配后净宫技术提高子宫内膜炎奶牛受胎率的试验

对患子宫内膜炎的试验占在发情时延适时输精,输精后１２子宫灌注５ｇ／Ｌ盐酸环丙沙星溶液,情期受胎率为６１．２％（１０４／１７０）。试验对照组奶牛应用同样药物治疗,痊愈后下一个发情期,健康对照组奶牛不作处理,平均情期受胎率分别为４７．２％和４６．４４％。     

已排卵奶牛配种受胎效果的观察

<正> 在日常工作时,尽管我们尽量及时发现或检查发情奶牛,并适时进行输精。但有些发情不太明显和由于其它原因在发情前期或发情期没被发现的牛也是难免的。从前,我们认为排卵后授精不能受胎或受胎率低.因此     

奶牛发情鉴定与人工输精方法

正随着社会经济发展和人们生活水平提高,牛奶类产品消费在不断增加。奶牛的繁殖技术对奶牛生产性能有着直接的影响。本文旨在对奶牛发情鉴定和人工输精方法进行探讨和研究,为奶牛繁殖质量的提升提供借鉴和帮助,促进奶牛养殖业的稳步发展。1发情周期及发情持续期母牛发情周期平均为21d左右。可划分为四个时期,即发情前期、发情期、发情后期和间情期。     

奶牛的最佳输精部位

给奶牛输精时,应注意输精部位是否正确。输精部位的正确与否是奶牛情期受胎率高低的关键所在。为了探索其最佳输精部位,我们通过多年的配种实践进行了认真仔细地操作和实验。 输精部位距子宫颈口 3—5厘米与 8—12厘米处受胎率有明显的不同。统计表明,距子宫颈口3—     

奶牛繁殖疾病的防治

1子宫疾病引起子宫疾病的主要原因是产后子宫感染。助产、输精、剥离胎衣消毒不严或操作不当等引起病因微生物、细菌的感染。1.1病因分析1.1.1冲冼次数过多据统计,一个牛患子宫疾病的奶牛,在治疗过程中由于消毒不严格,子宫冲洗频繁,损伤子宫粘膜,造成生殖器感染而影响受胎。1.1.2输精技术方法不当部分奶牛在发情时宫颈开张不全(特别是初产母牛),输精较难较大,输精方法不当,将输精枪强行插入,造成宫颈损伤,引起子宫感染,使奶牛难以受孕。1.1.3产后胎衣不下奶牛产后胎衣在子宫内停留的时间过长,造成胎衣腐败,感染子宫。1.2子宫疾病的正确判断…     

猪人工授精时正确的输精时间和次数

配种员给发情期的经产或后备母猪进行输精时,母猪正好处于排卵期当然是最好的.因此,配种员需要对繁殖生物学的基本知识有清晰的了解.在发情期间,什么时候是最佳的输精时间?     

闽北山地群牧黄牛发情排卵和输精适期的研究

近两年来,我们对闽北山地群牧黄牛的发情排卵和输精适期进行了研究,结果表明:本地黄牛发情周期平均为21.57±9.90天,其变动范围较大,发情周期分布在16—25天者仅占50%;发情盛期持续时间平均为10.11±3.04小时,集中在7—12小时者占85.71%;发情母牛拒绝爬跨后至排卵的时间平均为10.67±6.20小时,排卵时间集中在8—11小时者占57.50%;发情期中的适时输精时间是在母牛接受爬跨后9—11小时之内。情期受胎率可达85.71%;母牛在发情期内进行一次和两次输精对受胎效果的影响差异不显著。因此我们认为输精与受胎的关系贵在适时而不在输精次数的多少。     

提高奶牛性控冻精受胎率的试验观察

本文运用性控冻精进行奶牛人工授精,设计不同输精时间、不同输精部位、不同年龄奶牛间以及合理运用激素调控等因素对奶牛受胎率的影响。结果表明:最佳输精时间在出现明显发情症状后18~22h;最佳输精部位在有卵泡发育一侧子宫角基部;青年牛受胎率要远远高于经产牛,合理运用激素调控有利于提高受胎率。     

