Survey and control of fungai diseases of trees and shrubs at Lanzhou Wuquanshan Park

于2008-2009年对兰州市五泉山公园部分木本观赏植物真菌病害进行了调查,共发现木本观赏植物真菌病害32种,危害部位以叶部为主。寄主植物以杨柳科和蔷薇科为主。引起病害的病原真菌隶属21属32种,以半知茵和子囊菌为主。同时,根据病害的种类及发生特点提出加强植物检疫、适地适树、正确养护管理、强化园林技术措施及尝试利用生物防治等综合防治对策。     

兰州市五泉山公园草本植物真菌病害调查及防治建议

对兰州市五泉山公园草本植物真菌病害的发生及危害情况进行了全面调查。结果表明:共有32种病原真菌引起39种真菌病害;病害寄主属11科19属,以菊科和禾本科植物为主;病原菌以半知菌纲和子囊菌纲为主。多种病害在公园内发生普遍,且部分病害发生与危害较为严重。气候及植物配置与养护管理对病害发生影响较大,并据此提出了综合防治建议。     

浙江省桑树病害简介

从20世纪50年代至21世纪初，作者与同事们曾对浙江省桑树的病害进行过系统持续的调查和采集。发现引起桑树病害的病原物、包括有真菌、病毒、细菌、植原体、螺原体及线虫等。其中以真菌的病害为最多，初步估计约60多种；细菌病害3种；植原体病害2种：螺原体病害1种：线虫病害主要的有1种。     

甘肃草坪草真菌病害初报

对甘肃省部分地区的草坪草、野生坪用植物和禾草真菌病害进行了调查,共采得９７份病害标本,鉴定出３４种真菌病害,７属１１种病原真菌,分别寄生于３科１９种植物。其中,国内病害新记录１８种,甘肃病害新记录８种。     

草坪草真菌病害的研究进展

综述了国内外主要草坪草上的真菌病害的种类及在我国发生的真菌病害数量、真菌鉴定的方法、病原与寄主互作及病害预测预报,及国内外对草坪草真菌病害防治方法的研究进展,并提出草坪草真菌病害研究存在的一些问题。     

箭筈豌豆真菌病害研究进展

箭筈豌豆是一年生野豌豆属植物,也是野豌豆属的重要栽培种。截止2015年年底,世界范围内箭筈豌豆真菌病害共有14种,分布于28个国家或地区,茎叶部病害、根部病害和系统性病害分别有10种(黑腐病、炭疽病等)、3种(丝囊霉根腐病、镰孢根腐病、腐霉病)和1种(黄萎病)。这些病害中,链格孢黑斑病、丝囊霉病、腐霉病、黄萎病4种病害仅在国外报道。附球菌叶斑病和葡柄霉叶斑病两种病害仅在我国发生。我国共10种病害,在10个省区有报道,其中病害发生数最多的地区为甘肃(8种),其次为云南(6种)。箭筈豌豆的真菌性病原共有43种,25种为半知菌,占总数的58%,其余为7种子囊菌、6种担子菌、5种鞭毛菌,分别占总数的16%,14%和12%。43种病原真菌中,有15种真菌引起的病害仅在国外报道,有7种真菌引起病害仅在我国报道。还有7种真菌只在箭筈豌豆上发现,再无其他寄主报道。另外,我国还在箭筈豌豆种子上检测出6种种带真菌,其中4种均能不同程度地降低箭筈豌豆种子的萌发和幼苗的生长。国内外对箭筈豌豆真菌病害的危害程度、发生规律和防治等方面研究较少,主要集中在炭疽病、白粉病、锈病、灰斑病等几种病害上。随着箭筈豌豆栽培面积和需求的扩大,应该关注影响我国箭筈豌豆生产的主要真菌病害,在确定病原真菌的基础上,加深对病原真菌发生规律的研究,制定出有效的防治策略。     

沙打旺病害研究进展

通过国内外近20年相关文献的回顾,综述了沙打旺病害的主要病原、分布及危害、影响发病的因素及流行规律,并展望了研究方向。沙打旺病害的研究主要在我国进行,国外稀有报道。我国开展了大量病害调查,发现其病原主要是半知菌类真菌。现已自根部、茎叶和种子等部位分离报道真菌50种。线虫、害虫、土壤温度、含水量及田间管理措施等均可影响沙打旺病害的发生,但缺少深入研究。未来研究应进一步开展沙打旺病害调查及病原菌鉴定,并加强真菌病害发生规律及病害防治等方面的研究。     

