《应对气候变化林业行动计划》发布

2009年11月6日，国家林业局召开例行新闻发布会，国家林业局造林绿化管理司司长、国家林业局应对气候变化办公室主任王祝雄介绍发布《应对气候变化林业行动计划》的有关情况，国家林业局造林绿化管理司副司长、国家林业局应对气候变化工作办公室常务副主任李怒云回答了记者提问，国家林业局新闻办主任、国家林业局新闻发言人程红主持发布会。     

我国首个“碳汇＂＂国际合作造林项目将实施

以减少全球温室气体排放为核心目的的《京都议定书》2月16日正式生效。由我国国家林业局与意大利环境和国土资源部根据《京都议定书》清洁发展机制(CDM)造林再造林碳汇项目相关规定而签署的合作造林项目——“中国东北部熬汉旗防治荒漠化青年造林项目”近期将正式实施。《京都议定书》是一部限制世界各国二氧化碳排放量的国际法案。目前，已有141个国家和区域经济组织批准了议定书。     

应对气候变化 林业在行动——国家林业局发布《应对气候变化林业行动计划》

11月6日上午，国家林业局召开新闻发布会，向全社会公布《应对气候变化林业行动计划》。新华社、人民日报等几十家新闻媒体参加新闻发布会。国家林业局宣传办主任程红主持会议，国家林业局造林绿化管理司司长王祝雄和副司长李怒云回答了记者提问。     

我国第一个碳汇国际合作造林项目落户敖汉

由国家林业局与意大利共和国环境和国土资源部根据《京都议定书》清洁发展机制（CDM）造林再造林“碳汇”项目相关规定而签署的合作造林项目——“中国东北部敖汉旗防治荒漠化青年造林项目”近期将正式实施。计划5年投资1300万元,完成沙地造林4．5万亩。     

国家林业局发布《应对气候变化林业行动计划》

国家林业局2009年11月6日上午举行例行新闻发布会，国家林业局植树造林司王祝雄司长发布了《应对气候变化林业行动计划》，并简要介绍两个方面的情况。     

造林种果富电白

造林种果富电白文＼崔洪波位于广东省西南部的电白县植树造林在全国久享盛誉。１９６５年３月１日《人民日报》头版头条发表《学习电白绿化祖国绿化家乡》的社论，高度评价电白县的造林绿化工作，同年电白县被国务院授予“五好县”称号，其中一好就是“造林绿化好”。特别...     

《造林技术规程》南方地区培训班在云南举办

正为认真贯彻落实全国加快推进国土绿化现场会议精神,推广实施新版《造林技术规程》,科学指导"十三五"时期造林绿化工作,国家林业局造林绿化管理司12月1日-2日在云南省德宏州举办《造林技术规程》南方地区培训班。会议期间,有关专家解读了新版《造林技术规程》,讲授了珍贵树种     

科技进步是实现林业跨越式大发展的根本保证——访国家林业局科技司司长祝列克

义务植树造林运动开展了二十年，取得了显著成绩。邓小平同志说：“科技是第一生产力”。那么在当前林业建设的新形势下，要实现林业跨越式大发展，在整合后的六大工程带动下，还必须紧紧依靠科技进步和技术创新，以新技术的跨越促进林业发展的跨越。为此，我们专访了林业科技司司长祝列克。　　记者：祝司长，作为国家林业局科技司司长，您认为我国义务植树开展二十年来，林业科技在植树造林方面发挥了哪些作用？我国林业科技的建设还有哪些不足？　　祝司长：林业科技在提高造林成效、提高林业传统产业的优化升级方面发挥了巨大作用。主要…     

今年造林绿化形势看好时间过半进度超八成

6月28日，全国绿化委员会、国家林业局召开造林绿化新闻发布会，全国绿化委员会办公室秘书长、国家林业局造林绿化管理司司长王祝雄在发布会上说，今年是落实胡锦涛总书记提出的到2020年森林面积增加4000万公顷目标的第一年。全国“两会”提出全年造林任务8880万亩，     

将全民义务植树运动深入持久地开展下去——访全国绿化委员会办公室秘书长、国家林业局造林绿化管理司司长王祝雄

这是一场已经持续30年的群众运动，这是一项不断追求人与自然和谐的绿化事业。 1981年，一场由全国各族人民积极参加的植树造林运动，在全国轰轰烈烈开展起来。这场绿化祖国的运动，其规模和影响之大，都是我国绿化建设史上前所未有的，开创了我国国土绿化事业的新纪元。时值全民义务植树运动开展30周年之际，中国林业杂志记者专访了全国绿化委员会办公室秘书长、国家林业局造林绿化管理司司长王祝雄。     