LRH-A和HCG提高奶牛情期受胎率的试验

我们在临床健康的69头黑白花奶牛中进行了LRH-A和HCG提高奶牛情期1次输精受胎率的试验。试验牛在发情期输精的同时肌注LRH-A200微克(试验Ⅰ组,n=24),或HCG1000国际单位(试验Ⅱ组,n=21)。对照牛只输精不作其他处理(对照,n=24)。配种后2—3个月,采用超声多普勒检测仪配合直肠检查表明,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组和对照组牛的情期1次输精受胎率分别是79.1％、66.6％和33.3％。经X~2检验,试验Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组之间无显著差异,而试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组和对照组之间差异极显著(P<0.01)。提示应用LRH-A和HCG处理能明显提高母牛的情期受胎率。     

梅花鹿发情期阴道细胞形态变化与最适输精期

为了对梅花鹿进行准确的发情鉴定和适时输精,本试验对梅花鹿发情期阴道细胞进行涂片检查和发情时期划分,并按划分时期进行了输精试验。通过研究形成了梅花鹿发情前期、发情盛期、发情末期与间情期阴道细胞检查图谱,总结出了各时期阴道细胞变化规律。发情期各阶段输精结果,发情盛期的Ⅰ期到Ⅲ期受胎率分别是83.3%、86.5%、79.1%,受胎率明显高于发情期输精总的受胎率71.5%,确定梅花鹿普通冻精输精最适时期是发情盛期(Ⅰ期-Ⅲ期)。研究表明,梅花鹿阴道细胞发情鉴定是提高梅花鹿人工授精受胎率的一种新的有效方法。     

Supplementing treated anoestrous dairy cows with progesterone does not increase conception rates

AIM: To determine whether conception rates of anoestrous dairy cows treated with progesterone and oestradiol benzoate (ODB) could be increased by treating them with additional progesterone following insemination at the induced oestrus. METHODS: Cows which had not been detected in oestrus for at least 21 days after calving in 18 herds were confirmed anovulatory anoestrus (AA) by veterinary examination, due to the absence of a detectable corpus luteum in the ovaries. All cows were treated with intra-vaginal progesterone (CIDR insert) for 6 days and injected with 1 mg ODB 24 h after insert removal (Day 0). Only cows which were seen in oestrus on Days 0, 1 or 2 were enrolled in the trial. These cows were either treated with a second CIDR insert on Day 8, for 7 days (P4+; n=422), or remained untreated (Control; n=756). Milk progesterone concentrations were measured in a subset of enrolled cows (n=669) on Day 8 to determine the proportion of cows that ovulated following the induced oestrus. RESULTS: Conception rates to first insemination were similar in P4+ and Control cows (40.3% and 37.2%, p=0.59). Of cows which had milk progesterone concentrations measured on Day 8, 78.6% displayed oestrus and ovulated, (range: 53.8% to 94.6% among herds). Of the cows that ovulated, conception rate to first insemination was 46.8% and 43.5% in P4+ and Control cows, respectively (p=0.86). CONCLUSION: Conception rates to first insemination in AA cows treated with progesterone and ODB were not increased by progesterone supplementation using CIDR inserts following insemination. KEY WORDS: dairy cattle, postpartum anoestrus, reproduction, progesterone treatment, CIDR insert.     

Effects on the oestrous cycle of dairy cows of the administration of colostrum in the mid-luteal phase

A group of 13 cows were dosed orally nine or 10 days after a normal oestrous cycle; six animals received colostrum, five animals received milk containing varying amounts of oestrone sulphate, and two cows were given milk containing a low level of oestrone sulphate. Measurements of milk progesterone levels after dosing showed that colostrum had an apparent luteolytic effect, milk containing oestrone sulphate at a level of 2000 pg/ml had a less marked effect on milk progesterone and those animals receiving milk showed no reduction in milk progesterone. These results show that there is a physiological basis for the practice of inducing overt oestrus in cows showing no visible oestrus, by dosing them with colostrum.     