我国苜蓿病害发生现状及防治对策

本文记录了发生在我国苜蓿上的35种病原物扭引起的病害，其中病原真菌23种，病原细菌2种，病毒1种。类菌原体1种，线虫1种和菟丝子7种，并列表说明了它们的分布及危害程度。文章讨论了目前国内发生最为普遍且危害较大的褐斑病（Pseudopezize medicaginis)、锈病（Uromyces striatus)、霜霉病（Peronospora aestivalis)的发生与地理、气候等因素的关系。提出了以利用抗病品种为主的综合治理对策。及开展苜蓿病害检疫的建议名单。     

中国农业科学院柑桔研究所柑桔真菌病害及线虫病害研究概况

<正>建所50年来,中国农业科学院柑桔研究所(简称柑桔所,下同)先后开展了以青、绿霉病为主的柑桔贮藏期病害、柑桔脚腐病、柑桔苗木立枯病以及柑桔根线虫病等病害的研究,现将有关成果简述如下。一、以青、绿霉病为主的柑桔果实贮藏期病害的研究柑桔果实在运输、贮藏过程中常受到多种真菌病害的侵害,引起果实大量腐烂,其中以柑桔青、绿霉病为害最为严重。为此,柑桔所新农药试验小组主     

我国苜蓿病害发生现状及防治对策

本文记录了发生在我国苜蓿上的３５种病原物所引起的病害，其中病原真菌２３种，病原细菌２种，病毒１种，类菌原体１种，线虫１种和菟丝子７种，并列表说明了它们的分布及危害程度。文章讨论了目前国内发生最为普遍且危害较大的褐班病（Ｐｓｅｕｄｏｐｅｚｉｚｅｍｅｄｉｃａｇｉｎｉｓ）、锈病（Ｕｒｏｍｙｃｅｓｓｔｒｉａｔｕｓ）、霜霉病（Ｐｅｒｏｎｏｓｐｏｒａａｅｓｔｉｖａｉｉｓ）的发生与地理、气候等因素的关系。提出了以利用抗病品种为主的综合治理对策，及开展苜蓿病害检疫的建议名单。     

Shrub Encroachment Under the Trees Diversifies the Herb Layer in a Romanian Silvopastoral System

Rangelands with scattered trees are complex and dynamic systems with a long history in Europe. Generally referred to as “wood-pastures,” they are considered to have outstanding conservation value. Thorny shrubs are important for supporting the biodiversity of these wooded rangelands, as well as facilitating the regeneration of trees by acting as nurse species. We assess the direct effects of temporary shrub encroachment under the cover of mature sparse trees on overall plant and habitat diversity. We surveyed the herb layer of the main landscape features of a wood-pasture: open pasture, trees with a grass understory, trees with shrubs, and adjacent forest edges. The herb layer under trees with shrubs resembled that of forest edges more than open pastures and trees with grass. Trees with grass had a higher cover of ruderal species than trees with shrubs, while forest edges and open pastures had a lower cover of them. Forest species were absent from open pastures but were well represented in the other sites. The herb layer of trees with shrubs and forest edges had similar cover values, while trees with grass had a significantly lower cover of herbs than the other types. Trees with shrubs had higher species richness than any of the other three landscape features and had a much higher proportion of diagnostic species. We conclude that the scattered trees and shrubs of the studied silvopastoral system have additive facilitative effects on their understory, probably through modifying the microenvironment and grazing pressure, leading to the formation of temporary diversity hot spots with distinct vegetation. Thus maintaining a moderate level of shrub-encroachment under sparse trees is recommended for not only creating safe havens for tree recruitment but also increasing the overall species and habitat diversity of wood-pastures.     

Seasonal foraging patterns of forest‐grazing Japanese Black heifers with increased plasma total antioxidant capacity

Forest‐grazing enables the intake of high total antioxidant capacity (TAC) plants that might be beneficial for the TAC status of cattle. This study evaluated the relation between the seasonal foraging patterns of forest‐grazing Japanese Black (JB) heifers or the TAC levels in shrubs and trees and the changes of plasma TAC. We examined 12 JB heifers, four each of which were allocated to forest‐grazing (F), pasture‐grazing, and pen‐housed groups. The plasma TAC level in F heifers on July 26, August 13, 30 and September 17 were significantly higher than those on April 27 and June 4 (P < 0.05). In F group, the mean rates of foraging frequency (FF) of shrubs and trees during July 5–8 and September 13–16 were much higher than that during May 31–June 3 (P < 0.05). The rate of FF of grass significantly decreased later in the season (P < 0.05). The mean TAC levels in these shrubs and trees were higher than those in grasses, concentrates, and timothy hay. Results suggest that an important factor in the increase of plasma TAC in forest‐grazing cattle might be the increased foraging of TAC‐rich shrubs and trees during summer–fall.     

