The effect ofGibberella zeae on the permeability of potato tuber tissue

Potato tubers cut into halves were inoculated with conidial spores or mycelium ofGibberella zeae in order to study the permeability of the cells adjacent to and at some distance from the tissue invaded by the fungus. Permeability was determined by measuring the exosmosis rate of electrolytes. Within three days of infection the permeability of cells at a mean disease of 3 1/2 mm from the margin of the invaded tissue had doubled. At a mean distance of 6 mm there was no increase of permeability, except, perhaps, of a very slight increase 6 to 8 days after infection. A possible cause of the increase of permeability and its relation to the increased respiration are discussed.     

The distribution of potato spindle tuber viroid in potato plants and tubers1

Potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTV) in potato plants was investigated by ‘return’ gel electrophoresis. The experiments were carried out under quarantine conditions in the greenhouse with primarily and secondarily infected plants. The PSTV content in different plant parts was estimated by the intensity of the viroid band in polyacrylamide gel. The results showed a decrease of viroid content from the upper to the lower parts of the plant. In both primarily and secondarily infected plants, PSTV was reliably detected in the top leaves, but less so in the lower leaves. In four out of ten secondarily infected plants, PSTV was found in the roots. In dormant tubers, the bands were more intense with samples obtained from the rose end and the heel than from those obtained from the medullary tissue. With one exception, all 64 tubers from 26 primarily infected plants were infected with PSTV.     

马铃薯块茎干腐病发生危害及防治

随着种植结构的调整，马铃薯已成为甘肃省定西市的支柱产业，2004年种植面积20万hm^2以上，占全市粮食播种面积的52％，总产量500万t，马铃薯贮藏期腐烂病日渐突出，造成损失严重，成为制约定西马铃薯产业发展的重要因素。为此，对定西市马铃薯贮藏病害的种类、危害情况进行了调查研究。     

Validation of thresholds for serological tests that detect Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus in potato tuber tissue

To evaluate positive/negative thresholds for serological tests, composite samples consisting of 200 potato-tuber cores were extracted and tested for the presence of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus by ELISA and immunofluorescence using specific monoclonal antibodies. Transformed ELISA absorbance values for ring rot-infected tuber tissue diluted in 10-fold increments in known negative composite sample extracts were fitted to a'broken stick'nonlinear regression model. Of the 103 dilution series that were tested, 91% fitted the model with R ² > 0.98. The model consisted of a response and non-response domain. The absorbance values in the non-response domain, which served as estimates of background readings, ranged from 0.006 to 0.049. The values did not differ significantly among brands of ELISA plates used for between laboratories, and thus provided a reference point for setting a positive/negative threshold for the ELISA test. In the immunofluorescence test, 94% of composite samples from 1003 commercial seed lots had <1 immunofluorescing unit (IFU) per microscope field; only 1% of samples had >2 IFU per field. A positive/ negative threshold at 5IFU per field was considered to be appropriate for avoiding false positive readings.     

Modelling the application of chemicals in box potato stores

Chemicals are applied in crop stores for the control of diseases and, in the case of potatoes, sprouting. Non‐uniform deposition of chemicals on crop surfaces can lead to excessive chemical residues in parts of the store and impaired efficacy in those parts of the store where deposition is low. With the aim of improving the efficiency of chemical applications, this paper presents a transient three‐dimensional model consisting of the mass, momentum and energy equations which were solved to predict the air flows, temperature and moisture changes of the air and crops and the movements and deposits of small airborne particles of chemical in box potato stores. The crop was treated as a porous medium and the interaction between the air flow and crop was described by the Ergun equation. The movements of three sizes of chemical particles were predicted and the results validated against measurements of deposits of CIPC (a common potato sprout suppressant) in a 3‐tonne experimental store. The predictions showed good agreement with the measured trends in the spatial variation of deposits. Measured deposits varied between 16.3 and 176.0 mg CIPC per kg of potatoes while predicted values varied between 13.1 and 140.3 mg CIPC per kg of potatoes. The largest difference between measured and predicted deposit was 37.2%. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

甘肃省马铃薯坏疽病病原鉴定

本文通过Koch’s法则以及形态学和分子生物学方法对甘肃省兰州市马铃薯坏疽病进行病原鉴定。从马铃薯坏疽病标样中分离得到5株形态特征一致的产生分生孢子器的腔孢纲真菌,其代表菌株GSAA-0232对马铃薯块茎具有强的致病性,用该菌接种马铃薯块茎,可引起与自然发病相同的坏疽病症状。该菌的培养物生成代谢物"E"(NaOH斑反应显示出特有的紫红色)。利用引物Phoma-2/Phoma-7可扩增出474bp的Phoma foveata特异条带。根据其形态特征、生物学特性、致病性及分子生物学鉴定结果 (GenBank登录号:JQ963624),将菌株GSAA-0232鉴定为Boeremia foveata(Foister)Aveskamp,Gruyter&Verkley。这是Boeremia foveata引起马铃薯坏疽病在我国的首次报道。     

The role of siderophores in potato tuber yield increase by Pseudomonas putida in a short rotation of potato

