沙漠工程环境影响及其综合评价——以塔里木沙漠公路为例

沙漠是特殊的工程环境。根据国家“八五”重点科技攻关项目８５－１０１－０７“塔里木沙漠石油公路环境影响综合评价研究”，本文就沙漠环境对沙漠工程的影响以及沙漠工程环境影响特征进行了分析。     

塔里木沙漠公路沿线沙物质特征及环境意义

本文对沙漠公路沿线风沙地貌和沙物质的特征、如粒度特征，矿物成分，化学成分以及微量元素组成等进行了分析，为沙漠公路的生物防沙规划，道路的沙害治理提供科学数据。用聚类分析的方法对沙物质分析特征在沙漠环境研究中的应用进行了初步探讨。     

塔里木沙漠公路风沙危害形成研究

塔里木沙漠公路南北横贯塔里木盆地 ,全长 5 6 2km ,其中近 80 %的路段穿行于塔克拉玛干沙漠之中 ,是世界上穿越流动沙漠最长的等级公路 ,因而风沙危害是制约沙漠公路正常运行的主要病害。研究表明 ,1)沙漠公路沿线风力强劲 ,沙丘形态各异 ,地表组成物质松散 ,为风沙危害形成提供了动力条件和奠定了物质基础 ;作为风沙危害的受灾对象 ,沙漠公路防沙体系结构以及公路纵横断面也直接作用于风沙危害形成过程 ;2 )沙漠公路风沙危害主要源于防沙体系沙物质的侵入和防沙体系内部因近地面气流变异而产生的风蚀与堆积 ;目前沙漠公路风沙危害的主体是防沙体系 ,危害的形式包括风蚀、风沙流滞留积沙和沙丘前移压埋。     

塔里木沙漠公路防沙体系的防护效益

塔里木沙漠公路全长５２２ｋｍ,其中有四百余公里在塔克拉玛干沙漠中穿行,风沙危害十分严重。为了研究适合塔里木沙漠公路的防沙体系和防沙措施,从１９９１年起在塔里木水公路两公里试验路段开展了公路防沙试验研究,１９９４年我们对两公里试验路段防沙体系中的各种防沙措施的防护效益进行了调查分析。通过分析可知：ａ．塔里木沙漠公路尽管风沙害严重,如何采用的防护措施得当,建立起外围阻沙,固沙和边坡防护相结合的防沙体系     

塔里木沙漠公路景观评价研究

塔里木沙漠公路是开展塔克拉玛干沙漠旅游的重要组成部分。公路沿线旅游景观的视觉好坏,直接影响游客的心理感受和对景观质量的认可度。通过对以往研究的总结与实地调查,从旅游研究视角,运用AHP法建立了3层级27个指标因子的塔里木沙漠公路景观评价体系,并验证了评价方法的有效性。进而对沙漠公路沿线景观质量进行系统评价,结果表明：沙...     

塔中沙漠油田基地路生物防沙体系建设的可行性分析

通过对塔中沙漠油田基地立地条件和支持条件的分析研究表明，在塔中沙漠油田基地路建设生物防沙体系，只要选择的树种得当，灌溉方式和造林技术合理，在具有依托条件的情况下，建立公路生物防护体系是完全可行的。在结构布局上要与已布设的机械防护措施相配合，充分发挥机械措施的防护效益和保护作用。在苗木栽植时可根据不同的立地条件采取相应的措施，造林季节选择在早春和秋末均可。     

塔里木沙漠公路沿线机械防沙体系效益评价及防沙带合理宽度的…

本语文通过对塔里木沙漠公路肖塘段至塔中段的风沙危害和现有防沙体系进行评价，指出了２公路沿线防沙体系存在的问题，并给出了沿线防护体系的合理宽度模型及模拟计算结果。     

塔里木沙漠公路沿线机械防沙体系效益评价及防沙带合理宽度的初步探讨

本文通过对塔里木沙漠公路肖塘段（起始段）至塔中段的风沙危害和现有防沙体系进行评价，指出了目前公路沿线防沙体系存在的问题，并给出了沿线防护体系的合理宽度模型及模拟计算结果。     

塔里木沙漠公路风沙危害研究

通过分析沙漠公路不同时段和地段风沙危害的特点 ,找出了从北向南风沙危害强度趋于减弱 ,公路及防沙体系受害程度逐渐降低的规律。注意到防沙体系所受风沙危害类型和程度在公路东西两侧和不同地貌部位差异明显。并且查明随着时间推移 ,公路受害面积扩大 ,重型沙害所占比例明显增长的公路沙害发展状况。     