低碳经济与森林碳汇

1全球变暖与低碳经济 1．1两个基本概念 温室效应（Green house effect） 现代工业化社会过多燃烧煤炭、石油和天然气等化石燃料,放出大量的二氧化碳等气体进入大气。二氧化碳气体具有吸热和隔热的功能,它在大气中增多的结果是形成一种无形的“玻璃罩”,使太阳辐射到地球上的热量无法向外层空间发散,其结果是地球表面变热,因此,二氧化碳也被称为温室气体。     

Forest carbon offsets and carbon emissions trading: Problems of contracting

The process of monitoring and measuring the carbon fluxes associated with forestry is complex and costly, and the process is subject to asymmetric information, perverse incentives and inadequate institutions. The upshot is that any trade in forestry related carbon credits is likely to involve unwarranted acts of faith. This means that, since carbon credits are a de facto fiat currency, their exchange value is likely to be unstable. Contracting requires good governance, which is often lacking. Meanwhile, parties to a contract to provide offsets for sale in carbon markets have misaligned incentives in addition to asymmetric information. This leads to a principal-agent problem that delays successful contracting and quite often leads to incompatible claims regarding the creation of carbon offsets. At worse, it results in corruption.     

Ecophysiological responses and carbon distribution ofPinus koraiensis seedlings to elevated carbon dioxide

The net CO₂ assimilation rate, stomatal conductance, RuBPcase (ribulose 1,5-biphosphate carboxylose) activity, dry weight of aboveground and belowgroud part, plant height, the length and diameter of taproot ofPinus koraiensis seedlings were measured and analyzed after six-week exposure to elevated CO₂ in an open-top chamber in Changbai Mountain of China from May to Oct. 1999. Seedlings were planted in four different conditions: on an open site, control chamber, 500 μL·L⁻¹ and 700 μL·L⁻¹ CO₂ chambers. The results showed that the total biomass of the seedlings increased whereas stomatal conductance decreased. The physiological responses and growth to 500 μL·L⁻¹ and 700 μL·L⁻¹ CO₂ varied greatly. The acclimation of photosynthesis was downward to 700 μL·L⁻¹ CO₂ but upward to 500 μL·L⁻¹ CO₂. The RuBPcase activity, chlorophyll and soluble sugar contents of the seedlings grown at 500 μL·L⁻¹ CO₂ were higher than that at 700 μL·L⁻¹ CO₂. The concentration 500 μL·L⁻¹ CO₂ enhanced the growth of aboveground part whereas 700 μL·L⁻¹ CO₂ allocated more carbon to belowground part. Elevated CO₂ changed the carbon distribution pattern. The ecophysiological responses were significantly different between plants grown under 500 μL·L⁻¹ CO₂ and 700 μL·L⁻¹ CO₂. Foundation Item: This paper was supported by Chinese Academy of Sciences. Biography: HAN Shi-jie (1956-), male, Ph. Doctor, Professor in Laboratory of Ecological Process of Trace Substance in Terrestrial Ecosystem, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Responsible editor: Chai Ruihai     

Ecophysiological responses and carbon distribution of Pinus koraiensis seedlings to elevated carbon dioxide

The net CO2 assimilation rate, stomatal conductance, RuBPcase (ribulose 1,5-biphosphate carboxylose) activity, dry weight of aboveground and belowground part, plant height, the length and diameter of taproot of Pinus koraiensis seedlings were measured and analyzed after six-week exposure to elevated CO2 in an open-top chamber in Changbai Mountain of China from May to Oct. 1999. Seedlings were planted in four different conditions: on an open site, control chamber, 500 μ L.L-1 and 700 μL.L-1 CO2 chambers. The results showed that the total biomass of the seedlings increased whereas stomatal conductance decreased. The physiological responses and growth to 500 μL.L-1 and 700 μ L.L-1 CO2 varied greatly. The acclimation of photosynthesis was downward to 700 μL.L-1 CO2 but upward to 500 μ L.L-1 CO2. The RuBPcase activity, chlorophyll and soluble sugar contents of the seedlings grown at 500 μL.L-1 CO2 were higher than that at 700 μ L.L-1 CO2. The concentration 500 μ L.L-1 CO2 enhanced the growth of aboveground part whereas 700 μL.L-1 CO2 allocated more carbon to belowground part. Elevated CO2 changed the carbon distribution pattern. The ecophysiological responses were significantly different between plants grown under 500 μL.L-1 CO2 and 700 μL.L-1 CO2.     