转录组测序在林草植物抗逆性研究中的应用

生物和非生物胁迫对农作物产量和生态环境造成极大的威胁,林草植物对外界环境具有较强的适应能力,因此挖掘林草植物抗逆基因,分析其抗逆机制已经成为当下的研究趋势。随着科学技术的发展,利用生物测序技术研究植物抗逆的分子机制已成为当今植物逆境生理和分子生物学研究的一个重大课题,其中转录组测序(RNA-seq)研究是揭示植物抗逆机理以及筛选抗逆基因的主要研究技术。以Roche/454、Illumina/Solexa和ABI/SOLID为代表的二代测序技术(NGS)发展迅速,相较于传统测序手段具有成本低、测序时间短、高通量等优点,已被广泛应用于全基因组、RNA-seq和miRNA测序等研究。因此,RNA-seq技术可加快林草植物抗逆机制的研究和抗逆基因资源的挖掘,从而为农作物、优良林草植物抗逆性遗传改良和新品种培育奠定基础。本研究详细介绍了近年来NGS技术在林草植物应对病虫害、高温、冷害、盐、干旱以及土地贫瘠等方面的转录组学的研究进展,最后针对转录组测序的发展趋势和应用前景进行了展望。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区植被恢复过程中物种组成及多样性

通过小流域内不同生境条件下的植被调查,研究了半干旱黄土丘陵沟壑区植被恢复过程中的物种组成和植物多样性。结果表明:各植物种占总数比例为多年生草本一年生草本灌木乔木;阳坡灌木作用较大,半阳坡和半阴坡乔木树种与灌木树种作用相近,阴坡明显以乔木树种作用占优势;不同人工林类型之间植物多样性不存在显著差异,而立地条件是影响植物多样性的主要因素,人们对退耕地的经营活动,不利于生物多样性恢复。     

Global trade in ornamental fish from an Australian perspective: the case for revised import risk analysis and management strategies

Over 1 billion ornamental fish comprising more than 4000 freshwater and 1400 marine species are traded internationally each year, with 8-10 million imported into Australia alone. Compared to other commodities, the pathogens and disease translocation risks associated with this pattern of trade have been poorly documented. The aim of this study was to conduct an appraisal of the effectiveness of risk analysis and quarantine controls as they are applied according to the Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) agreement in Australia. Ornamental fish originate from about 100 countries and hazards are mostly unknown; since 2000 there have been 16-fold fewer scientific publications on ornamental fish disease compared to farmed fish disease, and 470 fewer compared to disease in terrestrial species (cattle). The import quarantine policies of a range of countries were reviewed and classified as stringent or non-stringent based on the levels of pre-border and border controls. Australia has a stringent policy which includes pre-border health certification and a mandatory quarantine period at border of 1-3 weeks in registered quarantine premises supervised by government quarantine staff. Despite these measures there have been many disease incursions as well as establishment of significant exotic viral, bacterial, fungal, protozoal and metazoan pathogens from ornamental fish in farmed native Australian fish and free-living introduced species. Recent examples include Megalocytivirus and Aeromonas salmonicida atypical strain. In 2006, there were 22 species of alien ornamental fish with established breeding populations in waterways in Australia and freshwater plants and molluscs have also been introduced, proving a direct transmission pathway for establishment of pathogens in native fish species. Australia's stringent quarantine policies for imported ornamental fish are based on import risk analysis under the SPS agreement but have not provided an acceptable level of protection (ALOP) consistent with government objectives to prevent introduction of pests and diseases, promote development of future aquaculture industries or maintain biodiversity. It is concluded that the risk analysis process described by the Office International des Epizooties under the SPS agreement cannot be used in a meaningful way for current patterns of ornamental fish trade. Transboundary disease incursions will continue and exotic pathogens will become established in new regions as a result of the ornamental fish trade, and this will be an international phenomenon. Ornamental fish represent a special case in live animal trade where OIE guidelines for risk analysis need to be revised. Alternatively, for countries such as Australia with implied very high ALOP, the number of species traded and the number of sources permitted need to be dramatically reduced to facilitate hazard identification, risk assessment and import quarantine controls.     

