林间养禽技术要点

在林间养禽能充分利用林间空闲地,增加林木经济的短期效益,能在炎热夏季为家禽遮荫避暑,还可以减少禽粪尿造成的污染,为树木生长提供肥料,是一举多得的好项目.……     

Effects of caecal ligation and colostomy on water intake and excretion in chickens

1. The effect of caecal ligation and colostomy on water intake and excretion were examined in chickens fed a low-protein diet or a low-protein diet supplemented with urea. 2. When fed a low-protein diet, the water intake and the ratio of water intake to food intake were increased by colostomy (P < 0.05) but not changed further by caecal ligation of colostomised chickens. 3. When fed a low-protein diet supplemented with urea, the amount of water intake and the ratio of water intake to food intake were not changed by either treatment. 4. Total water excretion was much higher in the colostomised plus caeca-ligated chickens than in other 3 groups fed both types of diet (P < 0.05). 5. The amount of faecal water excretion was increased by cecal ligation in colostomised chickens fed either diet (P < 0.01). 6. No effect of any treatment on water balance was observed in chickens fed either diet. 7. It is concluded that the lower intestine plays a useful role in the water economy of chickens fed a low-protein diet or a low-protein diet supplemented with urea.     

An improved colostomy technique in turkeys

1. A modified method for colostomy of turkeys was developed which allowed normal and consistent gains for 4 to 8 weeks.

2. Female Nicholas turkeys, 5 to 7 weeks of age and weighing 1.2 to 2.2 kg body weight, were subjects. Major adjustments in the technique included: transfixing of the peritoneum with 4 stay sutures prior to opening, suturing the peritoneum to the seromuscular coat of the colon, eversion of the end of the colon and joining of adjacent skin to the rim of the colon.

3. Urine was collected in a plastic bag attached around the vent with a urine collection fitting. Faeces passing through the colostomy were collected on a tray below the cage.     

Effect of colostomy on the occurrence of dietary [15N]urea in intestinal contents,blood, urine and tissues in chickens fed a low protein diet plus urea

1. The occurrence of ¹⁵N was examined in excreta for 10 h, and in intestinal contents, blood and tissues at 10 h after [¹⁵N]urea was fed to conventional and colostomised cockerels.

2. Total‐¹⁵N excretion and ¹⁵N‐balance in control chickens were 18.88 and 44.79 mg/kg body weight/10 h), respectively. The former was increased and the latter was decreased by colostomy by 10.75 mg (P<0.01).

3. Amounts of [¹⁵N]urea, [¹⁵N]ammonia and [¹⁵N]uric acid excreted by control birds were 13.78, 3.90 and 0.18 mg/kg body weight/10 h or 0.73, 0.21 and 0.01 of the total‐¹⁵N excreted respectively.

4. The [¹⁵N]urea, [¹⁵N]uric acid and total‐¹⁵N excreted were all increased after colostomy but [¹⁵N]ammonia was decreased (uric acid P<0.05, others P<0.01). The increase in total‐¹⁵N was mostly accounted for by [¹⁵N]urea.

5. Colostomy resulted in significantly less total‐¹⁵N in the contents of the whole intestine (P<0.01), less total‐¹⁵N, [¹⁵N]ammonia and [¹⁵N]urea in the contents of the co!o‐rectum (P<0.01) and less total‐¹⁵N and [¹⁵N]urea in the contents of the upper intestine (P< 0.05); it did not affect any in caecal contents.

6. [¹⁵N]Urea in blood, liver and kidney (blood P<0.01, others P< 0.05), and [¹⁵N]glutamine amide (P< 0.05) and [¹⁵N]uric acid (P< 0.01) in blood were significantly decreased after colostomy.

7. The results support the hypothesis that most of the dietary urea is utilised as the result of a back‐flow of ureteral urea into the caeca where it is rapidly converted into ammonia which is then metabolised to other compounds.     

Method of colostomy and cannulation of the chicken

1. A procedure for colostomising birds from 3 weeks to 5 months of age is described.

2. A plastic cannula was inserted into the fistula 10 d after surgery to keep it open.

3. Provided that the cannula was changed regularly at 10‐d intervals there was no constipation or dilation of the intestine.     

Intestinal cryptosporidiosis in chickens

In a retrospective examination of histopathology reports from Aug. 1, 1985, through Sept. 31, 1987, 10 cases of small- or large-intestinal cryptosporidiosis (not epithelial cryptosporidiosis of the bursa of Fabricius) were found in chickens. Infection was evenly distributed among young chickens. Incidence of intestinal cryptosporidiosis increased during 1987. Although all infected birds were clinically ill, signs or gross lesions of intestinal disease were not always present. In all cases, mild to marked histologic lesions were associated with Cryptosporidium sp.; however, intestinal tracts were not cultured for other infectious agents. The numbers of Cryptosporidium sp. and character of inflammatory response were not significantly correlated. A difference (P = 0.01) among intestinal segment (small vs. large) infection with Cryptosporidium was seen. Light-microscopic appearance and organ distribution of Cryptosporidium sp. suggest that in addition to C. baileyi, other Cryptosporidium species infect chickens. Until the diagnostic procedure for outbreaks of gastrointestinal disease in poultry routinely includes histopathology, fecal flotation, and virus, bacteria, and chlamydia cultures, and until species of Cryptosporidium are isolated, identified, reported, and investigated experimentally, the importance of intestinal cryptosporidiosis in chickens will remain unknown.     

鸡隐孢子虫病治疗试验

隐孢子虫病 ( Cryptosporidiosis)是一种流行于世界各地的人畜共患病 ,已对人畜健康造成极大危害 ,并日趋引起医学及兽医学界学者的重视。近年来 ,国内外许多学者在研究隐孢子虫的各种生物学属性的同时 ,对该病的治疗进行了广泛探索。先后以广谱抗生素、磺胺类、抗原虫及蠕虫性     

浅淡鸡传染性法氏囊病的防制

鸡传染性法氏囊病(IBD)是一种急性病毒性、高度接触性传染病,又是一种免疫抑制性疾病.近期仍在一些地方流行,除典型病例外,非典型病例和超强毒株感染在逐年增多,仍然是危害养鸡业的重点疫病之一.     

甲砜霉素在鸡体内的药动学

20只健康杂交肉鸡,随机分成2组,每组10只,雌雄各半,分别进行静脉注射和口服甲砜霉素给药的药动学研究。静注和口服的给药剂量分别为15、30 mg/kg。以反相HPLC测定血浆中甲砜霉素的浓度,药物浓度-时间数据用3P97药动学程序软件处理。鸡单剂量静注给药后,血药浓度-时间数据符合无吸收二室开放模型,其主要动力学参数分别为:V(c)(0.92&#177;0.01)L/kg,t1/2α(0.27&#177;0.02)h,t1/2β(3.46&#177;0.74)h,AUC(11.67&#177;0.57)mg/(L.h),CL(s)1.29 L/(kg.h)。鸡单剂量口服给药血药浓度-时间数据符合一级吸收一室开放模型,其主要动力学参数分别为:Lagtime(0.04&#177;0.01)h,t1/2ka(0.76&#177;0.11)h,t1/2ke(2.16&#177;0.58)h,T(peak)(1.73&#177;0.11)h,C(max)(6.03&#177;0.92)mg/L,AUC(32.43&#177;0.75)mg/(L.h),F(138.58&#177;0.07)%。甲砜霉素在鸡体内的药动学特征表现为分布广泛,消除迅速;口服给药吸收迅速且完全,生物利用度高。