近年通过审定的红单系列杂交玉米品种

云南省红河州农科所旱粮室作为红河州玉米育种的主力军和红河州杂交玉米种子产业持续发展的主体。经过“八五”、“九五”、“十五”期间的艰苦努力,育种实力有了长足的进步。在相关部门的支持和全体育种工作者的共同努力下．已先后育成了一批具有自主品牌的红单系列玉米杂交种,在云南省农作物品种（玉米）审定中占有相当优势。     

云南省玉米产业发展对策研究

通过对云南玉米生产的历史沿革、种植制度、制约因素的分析和研究,提出了云南省“十二五”玉米产业的发展策略：以“强科技、增投入、延链条”技术措施和以良种为中心的综合配套技术,政策措施为完善机制、促进联合、健全体系、加强交流。     

云南高油玉米产业化前景

高油玉米是人工创造的高附加值油饲或油粮兼用作物,对农业生产有重要意义.论述了国内外高油玉米的发展概况及云南省高油玉米的选育进程.指出了云南省在开发高油玉米产业化方面具有广阔的发展前景和存在的问题。     

盐城市大豆-玉米带状复合种植“一调二优三控”技术体系

根据四川省大豆-玉米带状复合种植相关标准与经验,结合盐城市大豆、玉米生产实际,集成盐城市大豆-玉米“2+4”模式为主体的带状复合种植“一调二优三控”技术体系,实现“玉米不减产、多收一季豆”的目标,助力盐城市粮油生产提质增效。     

云南省地方玉米种质资源的类型、品种及其子粒颜色多样性分析

对云南省地方玉米种质资源类型、品种(遗传)及子粒颜色的整理和分析,表明云南省玉米地方种质资源共有7个类型.类型多样,分布广泛,但不同类型的生态分布区和品种及其子粒色泽多样性存在较大差异.硬粒型品种及其子粒色泽多样性指数最大,品种数最多,占地方种质总数的58.2%;其次是半马齿型和糯质型品种,子粒颜色以黄、白色为主,分别占品种总数的43.3%和42.8%,其他颜色较少.糯质型品种主要集中分布于滇南和滇中两大生态区,存在不同的品种类型和丰富的种质资源,以及水平分布的区域性和立体分布的生态特点.硬粒型玉米品种的多样性与云南省的耕地成分、分布状况、人们种植和利用玉米的目的及用途密切相关.糯质玉米的丰富性、多样性和生态分布特点主要与云南省各民族人民的民族饮食文化密切相关。     

我国玉米进出口市场势力的变化分析

从临时收储政策到“价补分离”政策,玉米市场化改革逐步深入。为了测度我国玉米在国际进出口市场上是否存在市场势力,本文利用“看市定价”模型,基于理论和实证视角分析玉米支持政策变化前后我国玉米在国际市场上的定价权。回归结果表明,在实行玉米“价补分离”政策后,汇率对我国玉米进出口价格的影响显著,政策对我国玉米进出口价格的影响为负向。在玉米“临储政策”改革后,我国的玉米进出口价格下降,同时在玉米出口市场上呈现出较弱的市场定价权。因此,我国仍需从降低玉米生产成本、提高玉米生产品质、持续推动政策实施以及完善玉米种植保险等方面入手,增大可获取利润的空间,从而获得更有利的贸易条件。     

国家玉米工程技术研究中心(吉林)简介

为了充分发挥吉林省优越的玉米优势 ,配合“九五”科技攻关重中之重项目“玉米大面积高产综合配套技术研究开发与示范”课题 ,形成全国的玉米技术集散地和辐射源 ,成为全国最大的玉米产业网络 ,国家科委批准依托吉林省农科院成立了“国家玉米工程技术研究中心 (吉林 )”。国家玉米工程技术研究中心 (吉林 )的总体目标是 :立足玉米主产区 ,面向全国 ,走向世界。通过依托单位 ,采取承接委托、合作开发、技术转让等途径 ,引入国内外玉米新品种 ,开展以优化品种为中心的玉米工程化综合配套技术研究 ,形成玉米技术集散基地和转移网络 ,加速技术转…     

喷施“玉黄金”对夏玉米抗倒伏性能和产量的影响

以在黄淮海区域广泛种植的郑单958为供试材料,研究喷施“玉黄金”对玉米抗倒伏性能及穗位叶光合能力的影响。研究结果表明,喷施“玉黄金”在75 000株/hm2种植密度下玉米子粒产量平均增加了11.34%,产量的提高得益于“玉黄金”处理后玉米的可收获穗数与千粒重显著增加。此外,“玉黄金”能够降低玉米株高、穗位高与重心高度,并提高玉米基部节间的茎秆质量,玉米的田间倒伏率从10.31%降低至3.36%。“玉黄金”能够通过提高玉米穗位叶的光照环境提高其相对叶绿素含量与净光合速率,进而保证玉米产量的形成。化控处理能够通过提高玉米的抗倒伏性能与穗位叶光合能力提高夏玉米产量。     

玉米品种云瑞668特征特性及栽培技术

玉米云瑞668杂交种是云南省农业科学院以自选自交系TRL418为母本,自选自交系TRL608为父本组配成的玉米单交种,2013—2015年在保山市隆阳区进行试验示范。云瑞668具有产量高、深齿、抗病、活秆成熟、品质好、适应性广等突出特点,是保山市隆阳区玉米推广的主导品种,可在云南省保山市海拔1 000～2 000 m地区及气候类似地区大面积推广应用。     

有关“超级玉米”“超高产”问题之商榷——兼论中国玉米生产的发展方向

玉米在饲料中占有重要地位,高产是一个永恒的课题,只有在保证“数量安全”的前提下再议“优化品质”。在全国上下大抓粮食高产的形势下,热门一时“的品质育种”“、专用玉米”逐渐淡化,科研人员又提出了培“育超级玉米”实“现超高产”的口号。研究表明,品种在玉米增产诸因素中起20%～30%的作用,发展玉米生产仍需采用综合配套的适用技术。     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).