塔里木沙漠公路沿线地下水空间变异性及分布规律研究

塔里木沙漠公路防护林生态工程是新疆防沙、治沙重大工程之一,就其建设长度和规模来讲,可谓世界之最。文中通过地下水位测量、地下水样水化学分析等数据,对防护林沿线的地下水空间变异性特征及地下水要素的空间分布规律进行了探讨,目的是为防护林带的正常生长提供理论依据和技术支撑。分析表明:在小于当前研究尺度下,影响地下水特征变异的过程作用较强。地下水埋深在整个尺度上具有恒定的变异,沿线区域北部的地下水埋深小于南部;地下水矿化度表现为中等的空间相关性,高矿化度水集中在沙漠北部;地下水pH值的空间相关性很弱,高值交替出现,最大值出现在沙漠中部位置。     

Effects of different types of guardrails on sand transportation of desert highway pavement

Guardrail, an important highway traffic safety facility, is mainly used to prevent vehicles from accidentally driving off the road and to ensure driving safety. Desert highway guardrails hinder the movement of wind-blown sand, resulting in the decline of sand transportation by the pavement and the deposition of sand gains on the pavement, and endangering traffic safety. To reveal the influence of guardrails on sand transportation of desert highway pavement, we tested the flow field and sand transport volume distribution around the concrete, W-beam, and cable guardrails under different wind velocities through wind tunnel simulation. Wind velocity attenuation coefficients, sand transportation quantity, and sand transportation efficiency are used to measure sand transportation of highway pavement. The results show that the sand transportation of highway pavement was closely related to the zoning characteristics of flow field and variation of wind velocity around the guardrails. The flow field of the concrete guardrail was divided into deceleration, acceleration, and vortex zones. The interaction between the W-beam guardrail and wind-blown sand was similar to that of lower wind deflector. Behind and under the plates, there were the vortex zone and acceleration zone, respectively. The acceleration zone was conducive to transporting sand on the pavement. The cable guardrail only caused wind velocity variability within the height range of guardrail, and there was no sand deposition on the highway pavement. When the cable, W-beam, and concrete guardrails were used, the total transportation quantities on the highway pavement were 423.53, 415.74, and 136.53 g/min, respectively, and sand transportation efficiencies were 99.31%, 91.25%, and 12.84%, respectively. From the perspective of effective sand transportation on the pavement, the cable guardrail should be preferred as a desert highway guardrail, followed by the W-beam guardrail, and the concrete guardrail is unsuitable. The study results provide theoretical basis for the optimal design of desert highway guardrails and the prevention of wind-blown sand disasters on the highway pavement.     

植被沙障对近地表风沙流特征影响的风洞实验

植被沙障在一些地区已成为沙害防治的有效手段,其应用也越来越广泛,但对其治沙机理尚不很清楚.在盖度为10%,15%,20%,30%,40%,60%情况下,对植被沙障的防风固沙效益进行了风洞试验.实验风速设置为6,8,11 m/s,测定不同植被盖度的风速廓线特征、风沙流结构特征及其防沙效果.实验结果表明:①积沙总量随盖度增加而逐渐降低,风沙流中的砂粒分布在一定的高度范围内,但分布的高度随盖度的增加呈下降趋势;②植株的茂密程度对风沙流的结构有明显影响,盖度越高,积沙量越集中在下部;③盖度并不是导致积沙量为零的唯一指标,风蚀是否发生,还与植被的疏透度、防护林的高度等有关.     

塔中一号公路防沙体系不同地貌部位风沙危害差异研究

塔中一号沙漠公路是塔里木盆地石油物资运输的主要干线之一 ,它深入沙漠腹地 ,走向与风向夹角很大 ,因此沙害严重且频繁。通过对公路防沙体系实地调查测量 ,得出以下结论 :垄间平沙地沙害较轻 ,以风沙流滞留积沙为主 ,固沙带平均全埋宽度 9.0 9m;沙垄迎风坡较严重 ,平均全埋宽度 0 .94m、压埋 1 .96m、风蚀 0 .43m;垄顶最严重 ,平均全埋宽度 1 5 .5 9m、压埋 6.68m、风蚀 3.1 5 m;沙垄背风坡较轻 ,平均全埋宽度 2 .85 m,压埋 0 .0 4 m。     