The ovarian response and fertility in cows with acidosis induced by acetic acid]

The effects of acetic acid administered at an amount of 300 to 600 g (5 to 10 mol) to the rumen of breeding cows, were investigated on ovulation, conception and progesterone levels in the blood and milk of cows with cloprostenol-induced (Oestrophan Spofa) oestrus at a dose of 500 micrograms i.m. In the group of 15 cows exposed to the acetic acid load five cows got in calf after the first insemination (33.3%), and 12 cows (80.0%) after all inseminations in 37.6 days after cloprostenol administration, with the insemination index 1.67 (Tab. I). In the control group (five cows) four cows (80.0%) got in calf after the first insemination, in total all five breeding cows got in calf in 20.6 days after cloprostenol administration, with the insemination index 1.2. In the experimental group of 15 cows a clinical examination of ovaries on day 7 after insemination revealed ovulation disorders in eight cows, that means in 53.3% of the animals (Tab. II). No ovulation disorders were observed in the control group of five cows. Progesterone levels in the blood showed high variability (Tab. III). In the group of cows administered acetic acid they were by more than a half lower (1.49; 0.67; 1.53 per ml) on days 7, 14 and 21 after insemination in comparison with the control group (3.35; 2.5; 3.38 ng per ml). The average progesterone levels in milk (Tab. IV) were 1.27 and 1.53 on day 7, 6.74 and 7.27 on day 14 and 3.52 and 11.85 ng per ml on day 21, respectively, the higher values apply to the control. It was not possible to evaluate reliably from the progesterone levels in the blood and milk if ovulation took place and if the corpus luteum was developing (Tab. V and VI). The clinical control of ovaries on days 7 and 8 after oestrus and insemination was more reliable to determine the ovulation disorders than the progesterone determination in the blood and milk of cows.     

Role of the sensitivity of detection of oestrus in the submission rate of cows treated to resynchronise oestrus

OBJECTIVE: To determine if failure to detect oestrus in cows treated to resynchronise oestrus leads to fewer cows being inseminated than are truly in oestrus. PROCEDURE: Cows in three herds were enrolled in a controlled breeding program that involved synchronisation of oestrus for a first round of artificial insemination (AI) followed by resynchronisation for a second round of AI. Just before oestrus was expected at the second round of AI, aids for the detection of oestrus were fitted, which included pedometers, radiotelemetric transmitters (HeatWatch), tail-paint and heatmount detectors. Milk samples were collected at the second round of AI (day 33, herds A and B; day 35, herd C of the treatment program) and were used in combination with pregnancy testing to determine the number of cows that were in oestrus (milk progesterone < 2.0 ng/mL) and cows that were not in oestrus (milk progesterone > 2.0 ng/mL or pregnant at second round of AI) at the time samples were collected. RESULTS: The mean sensitivity of detection of oestrus at the resynchronised oestrus was 92.5% and did not differ significantly between herds (P = 0.19). A total of 75% (60/80) of cows that were retrospectively determined to be not pregnant at the time of the second round of AI were classified as having high (> or = 2.0 ng/mL) concentrations of progesterone in milk at that time. Pregnancy testing of cows about 35 days after AI suggested that early pregnancy loss also contributed to a reduction in submission rates at the resynchronised oestrus. CONCLUSION: Failure to submit cows for insemination at a resynchronised oestrus was mainly due to cows not being in oestrus rather than due to a failure to detect oestrus.     