Potential impacts of carbon taxes on carbon flux in western Oregon private forests

This study considers a carbon tax system as a policy tool for encouraging carbon sequestration through modification of management in existing forests and examines its welfare impacts and costs of the carbon sequestered. The simulated carbon tax leads to reduced harvest and increased carbon stock in the standing trees and understory biomass. Changes in the level of silvicultural investments vary by owner, depending on the nature of their initial inventory. In general investment under the tax is concentrated in regimes that establish faster growing plantations. Average rotation age increases, varying in extent across ownerships and site qualities. The carbon tax reduces both consumer and producer surpluses in regional timber markets. Producers are compensated by the carbon subsidies, except at low carbon tax levels. Not all rates of carbon tax will attract interest from private owners if participation is voluntary. Estimates of the marginal cost of sequestering carbon in western Oregon private forests are shown to be within the range of costs for projects considering afforestation alone in some eastern regions of the United States.     

DESPOT, a process-based tree growth model that allocates carbon to maximize carbon gain

We present a new model of tree growth, DESPOT (Deducing Emergent Structure and Physiology Of Trees), in which carbon (C) allocation is adjusted in each time step to maximize whole-tree net C gain in the next time step. Carbon gain, respiration and the acquisition and transport of substitutable photosynthetic resources (nitrogen, water and light) are modeled on a process basis. The current form of DESPOT simulates a uniform, monospecific, self-thinning stand. This paper describes DESPOT and its general behavior in comparison to published data, and presents an evaluation of the sensitivity of its qualitative predictions by Monte Carlo parameter sensitivity analysis. DESPOT predicts determinate height growth and steady stand-level net primary productivity (NPP), but slow declines in aboveground NPP and leaf area index. Monte Carlo analysis, wherein the model was run repeatedly with randomly different parameter sets, revealed that many parameter sets do not lead to sustainable NPP. Of those that do lead to sustainable growth, the ratios at maturity of net to gross primary productivity and of leaf area to sapwood area are highly conserved.     

红树林碳储量及碳汇效能研究的发展趋势和特征

为了解红树林碳储量及碳汇效能研究的发展趋势和特征,使用文献计量分析方法对基于Web of Science和中国知网(CNKI)数据库检索获得的文献进行统计分析。有关红树林碳汇效能研究的发文量逐年增加。美国和澳大利亚是该研究领域的两大强国,占据领先地位;这两个国家在世界排名前10位机构和作者上均占据明显的优势,其中发文量前10名机构中有5个来自美国,有3个来自澳大利亚,并且排列前4名的机构均来自美国和澳大利亚;国际上发文量超过10篇的作者中有2个来自美国,有3个来自澳大利亚,并且发文量前3名的作者中有2个来自澳大利亚。另外,高被引论文前10名中有4篇的作者来自美国,说明其在该领域具有较强的科研实力和较高的影响力。我国有关红树林碳汇效能研究的论文发文量逐年增加,在发文量前10名国家中排列第4,但总被引频次和篇均被引频次均较低。我国在国际排名前10位机构、发文量前10名作者和高被引论文前10篇中均占有一席之位,说明近年来我国在该领域发展迅速,科研实力不断增强,但在今后的发展中还需加强科研经费投入,引进高水平人才,加强国际合作,大力推动我国红树林碳汇的研究,提高我国在国际上的影响力。     

Forest soils and carbon sequestration

Soils in equilibrium with a natural forest ecosystem have high carbon (C) density. The ratio of soil:vegetation C density increases with latitude. Land use change, particularly conversion to agricultural ecosystems, depletes the soil C stock. Thus, degraded agricultural soils have lower soil organic carbon (SOC) stock than their potential capacity. Consequently, afforestation of agricultural soils and management of forest plantations can enhance SOC stock through C sequestration. The rate of SOC sequestration, and the magnitude and quality of soil C stock depend on the complex interaction between climate, soils, tree species and management, and chemical composition of the litter as determined by the dominant tree species. Increasing production of forest biomass per se may not necessarily increase the SOC stocks. Fire, natural or managed, is an important perturbation that can affect soil C stock for a long period after the event. The soil C stock can be greatly enhanced by a careful site preparation, adequate soil drainage, growing species with a high NPP, applying N and micronutrients (Fe) as fertilizers or biosolids, and conserving soil and water resources. Climate change may also stimulate forest growth by enhancing availability of mineral N and through the CO₂ fertilization effect, which may partly compensate release of soil C in response to warming. There are significant advances in measurement of soil C stock and fluxes, and scaling of C stock from pedon/plot scale to regional and national scales. Soil C sequestration in boreal and temperate forests may be an important strategy to ameliorate changes in atmospheric chemistry.