塔里木沙漠公路防沙体系建设几个问题的探讨

沙害主要取决于两个系统因素的共同作用 :动力系统—风力和响应系统—下垫面状况。塔里木沙漠公路沿线风沙地貌形态类型复杂多样 ,沙源充足 ;起沙风频数高 ,作用时间长 ,防沙难度极大。已建成的高立式芦苇阻沙栅栏和 1 m× 1 m半隐蔽芦苇草方格固沙沙障结合的“阻固”体系 ,有效控制了沙害 ,但也存在一定问题。定位观测表明 ,沿线起沙风和输沙方向集中于 NE、ENE、E三个方向 ,占 46%～ 68% ,从理论上说 ,应加大风侧 (路东侧 )防护力度 ,而实际上固沙带内部强烈的风蚀与沙埋过程 ,使其有效年限与设置宽度关系不明显 ,宜采取窄宽度勤维修原则 ,上风侧宽度控制在 3 0 m～ 40 m,每 3～ 4年更新一次并及时维修。下风侧可不设置高立式沙障 ,固沙带宽度控制在 1 0 m～ 1 5 m为宜 ;高立式沙障与半隐蔽方格沙障前沿之间空留宽度控制在 8H以内较为适宜。依沙害程度 ,以单一原状芦苇固定沙障、复膜沙袋阻沙体活动沙障及固定沙障与活动沙障有机结合加强前沿阻沙力度 ;不同沙害部位设置不同规格不同高度的半隐蔽方格沙障、固化路肩边坡创造输沙断面等技术 ,形成立体防护体系 ,足以控制沙害。     

腾格里沙漠格状沙丘地区公路筑路研究

本文通过对腾格里沙漠地区公路筑路的研究,较为详细地提出了在格状流动沙丘分布区公路选线的若干原则,适宜的路基断面型式、路面结构及路基本体防护的具体措施。认为,根据流沙区自然条件,地形特点,在尽可能减小对原始地表破坏的基础上,综合考虑上述内容是较为合理的。     

青藏铁路沱沱河路段流场特征及沙害形成机理

通过对青藏铁路沱沱河路段路基流场结构、风速廓线特征的风洞模拟实验研究,发现气流在途经铁路路基时,路基断面对近地表流场改变极大,在其两侧形成明显的遇阻抬升区、集流加速区、减速沉降区以及消散恢复区。铁路沙害的形成主要是路基迎风侧气流由于遇阻抬升和集流加速,对路肩和路基中上部产生风蚀;随着气流加速抬升,底层砂粒以跌落沉降的方式堆积在路基迎风坡坡脚,造成路基沙埋;当气流越过路基,在背风侧由于减速沉降和涡旋运动,风沙流处于过饱和状态,将所携带的大量砂粒堆积在背风坡。     

Optimization designs of artificial facilities in deserts based on computational simulation

Sediment transport of sand particles by wind is one of the main processes leading todesertification in arid regions, which severely impairs the ability of mankind to produce and live by driftingsand into settlements. Optimization designs of artificial facilities have lately attracted extensive interest forhuman settlement systems in deserts because of their acceptable protection effect, convenience ofimplementation, and low material cost. However, the complexity of a settlement system poses challengesconcerning finding suitable materials, artificial facilities, and optimization designs for sand depositionprotection. In an effort to overcome these challenges, we propose a settlement system built with brick, solarpanel, and building arrays to meet the basic needs of human settlements in arid regions while preventingwind-sand disasters. The wind flow and movement characteristics of sand particles in the brick, panel, andbuilding arrays were calculated using computational fluid dynamics and discrete phase model. Theperformance of three types of arrays in wind-sand flow in terms of decreasing the wind velocity and sandparticleinvasion distance was evaluated. The results show that the wind velocity near the surface and thesand invasion distance were significantly decreased in the space between the brick arrays through properlyselected vertical size and interspaces, indicating that the brick arrays have an impressive sand fixing andblocking performance;their effective protection distance was 3–4 m. The building arrays increased the nearsurfacewind velocity among buildings, resulting in less deposition of sand particles. The solar panel arrayswere similar to the building arrays in most cases, but the deposition of sand particles on solar panels exerteda negative effect on energy utilization efficiency. Therefore, taking the optimal configuration of thesettlement system into consideration, this study concludes that (1) brick arrays, which were proven effectivein preventing sand particles, must be arranged in an upwind area;(2) solar panel arrays could accelerate thewind flow, so they are best to be arranged at the place where sand particles deposited easily;and (3) buildingarrays present a better arrangement in downwind areas.     

且末绿洲的自然灾害及减灾对策

旱灾，冻害，风沙灾害及土壤盐渍化严重地困扰着且末绿洲发经济的发展，针对灾害胁迫作用及危害程度，从灾害的发生机理及发展规律等方面，探讨并提出减灾的的有效措施。     

策勒绿洲-荒漠过渡带风沙前沿近地面不同方向的输沙特征

利用策勒绿洲-荒漠过渡带风沙前沿输沙资料及风速风向资料,分析这一区域近地面输沙的方向分布特征。结果表明：① 风沙前沿起沙风风向以W、WNW为主,风向变化比较单一;② 观测点输沙量集中于NW、WNW、W、SW、WSW 5个方位,合计占总输沙量的68.3%;0～40 cm高度年输沙量为96.0 kg,年合成输沙量为45.9 kg,合成输沙方向为102.5°;③ 观测点年输沙势为43.2 VU,年合成输沙势为31.04 VU,输沙势的方向分布与实测输沙量存在较大差异。