Serum progesterone levels in post-partum dairy cows after repeated application of the prostaglandin F2 alpha analogue D (+) cloprostenol sodium

Reproductive management programmes based on strategic use of prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) to induce and synchronize oestrus in post-partum dairy cows are widespread. Repeated shortening of the oestrous cycle during early lactation in high-yielding dairy cows, however, could impair corpus luteum function and thus decrease fertility. The objective of this study was to analyse the effect of repeated treatments with the prostaglandin F2 alpha analogue D (+) cloprostenol sodium on progesterone concentrations indicative of a functional corpus luteum in post-partum dairy cows. Furthermore, the influence of milk production, parity and endometritis on progesterone concentrations under these circumstances were studied. Eighty-four cows of a commercial dairy operation were treated three to four times with D (+) cloprostenol sodium (Preloban; Hoechst Roussel Vet, Wiesbaden, Germany) at 14-day intervals, starting 22-28 days post-partum. Blood samples were collected prior to treatment 1 (sample 1) and 14 days after treatments 1, 2 and 3 (samples 2-4) and serum progesterone (P4) levels were determined. The percentage of cows with P4 levels < 1 ng/ml decreased from 51% in sample 1 to 23% in samples 3 and 4. More primiparous cows had low P4 levels 14 days after the second treatment than older cows (P < 0.05). Cows with low progesterone levels in sample 3 or 4 had lower protein contents in milk on the second milk test day post-partum and in their cumulative milk yield of the first 100 days of lactation. Clinical endometritis at post-partum examination did not influence progesterone levels after treatment with PGF2 alpha. Repeated application of PGF2 alpha (more than twice) in the post-partum period does not influence serum progesterone levels 14 days after treatment. Failure to develop luteal tissue after treatment contributed to the conception failures after first service.     

Improved Detection of Reproductive Status in Dairy Cows Using Milk Progesterone Measurements

This study tested a model for predicting reproductive status from in-line milk progesterone `measurements. The model is that of Friggens and Chagunda [Theriogenology 64 (2005) 155]. Milk progesterone measurements (n = 55 036) representing 578 lactations from 380 cows were used to test the model. Two types of known oestrus were identified: (1) confirmed oestrus (at which insemination resulted in a confirmed pregnancy, n = 121) and (2) ratified oestrus (where the shape of the progesterone profile matched that of the average progesterone profile of a confirmed oestrus, n = 679). The model detected 99.2% of the confirmed oestruses. This included a number of cases (n = 16) where the smoothed progesterone did not decrease below 4 ng/ml. These cows had significantly greater concentrations of progesterone, both minimum and average, suggesting that between cow variation exists in the absolute level of the progesterone profile. Using ratified oestruses, model sensitivity was 93.3% and specificity was 93.7% for detection of oestrus. Examination of false positives showed that they were largely associated with low concentrations of progesterone, fluctuating around the 4 ng/ml threshold. The distribution of time from insemination until the model detected pregnancy failure had a median of 22 days post-insemination. In this test, the model was run using limited inputs, the potential benefits of including additional non-progesterone information were not evaluated. Despite this, the model performed at least as well as other oestrus detection systems.     

Milk progesterone determination in buffaloes post-insemination

Milk progesterone levels were studied in 17 buffaloes between post-insemination and 30 days thereafter. Six animals were confirmed pregnant. Seven of 10 animals took greater than 24 days to return to oestrus and the pattern of change of progesterone levels indicated a steady increase from 1 ng/ml on day 2 to 20 ng/ml on day 14 post-insemination, falling subsequently to about 5 ng/ml, 2 days prior to oestrus. In pregnant buffaloes, the milk progesterone levels showed a continuous increase up to 20 days post-insemination but did not decline thereafter. In individual buffaloes returning to oestrus, a cut-off milk progesterone level of greater than 10 ng/ml was considered for pregnancy diagnosis, 20, 22 and 24 days post-insemination. The test was 60, 75 and 75% accurate for detection of pregnancy on days 20, 22 and 24 respectively and 100% for non-pregnancy diagnosis on all three days. Individual animals showed a highly variable oestrous cycle length, which has been suggested as a contributory factor for false pregnancy diagnosis by milk progesterone test in this species. Milk progesterone assay may also identify silent heats, and clinical disorders.     

