-induced respiration activity were not correlated with the amount of mineralized nitrogen. Irrigation significantly increased potential urease activity of the soil microflora. Substrate induced respiration activity and basal respiration activity of the soil microflora were highest in the unfertilized and non irrigated treatment. But greatest differences were detected between the two sampling dates. NO₂^--oxidizing and ammonifying microbial populations increased, while populations of NH₄⁺-oxidizing and denitrifying microorganisms decreased with time. The results of this study demonstrate the interaction of nitrogen fertilizer application and irrigation on population dynamics of N-transforming soil microorganisms and microbial activities under field conditions. Detailed microbiological investigations of this type improve our understanding of nitrogen transformations in soil and suggest possible reasons of nitrogen losses, so that N fertilizer can be used more effectively and N losses be reduced.     

外源铬对小白菜(Brassica chinensis L.)根际土壤微生物生物量和磷脂脂肪酸的剖面分布特征的影响

The effects of root activity on microbial response to cadmium （Cd） loading in the rhizosphere are not well understood. A pot experiment in greenhouse was conducted to investigate the effects of low Cd loading and root activity on microbial biomass and community structure in the rhizosphere of pakchoi （Brassica chinensis L.） on silty clay loam and silt loamy soil. Cd was added into soil as Cd（NO3）2 to reach concentrations ranging from 0.00 to 7.00 mg kg-1. The microbial biomass carbon （MBC） and community structure were affected by Cd concentration, root activity, and soil type. Lower Cd loading rates （〈 1.00 mg kg-1） stimulated the growth of pakchoi and microorganisms, but higher Cd concentrations inhibited the growth of microorganisms. The content of phospholipid fatty acids （PLFAs） was sensitive to increased Cd levels. MBC was linearly correlated with the total PLFAs. The content of general PLFAs in the fungi was positively correlated with the available Cd in the soil, whereas those in the bacteria and actinomycetes were negatively correlated with the available Cd in the soil. These results indicated that fungi were more resistant to Cd stress than bacteria or actinomycetes, and the latter was the most sensitive to Cd stress. Microbial biomass was more abundant in the rhizosphere than in the bulk soil. Root activity enhanced the growth of microorganisms and stabilized the microbial community structure in the rhizosphere. PLFA analysis was proven to be sensitive in detecting changes in the soil microbial community in response to Cd stress and root activity.