路堑石质边坡植被灌木化建植

对湖北沪蓉西（宜昌-恩施）高速公路路段的K161＋127～K161＋342左幅路堑石质边坡进行了植被灌木化的建植研究。根据研究地区的气候特点,选择暖季型草坪草种狗牙根和百喜草作为先锋种,选择耐旱、耐寒、耐瘠薄土壤条件的乡土灌木种多花木蓝、紫穗槐、火棘及胡枝子作为建群种（也叫目标种）,选择乡土植物刺槐、山合欢等小乔木作为伴生种。植被灌木化建植时,首先进行坡面处理,然后用锚杆锚固,在砂浆凝固且硬化后挂网,再分基层喷播和面层喷播两步进行基材喷播,喷播完成后及时覆盖无纺布。在灌木化植被形成后观查发现,绿化覆盖度达95％以上,各项技术指标达到了预期质量效果,表明边坡植被灌木化建植技术是快速恢复高速公路路堑石质边坡植被的有效途径,可以在同类气候地区推广应用。     

飞播年限对浑善达克沙地植物群落特征的影响

于2013~2017年对浑善达克沙地的11个飞播区和1个未飞播的流动沙地(对照)进行植物群落调查,采用固定样地观测和空间差异代替时间变化相结合的方法,对飞播后浑善达克沙地的植被恢复状况及乔木、灌木半灌木和草本植物的稳定状况进行了分析。结果表明:飞播后,随着恢复年限的延长,沙地植物群落的物种数明显增加,且在恢复第9年时物种数达到最高值;飞播提高了浑善达克沙地植物群落的高度、盖度和密度,但随着恢复年限的延长,沙地植物群落的频度呈先升高后下降的趋势;在浑善达克沙地植被恢复过程中,乔木和灌木半灌木的综合指数波动较小,草本植物波动较大,综合指数变动幅度分别为0.0750、0.0714和0.1617;浑善达克沙地飞播区的乔木、灌木半灌木和草本植物主要呈竞争关系,其稳定指数分别为5.07、6.78、16.74,表现为乔木<灌木半灌木<草本植物。浑善达克沙地飞播区草本植物的稳定性高于乔木和灌木半灌木,且飞播有利于浑善达克沙地退化植被的恢复与重建。     

洛阳市园林绿化植物现状、问题及对策

从园林绿化植物的种类和园林应用形式等方面对洛阳市园林绿化植物的种类进行了分析和探讨,发现问题主要存在于:垂直立体绿化和水面绿化植物种类单一;常绿树种数量较少;有潜力的乡土树种没有得以充分利用.提出了增加灌木及藤本的栽植种类和数量,形成层次分明的绿地景观群落;尝试引种阔叶常绿树种和彩叶植物,丰富城市四季景色;重视乡土植物,体现地方特色;改善行道树的种植方式,丰富道路景观,增加覆盖率;加强绿地的维护管理等建议.     

彩叶树种在山西园林中的应用状况调查

对山西省6大气候区主要公园绿地和交通干道绿化中运用的彩叶树种进行调查和分析,调查内容包括植物种类、色叶时期、色系类型。结果表明:(1)山西省彩叶树种共69种,分属29属,23科;其中,以槭树科、蔷薇科、漆树科种类居多。其中,春色叶植物6种,秋色叶41种、常色叶22种;分别占总彩叶树种的8.7%,59.4%和31.9%。(2)以晋城、晋中和太原代表的温暖气候带彩叶树种应用最多,以大同为代表的温寒气候带彩叶树种最少。(3)山西省共有红色系彩叶树种44种,占彩叶树种的66%;黄色系树种占彩叶树种的25%,它色彩叶树种仅占9%。     

贺兰山蓝马鸡春夏季对栖息地的选择

2008年4～8月,在贺兰山利用痕迹检验法和直接观察法对蓝马鸡春夏季的栖息地选择进行研究。通过在选定的15条沟段里进行调查,春夏季分别测定了135个和126个样方的16种生态因子。结果表明,春夏季贺兰山蓝马鸡在优势乔木、灌木密度、灌木高度、灌木距离、坡向、坡位、海拔高度、人为干扰距离和隐蔽级上差异极显著（P〈0.01）,而其余生态因子无显著差异（P〉0.05）,相对于春季生境而言,贺兰山蓝马鸡夏季更偏爱选择灌木密度小、高度低、距离近,海拔较高,人为干扰距离较远,隐蔽程度较高的栖息地。典则系数显示春夏季蓝马鸡的栖息地选择存在一定的重叠和分离,Wilk＇sλ值显示春夏季蓝马鸡的生境选择具有较高的差异性（Wilk＇sλ=0.692,x~2=121.769,df=12,P〈0.001）。逐步判别分析表明在区分春夏季蓝马鸡栖息地选择方面有一系列生态因子发挥作用,依照贡献值的大小依次为海拔高度、人为干扰距离、灌木高度、隐蔽级、灌木密度和乔木高度,由这6个变量构成的方程对春夏季蓝马鸡生境的正确区分率达到84.6%,其中对春季的误判率为15.4%,对夏季的误判率为17.2%。