Phylogenetic analysis of avian paramyxovirus serotype-1 in pigeons in Japan

To understand the epidemiology of Avian paramyxovirus serotype-1 (APMV-1) in pigeons in Japan, phylogenetic analysis was comprehensively conducted based on partial fusion protein gene using isolate from the surveillance of this virus with previously known Japanese pigeon strains. This surveillance was conducted using feces obtained from domestic pigeons collected in 40 prefectures throughout Japan from June 2011 to March 2013. From a total of 1,021 samples, a single virus (APMV1/pigeon/Japan/Kanagawa/2013: JP/Kanagawa-pg/2013) was isolated. All Japanese pigeon APMV-1 strains were clustered into a single genetic lineage, which was termed VIb/1 by phylogenetic analysis based on the F gene including the sequence of the cleavage site. These APMV-1 strains were further subdivided into four subgroups identified over 4 separate timeframes: 1984–1995 (group 1), 1995–2000 (group 2), 2001–2007 (group 3) and the novel subgroup isolated in 2013 (group 4). Each subgroup has specific amino acid motifs at a cleavage site of the F protein, namely, ¹¹²GRQKR-F¹¹⁷(except for one strain), ¹¹²RRKKR-F¹¹⁷, ¹¹²RRQKR-F¹¹⁷ and ¹¹²RRQKR-F¹¹⁷, respectively. Our data suggest that Japanese APMV-1 strains from pigeons were diverse and reinforced the possibility that there were multiple introduction routes from foreign countries into Japan.     

Experimental infection of hamsters with avian paramyxovirus serotypes 1 to 9

ABSTRACT: Avian paramyxoviruses (APMVs) are frequently isolated from domestic and wild birds throughout the world and are separated into nine serotypes (APMV-1 to -9). Only in the case of APMV-1, the infection of non-avian species has been investigated. The APMVs presently are being considered as human vaccine vectors. In this study, we evaluated the replication and pathogenicity of all nine APMV serotypes in hamsters. The hamsters were inoculated intranasally with each virus and monitored for clinical disease, pathology, histopathology, virus replication, and seroconversion. On the basis of one or more of these criteria, each of the APMV serotypes was found to replicate in hamsters. The APMVs produced mild or inapparent clinical signs in hamsters except for APMV-9, which produced moderate disease. Gross lesions were observed over the pulmonary surface of hamsters infected with APMV-2 & -3, which showed petechial and ecchymotic hemorrhages, respectively. Replication of all of the APMVs except APMV-5 was confirmed in the nasal turbinates and lungs, indicating a tropism for the respiratory tract. Histologically, the infection resulted in lung lesions consistent with bronchointerstitial pneumonia of varying severity and nasal turbinates with blunting or loss of cilia of the epithelium lining the nasal septa. The majority of APMV-infected hamsters exhibited transient histological lesions that self resolved by 14 days post infection (dpi). All of the hamsters infected with the APMVs produced serotype-specific HI or neutralizing antibodies, confirming virus replication. Taken together, these results demonstrate that all nine known APMV serotypes are capable of replicating in hamsters with minimal disease and pathology.     

禽Ⅰ型副黏病毒不同禽源株P基因编码蛋白的分子特征分析

采用RT-PCR技术对禽Ⅰ型副黏病毒鸡源分离株(WF00C)、鹅源分离株(WF00G)和鸽源分离株(WF00P)P基因进行了克隆和序列分析。结果表明:这些毒株的P基因最大ORF的长度均为为1188bp,编码395个氨基酸。P蛋白同源性和系统发育分析显示,WF00C株和WF00G株与NA-1、ZJ1、FP1/02、PX2/03、Duck/1/05、SP02和SRZ03的同源性较高,WF00P株与意大利鸽源分离株IT-227/82、2736/00和法国鸽源分离株99106、99299的亲缘关系较近,而且WF00C株、WF00G株和WF00P株均与传统疫苗株或弱毒株HB92、LaSota、Clone30和B1以及国内标准强毒株F48E9的遗传距离较大,这预示目前流行的APMV-1已经发生了较大程度的变异。V蛋白羧基端氨基酸比对分析发现,APMV-1V蛋白的特有序列有较高的一致性,即氨基酸序列(132KKG134)和V蛋白羧基端的5个Cys残基位点在所有的毒株中是高度保守的,但在138～170位和201～240位存在较大的变异,APMV-1毒株V蛋白羧基端氨基酸的突变呈现"基因型一致性"。     