Skim milk progesterone in pregnant cows from insemination throughout lactation

The skim milk progesterone profile was assessed by radioimmunoassay, without extraction, from the day of insemination (day 0) until the cows were dried off on day 225 of gestation. A total of 418 samples were collected from 154 pregnant Holstein cows. The daily variation in skim milk progesterone was recorded from day 1 until day 45 of pregnancy to detect the commencement of progesterone secretion from the corpus luteum after insemination. Subsequent determinations were made every 2 weeks from day 46 until lactation ceased. On the day of artificial insemination and for the first 2 days after insemination, all the cows had a basal progesterone concentration <0.1 ng/ml. A rise in progesterone (0.2±0.1 ng/ml) was first detected on the third day after insemination. The progesterone values then increased significantly (p<0.001) until day 15.The values then remained nearly constant (2.5–3.5 ng/ml) until day 106 of pregnancy, when they began to decline. Between days 120 and 180 of gestation, progesterone was significantly decreased (2.2–2.9 ng/ml) before it rose again to the previous plateau (3.5–3.9 ng/ml) around day 180. The progesterone concentration then remained at the higher level until the animals were dried off.Abbreviations AI artificial insemination - RIA radioimmunoassay     

The Effect of a Chronic Stressor, Lameness, on Detailed Sexual Behaviour and Hormonal Profiles in Milk and Plasma of Dairy Cattle

The objectives of the present study were to quantify the effects of a biological chronic stressor (lameness) on the duration and frequency of different oestrous behaviours in parallel with milk hormone profiles. Dairy cows 51.8 ± 1.4 days postpartum (n = 59), including 18 non‐lame control cows, were scored for lameness and closely observed for signs of oestrus having had their follicular phases synchronized by administration of gonadotrophin‐releasing‐hormone (GnRH) followed by prostaglandin F_2α (PG) 7 days later. Lameness shortened the period when herd‐mates attempted to mount the lame cows (1.83 ± 0.69 h vs 5.20 ± 1.53 h; p = 0.042) but did not affect the overall duration of total behaviours (lame 12.3 ± 1.3 h vs non‐lame 15.2 ± 1.3 h). Lameness also lowered the intensity of oestrus [1417 ± 206 points (n = 18) vs 2260 ± 307 points (n = 15); p = 0.029]. Throughout the synchronized oestrous period, lame cows mounted the rear of herd‐mates less frequently (p = 0.020) and tended to chin rest less (p = 0.075). Around the period of maximum oestrous intensity, lameness also diminished the proportion of cows mounting the rear of another cow and chin resting (p = 0.048, p = 0.037, respectively). Furthermore, lame cows had lower progesterone values during the 6 days before oestrous (p ≤ 0.05). Fewer lame cows were observed in oestrus following PG (non‐lame 83%, lame 53%; p = 0.030); however, if prior progesterone concentrations were elevated, lame cows were just as likely to be observed in oestrus. In conclusion, following endogenous progesterone exposure, lameness shortens the period when herd‐mates attempt to mount lame cows but does not affect the incidence of oestrous. However, lame cows are mounted less frequently and express oestrus of lower intensity. This is associated with lower progesterone prior to oestrus but not with abnormal oestradiol or cortisol profiles in daily milk samples.     

A routine 20-22 days post-service milk progesterone monitoring in dairy cows. Economic evaluation

Three hundred and sixty inseminated Holstein cows were monitored in a controlled trial for low milk progesterone concentration 21-23 days post-breeding. Information about low progesterone cows was given to herdsmen for the experimental group only. Of the cows in the experimental group with milk progesterone of less than or equal to 4.5 ng/ml, 56.0% were inseminated within 2 days of monitoring compared to 28.8% of the control animals. Of the cows reaching the 42-day rectal pregnancy diagnosis, 13.7% and 43.6% were negative for the experimental and the control groups respectively. Inter-service intervals were 34.5 +/- 14.5 days and 44.3 +/- 17.7 days for the experimental and control groups respectively. Pregnancy rates were the same for 264 cows served on routine progesterone monitoring and for 318 cows bred on behavioural oestrus when matched to farm and day of breeding. A gain of US $32.5 (an equivalent of 85 l milk) per lactation for a cow in the monitored herd was established using the data in a model of a 250-cow herd with a total pregnancy goal of 82.4%.