小动物外固定支架的临床应用

外固定支架固定是将骨折两端经皮穿入钢针（钉）,在皮外将穿入骨折之针固定在连接杆和固定夹上,形成一个整体结构到达固定骨折的目的,是一种兼有内固定和外固定特点的固定方法。由于外固定支架对组织损伤小,故将其归属于微创接骨术和生物学固定理论范畴。我国小动物临床骨折的治疗仍以内固定为主,与发达国家比较相差甚远,本文就临床病例做分析与总结,为小动物临床应用提供借鉴。     

应用外固定支架治疗犬骨不连2例

骨不连是宠物临床上骨折手术治疗后一种常见后遗症,可造成犬疼痛、跛行等,采用传统的内固定方法进行二次治疗有许多困难。本文采用骨外固定支架方法治疗2例犬骨不连病例,一例为接骨固定失败,一例为髓内针固定失败,经过3个月的治疗,取得了满意的治疗效果。     

中药在小动物临床上的应用

本文就犬脱肛症、犬猫泻痢便血、犬猫黄疸病、兔螨病、犬猫呕吐、犬猫胃肠炎、犬瘟热、猫癣菌病几种常见小动物疾病的中药治疗方法进行了具体的介绍,希望能够为相关工作人员提供参考以及借鉴.     

内窥镜及其在小动物临床上的应用

内窥镜为经体表插入器械，窥视有关脏器的变化。早期用于诊断。目前已成为介入治疗不可缺少的工具之一。自19世纪第一台内窥镜问世以来，从最初的硬式内窥镜至纤维内窥镜、电子内窥镜、胶囊内窥镜已有120多年历史。在兽医临床上主要使用的是纤维内窥镜（以下简称内镜）。     

肠外营养在小动物临床中的应用

<正>1肠外营养概述小动物临床中经常遇到这样的问题:如何给营养不良、厌食或其他原因导致不能经肠道摄取营养的患病动物提供其所需要的营养和能量。仅饥饿但没有患病的动物,为了降低对营养的需要,静息代谢率下降以减少机体对蛋白质的需要量,与此同时     

清开灵在小动物临床上应用的疗效观察

清开灵是由人工牛黄、水牛角、金银花等中药精制而成的复方中药制剂,具有抗菌抗病毒作用,且抗菌谱广泛,能调整和提高机体的免疫机能,具有抗变态反应和抗过敏作用,能增强吞噬细胞的吞噬机能.具有清热解毒、镇静安神、醒脑开窍、化痰通络等功效,我院两年来将其应用于小动物临床也取得了比较理想的效果.     

心血管造影技术在小动物临床上的应用

伴侣动物的养殖逐年增多,传统的诊疗手段已经不能满足日益增长的临床需求。尤其是伴随着医疗保健和饲养管理水平的提高、动物寿命延长等因素,疾病的种类也发生着相应的变化,心脏病为代表的一系列疑难杂症不断增加。心血管造影术目前已经成为兽医临床上十分有效的诊断手段之一。     

心血管造影技术在小动物临床上的应用

心血管造影术目前已经成为兽医临床上十分有效的诊断手段之一．依据检查方法的不同．可以分为超声心动图检查（Echocardiography）和X线造影检查。造影术之所以是个很好的技术，是因为它简单直观的呈现吕清晰的被检部位照片．尤其是在诊断小动物先天性或后天获得性心血管疾病上更有优势。本就心血管造影技术在小动物临床上的应用作一综述．     

局部麻醉技术在小动物临床方面的应用

近年来随着我国经济社会的发展,人们的物质和精神生活水平质量不断提升,家庭当中饲养小动物的情况逐渐增多,各类游览场所的小动物种类和数量也在不断增加。小动物临床疾病种类和数量也随之增多,部分疾病需要通过手术才可使其得以治愈,而绝大部分手术的实施均需要使用到局部麻醉技术。本文主要研究局部麻醉技术在小动物临床方面的应用,选择较为常用的麻醉药物和局部麻醉技术进行操作特点分析,希望为小动物临床医学活动的开展提供一定参考。     