鹅源I型禽副粘病毒JG97株F基因的分子特性分析

根据GenBank中鸡新城疫病毒（NDV）基因序列合成了1对引物,通过RT-PCR扩增出了鹅源I型禽副粘病毒（AMPV-1）或NDV JG97株的F基因。将扩增片段克隆到pGEM-T载体中,并进行了序列测定。该片段含1个完整的、长1662bp的F基因开放阅读框（ORF）,编码的F蛋白长553个氨基酸,其中含有12个半胱氨酸残基和6个潜在的糖基化位点,其裂解位点的氨基酸顺序为^112R-R-Q-K-R-F^117,与NDV强毒株特征相符。同源性分析表明,JG97株与LZ-NDV、NA-1、SF02、Taiwan95和YG97株的核苷酸和蛋白氨基酸的同源性分别为94．6％-99．6％和96．6％-99．5％,与LaSota株的核苷酸和氨基酸的同源性仅为84．6％和88,8％。结果表明JG97株与LZ-NDV、NA-1、SF02、Taiwan95和YG97等5个毒株的遗传关系较近,而与LaSota株差异较大。     

鹅源Ⅰ型禽副粘病毒JG97株F基因的分子特性分析

根据GenBank中鸡新城疫病毒(NDV)基因序列合成了1对引物,通过RT-PCR扩增出了鹅源Ⅰ型禽副粘病毒(AMPV-1)或NDV JG97株的F基因.将扩增片段克隆到pGEM-T载体中,并进行了序列测定.该片段含1个完整的、长1 662 bp的F基因开放阅读框(ORF),编码的F蛋白长553个氨基酸,其中含有12个半胱氨酸残基和6个潜在的糖基化位点,其裂解位点的氨基酸顺序为112R-R-Q-K-R-F117,与NDV强毒株特征相符.同源性分析表明,JG97株与LZ-NDV、NA-1、SF02、Taiwan95和YG97株的核苷酸和蛋白氨基酸的同源性分别为94.6%～99.6%和96.6%～99.5%,与La Sota株的核苷酸和氨基酸的同源性仅为84.6%和88.8%.结果表明JG97株与LZ-NDV、NA-1、SF02、Taiwan95和YG97等5个毒株的遗传关系较近,而与La Sota株差异较大.     

雏番鸭基因IX型禽1型副黏病毒分离鉴定及F基因序列分析

自发病死亡雏番鸭中分离到一株(XBT14株)基因Ⅸ型禽1型副黏病毒,该病毒可引起雏鸭明显神经症状及急性死亡,致死率达44.4%;病毒融合(F)蛋白裂解位点处具有强毒株特有的多碱性氨基酸序列(112RRQRR↓F117),与Gen Bank数据库中已发布的基因IX型毒株核苷酸序列同源性高达99.7%~99.9%,与基因VII型毒株核苷酸序列同源性为85.5%~86.6%。该分离株与近来报道的GD09-2等基因IX型毒株处于同一进化分支。以上结果表明对水禽致死性的禽1型副黏病毒呈现基因型多样性,水禽禽1型副黏病毒病的防控日益严峻。     

鹅副粘病毒NA-1分离株HN蛋白基因的克隆与序列分析

鹅副粘病毒分离株NA-1经11日龄鸡胚增殖后纯化.提取病毒的基因组RNA,采用RT-PCR扩增出与预期设计的1.7kb大小相符合的特异条带.将扩增产物提纯后克隆入pMD 18-T载体,经纯化、筛选及酶切鉴定后,初步获得了含鹅副粘病毒HN基因的阳性克隆,并对阳性克隆进行测序.测序后拼接得出HN基因的全序列长度为1 740bp,该基因的ORF总长为1 716 bp,编码571个氨基酸.与GenBank下载的15株参考毒株比较HN基因编码区全核苷酸序列,发现所测NA-1毒株与参考毒株YG97核苷酸序列同源性为97.3%,与F48E9同源性为84.5%,与La Sota为82.2%.同源性分析表明NA-1相对于NDV在HN基因上发生了较大的变异.     

A PCR assay to specifically detect serovar 1a strains of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae and differentiate them from serovar 2 strains possessing an intact ERH_1440 gene

The Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae ERH_1440 gene, which encodes CDP-glycerol:poly (glycerophosphate) glycerophosphotransferase, is conserved in serovar 1a strains. The gene is usually missing or truncated in other serovar strains and therefore has been used for PCR detection of serovar 1a strains. We have previously reported a rare case of an E. rhusiopathiae serovar 2 strain possessing an intact ERH_1440. In this study, we analyzed three additional serovar 2 strains with an intact ERH_1440 and developed a new PCR assay for the specific detection and differentiation of serovar 1a strains from these serovar 2 strains. PCR with primers designed based on serovar 1a-specific gene sequences upstream of ERH_1440 showed 100% specificity for four hundred thirty Erysipelothrix strains isolated from extensive origins.     

鸭Ⅰ型禽副粘病毒YH99V株HN基因的克隆和序列分析

在浙江地区进行鸭病病因的调查过程中，从患病鸭群中分离到一株引起鸭产蛋锐减而不死亡的病毒，经鉴定该病毒属于禽副粘病毒Ⅰ型，命名为YH99V株。以YH99V株的基因组RNA为模板，通过RT—PCR一步法扩增出其HN基因的cDNA片段，然后将其克隆至pMD18-T载体中，对其进行序列测定。测序后拼接出HN基因的序列长度为1785bp，该基因的ORF总长为1734bp，编码577个氨基酸。将YH99V株HN基因序列和推导的氨基酸序列与新城疫毒株的HN基因相应序列比较后发现，它们的核苷酸序列同源性分别在82．1％～99．7％，氨基酸序列同源性为87．2％～99．5％。在同源性比较的基础上，进一步绘制了Ⅰ型禽副粘病毒株HN基因的系统发育树。这对于Ⅰ型禽副粘病毒毒力基因的功能分析和该病的分子流行病调查有着重要的意义。     

检测伪狂犬病毒gB基因荧光定量PCR方法的建立

利用DNAMAN软件对GenBank登录的伪狂犬病病毒（PRV）各毒株gB基因序列进行比对分析,选择其保守区域设计合成特异性的引物和TaqMan探针,同时利用普通PCR技术扩增获得全长的伪狂犬病毒gB基因,并克隆到pMD20-T载体上作为阳性标准品。通过对荧光定量PCR反应条件的优化,建立了一种快速检测伪狂犬病病毒的荧光定量PCR技术。该检测技术具有较高的灵敏性、特异性和可靠性。对制备的pMD-gB阳性标准品的检测结果表明,所建立的伪狂犬病毒TaqMan荧光定量PCR最低检测极限可达1.50×102拷贝/反应;同时相比于普通PCR方法其灵敏度高100～1 000倍以上,并且重复性好。在对60份临床样品的检测中,荧光定量PCR不仅检出了普通PCR检测为阳性的样品,且检出了2份普通PCR未检出的样品,进一步证实了该方法快速、灵敏性好,可用于PRV感染的早期快速定量检测和肉类食品进出口检疫。     

Development and application of a real-time RT-PCR assay to rapidly detect H2 subtype avian influenza A viruses

The H2 subtypes of avian influenza A viruses (avian IAVs) have been circulating in poultry, and they have the potential to infect humans. Therefore, establishing a method to quickly detect this subtype is pivotal. We developed a TaqMan minor groove binder real-time RT-PCR assay that involved probes and primers based on conserved sequences of the matrix and hemagglutinin genes. The detection limit of this assay was as low as one 50% egg infectious dose (EID₅₀)/mL per reaction. This assay is specific, sensitive, and rapid for detecting avian IAV H2 subtypes.     