Recent advances in external skeletal fixation

While the use of external skeletal fixation was once associated with substantial postoperative morbidity, clinical and experimental studies have led to technological advances and modifications in application techniques that have greatly improved the results obtained with this treatment modality. The past decade saw numerous advances in external skeletal fixator implants, components and instrumentation, including improvements in fixation pin design, and the development of new linear external skeletal fixation systems and economical circular external skeletal fixation systems specifically engineered for use in dogs and cats. In addition, a greater understanding of fixator biomechanics and the pathobiology of the bone-fixation pin interface have improved fixator application practices. This article reviews many of the more significant recent advances in external skeletal fixation.     

History of external skeletal fixation.

The concept of external skeletal fixation was introduced by Malgaigne in 1840, with a spike driven into the human tibia that was held by a strap encircling the limb. The first readily available external fixator, the Parkhill clamp, appeared in 1897. By the 1920s, a number of adaptations of pins or screws inserted into bone fragments for external control of reduction and fixation had been published. Important developments in that era were triangular half-pin units and anchoring bone pins in both cortices. The Stader splint, which was the first half-pin splint to provide reduction as well as fixation, was used by surgeons in the U.S. Navy during World War II. The Kirschner-Ehmer splint, a veterinary modification of the Anderson splint for humans, was introduced in 1947. Popularity of external skeletal fixation declined in the 1950s because of poor results that may have been caused by errors of application. Improvements in fixator configurations and the skill and judgment of surgeons led to the current acceptance of the method.     

Complications of external skeletal fixation.

Complications associated with ESF can deleteriously affect soft tissue and bone healing. Adherence to proper surgical techniques and guidelines will minimize development of ESF-related complications. The most common problems associated with ESF are pin tract infections, fixator problems, and soft tissue impalement. These complications can be avoided by using proper pin insertion techniques that reduce skin tension; pin-bone, pin-skin motion; and soft tissue trauma. In addition, proper selection of pins (size, threaded or smooth), fixator configuration, ancillary implants, and a cancellous bone graft further reduce the risk of complications and inadequate healing.     

Transarticular application of external skeletal fixation.

External skeletal fixators provide a useful alternative to external coaptation techniques for immobilization of joints in selected patients. This is especially true when the orthopedic injury involves an open wound requiring daily treatment. Devices such as the K-E splint, the Rudy external fixator boot, and acrylic frame fixators are economical and effective for transarticular fixation in small animal patients. Clinical indications for these techniques have included fixation of tibial or radial fractures with a short distal fragment; arthrodesis of the elbow, carpus, stifle, or tarsus; protection of Achilles tendon repairs; protection of collateral ligament repairs of the tarsocrural joint; and protection when multiple ligaments of the stifle joint have been reconstructed. Use of contoured rods has facilitated transarticular application of type II Kirschner-Ehmer splints. Use of acrylic frames and the Rudy boot technique have extended safe use of transarticular external fixation to extremely small patients not accommodated by the Kirschner system alone. An understanding of the advantages and disadvantages inherent in each of these techniques is critical to proper selection of the best method for a given patient. Attention to the basic principles of pin selection, pin insertion, and frame design are needed for successful execution of the chosen technique.     

The external fixator in small animal orthopaedics

The external fixator is an increasingly popular means of fracture fixation in small animals. Pins inserted into the affected bone are clamped to a rigid metal rod adjacent to the limb, thus neutralising forces through the bone. This system of fixation is versatile and inexpensive, and is well suited to treatment of a variety of small animal and exotic injuries including open or comminuted fractures, fractures of the mandible and joint instability.     

The necropsy in small animal practice

Necropsies play an important role in investigations of diseases and deaths. Veterinary practitioners who perform necropsies regularly will find that it is an effective method of sharpening diagnostic acumen. The methodology of conducting necropsies on small animals and of submitting specimens to diagnostic laboratories is reviewed. Close collaboration between practitioner and pathologist is essential if optimum results are to be achieved.