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of antibodies to avian adenovirus and avian adenovirus-associated virus in chickens

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay system (ELISA) was adapted for the detection of antibodies to avian adenovirus (AV) and avian adenovirus-associated virus (A-AV). Both before and after exposure, sera from chickens undergoing natural and experimental infections were assayed by ELISA, virus neutralization (VN), and immunodiffusion (ID) for antibody to both CELO virus and A-AV. The ELISA system was found to be comparable to VN for determining antibody concentrations to CELO virus and A-AV. In many cases, ELISA was found to be more sensitive than ID.     

Evidence for the presence of avian paramyxovirus type 1 in feral pigeons in England and Wales

During the period July 1983 to June 1985, 76 submissions of material from feral pigeons were received. Five separate submissions resulted in the isolation of an avian paramyxovirus type 1 (A/PMV-1) variant indistinguishable from the virus responsible for the 1058 disease outbreaks confirmed in racing pigeons up to the end of 1984. In addition 11 separate submissions of pigeon sera had haemagglutination inhibition titres of log(2)4 or greater to A/PMV-1 antigen. Feral pigeons from six sites widely distributed throughout England had evidence of A/PMV-1 infection.     

Use of a polymerase chain reaction assay to detect and differentiate two strains of Haemobartonella felis in naturally infected cats

OBJECTIVE: To develop a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay that detects and differentiates the Ohio strain of Haemobartonella felis (H. felis-OH) and the California strain of H. felis (H. felis-CA) and to apply the assay to blood samples from cats with and without suspected haemobartonellosis (suspect and control cats, respectively). SAMPLE POPULATION: 220 blood samples were examined; 82 were from suspect cats, and 138 were from control cats. PROCEDURE: A PCR assay was designed to detect and differentiate H. felis-OH and H. felis-CA. RESULTS: On the basis of PCR assay results, the overall prevalence of H. felis infection was 19.5% (43/220). Suspect cats (28.0%; 23/82) were significantly more likely than control cats (14.5%; 20/138) to be H. felis infected. Significantly greater numbers of suspect cats were H. felis-OH infected (12.2%, 9/82) or H. felis-OH and H. felis-CA infected (4.9%, 4/82) than control cats (0% [0/138] and 0.7% [1/138], respectively). Significantly more anemic cats were H. felis-OH infected (14.3%; 4/28) or H. felis-OH and H. felis-CA infected (7.1%; 2/28) than nonanemic cats (2.3% [3/128] and 0.8% [1/128], respectively). The PCR assay was more accurate than cytologic examination for detection of H. felis. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Haemobartonella felis infections are more common in cats than previously recognized. Haemobartonella felis-OH is apparently more pathogenic than H. felis-CA. The PCR assay is more accurate than cytologic examination for detection of H. felis infection and is an effective clinical tool for the detection and differentiation of both H. felis strains known to infect cats.     

An in vitro assay for quantifying the virus of avian encephalomyelitis

Chicken embryo brain (CEB) cell cultures support the replication of embryo-adapted strains, vaccine strains, and field isolates of avian encephalomyelitis virus. A centrifugal force of 1,500 X g was applied during virus adsorption. Viral antigen was detected in the infected cells by using the indirect fluorescent-antibody technique (IFAT). Combining the infectivity of the virus in CEB cell culture with the ability to detect viral antigen by the IFAT resulted in the development of a virus-titration method. This in vitro assay proved to be more sensitive than the standard embryo-inoculation assay. It was concluded that the in vitro assay provides a satisfactory alternative to the embryo-inoculation assay.     

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of antibodies to exogenous avian leukosis virus

A microplate enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detecting antibodies to avian leukosis virus (ALV) of subgroups A and B in infected chickens was developed with the use of Rous-associated virus (RAV)-1 (subgroup A) and RAV-2 (subgroup B) antigens purified by sucrose-gradient centrifugation. The antigen was used for ELISA after treatment with Triton X-100. In the ELISA, the subgroup viral antigen reacted strongly with homologous antiserum but also reacted with heterologous antiserum. Tests with serum absorbed with purified homologous and heterologous virus and tests for antigen-blocking by group-specific antibodies to ALV revealed that the reaction was caused mainly by subgroup-specific antibodies. The ELISA was 8 to 32 times more sensitive than the virus-neutralization (VN) test and detected antibodies to ALV earlier than the VN test in chickens infected experimentally with RAV-1 and RAV-2. In field application of the ELISA, 44.2% of 484 chicken sera were positive for RAV-1 and/or RAV-2 antigen, and 80.4% of flocks were positive. These findings indicate that ELISA is superior to the VN test in sensitivity, simplicity, rapidity, and applicability for large-scale field surveys for ALV infection.     

检测伪狂犬病病毒的SYBR Green实时荧光定量PCR方法的建立

伪狂犬病病毒（PRV）是严重影响养猪业发展的重要病毒，病毒粒子具有较强的抵抗力。SYBRGreen是结合于双链DNA的荧光染料，可在定量PCR反应时与双链PCR产物结合放出荧光信号，被仪器系统实时监控并检测。目前SYBRGreen荧光定量PCR方法在遗传性疾病的诊断等方面有重要的应用价值。本研究根据编码PRV最保守的基因之一的gB基因和PRV的主要毒力基因，即标志性疫苗缺失的gE基因核酸序列设计引物，以含有gE基因的重组质粒ppgE作外部参照，建立了gB和gESYBR Green PCR方法，研究了该方法的灵敏度、特异性以及重复性，现将结果报告如下。     

Ⅰ型鸭病毒性肝炎病毒RT-PCR检测方法的建立

根据获得的Ⅰ型鸭病毒性肝炎病毒（DHVⅠ）RNA聚合酶基因序列，应用Primer Premier5．0软件设计了1对引物，建立了检测DHVⅠ的RT-PCR方法。该法能从DHVⅠ中扩增到440bp的条带，而对正常鸭胚尿囊液、健康鸭肝、鸭瘟病毒、番鸭细小病毒、鹅细小病毒、雏鹅新型病毒性肠炎病毒、禽流感病毒（H5N2亚型）、鸭病毒性肿头出血症病毒、鸭源多杀性巴氏杆菌（5：A）的扩增结果均为阴性。该法最低可以检测到30pg的DHV工核酸模板。RT-PCR对DHVⅠ强毒CHv-1株人工感染发病死亡鸭肝的检测结果与病毒分离和Dot—ELISA检测结果的阳性检出率均为100％，对脾、肺、脑病料的检出率显著（P≤0．01）高于病毒分离和Dot-ELISA。RT-PCR、病毒分离和Dot—ELSA对1987～2005年采集且保存于-20℃的经病毒分离已确诊为鸭肝炎的临床送检肝病料的检出率分别为100％（19／19）、36．84％（7／19）和57．98％（11／19），对2000-2005年采集且于-20℃保存的来源于中国18个省份发病鸭群的48份肝病料的检出率分别为100％（48／48）、56．25％（27／48）和75．00％（36／48）。结果表明，建立的RT—PCR方法具有良好的特异性和敏感性，可用于DHVⅠ的分离鉴定、临床病料的检测和分子流行病学调查。