The effect of treatment of potato seed tubers withPseudomonas putida isolate WCS358 on tuber yield was studied in different crop rotations at the Experimental Farm De Schreef, near Lelystad. With untreated, tuber yield in a 1:3 (short) rotation compared to yield in a 1:6 (long) rotation of potato was decreased by 11% at 86 days (seed tuber harvest) and by 14% at 130 days (ware potato harvest) after seeding. Seed tuber treatment with the wild-type isolate WCS358 increased tuber yield with 13% in a short rotation of potato 86 days after seeding, whereas a siderophore-negative Tn5 transposon mutant of this isolate had no effect on tuber yield. Seed tuber treatment with the wild-type isolate or the siderophore-negative mutant in a long rotation of potato had no effect on tuber yield. At 130 days after seeding no effect of any of the seed tuber treatments was found in both short and long rotations of potato.Root colonization by siderophore-producing Tn5 transposon mutants of WCS358 was decreased at the end of the growing season. No difference in root colonization between siderophore-producing and siderophore-negative Tn5 transposon mutants was found at 130 days after seeding.Siderophore production seems to be a prerequisite in potato tuber yield increase by WCS358 under field conditions. This is the first time that the involvement of siderophores in growth stimulation has been demonstrated in the field.Samenvatting De invloed van een behandeling van aardappelpootgoed metPseudomonas putida isolaat WCS358 op de knolopbrengst werd onderzocht in verschillende gewasrotaties on een proefveld van proefboerderij De Schreef, Flevopolder. In de controlebehandelingen werd in een nauwe aardappelrotatie (1:3) een reductie van 11% in opbrengst van pootaardappelen (86 dagen na het poten) geconstateerd ten opzichte van een ruime aardappelrotatie (1:6); 130 dagen na het poten werd een vermindering met 14% gevonden in de opbrengst van consumptieaardappelen.Pootgoedbehandeling met het siderofoorproducerende isolaat WCS358 verhoogde de opbrengst van pootaardappelen in de 1:3-rotatie met 13%. Een Tn5-transposonmutant van dit isolaat die het vermogen sideroforen te produceren had verloren, had geen effect op de opbrengst. In de 1:6-rotatie had behandeling van pootgoed met WCS358 geen effect op de opbrengst van pootaardappelen.Zowel in de nauwe (1:3) als in de ruimte (1:6) rotatie werd (130 dagen na het poten), geen effect van behandeling van pootgoed met WCS358 op de opbrengst van consumptieaardappelen gevonden.Wortelkolonisatie door siderofoorproducerende Tn5-transposonmutanten van WCS358 nam aan het eind van het seizoen af. Er werd, 130 dagen na het poten, geen verschil in wortelkolonisatie geconstateerd tussen siderofoorproducerende en siderofoornegatieve Tn5-transposonmutanten.Siderofoorproduktie blijkt een voorwaarde te zijn voor verhoging van de knolopbrengst door WCS358 onder veldomstandigheden. De verhoging van de knolopbrengst treedt alleen op in de nauwe aardappelrotatie. Dit is de eerste keer dat de betrokkenheid van sideroforen bij groeistimulatie onder veldomstandigheden is aangetoond.     

Inhibition of browning, phenoxyacetic acids and phenolic metabolism in potato tuber discs: a model system to study chemicals that control common scab

The browning of tuber discs was used as a model system to study the effect of substituted phenoxyacetic acids on tuber metabolism. Those substituted phenoxyacetic acids that reduce scab reduced browning but several compounds that do not affect scab also reduced browning. Evidence presented indicates that 3,5-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid preferentially inhibited phenolic metabolism rather than generally inhibiting the changes that occur after cutting (wounding). It is suggested that the decrease in potato common scab by foliar sprays of 3,5-D is due to a modified host metabolism which involves inhibition of phenolic biosynthesis but which has no effect on terpenoid biosynthesis.     

马铃薯与致病疫霉互作研究进展与展望

马铃薯是重要的粮食作物, 由致病疫霉侵染引发的晚疫病长期严重制约马铃薯产业的健康发展, 因此, 国内外均将马铃薯晚疫病列为重大病害。目前, 抗病品种选育栽培、晚疫病预测预报和化学防治等相结合的晚疫病综合防治手段已得到普遍推广, 但晚疫病局部大流行在全世界范围内仍时有发生, 给粮食安全和生态安全带来巨大挑战。本文回顾了我国晚疫病的部分研究历史, 集中关注致病疫霉与寄主的互作机制领域, 梳理了近年来关于致病疫霉侵入机理、效应蛋白毒力功能、病原菌变异规律、马铃薯抗病机理等方面的重要研究结果并展望未来主要的研究方向, 以期为晚疫病基础研究和防治技术革新提供参考。     

马铃薯块茎晚疫病腐烂的发生与防治

在青海省,馬鈴薯晚疫病引起块茎腐烂比地上部感染远为普遍和严重。例如,1960年叶面枯死率不到1％,而块茎腐烂則达10％左右。 1963年用塑料布复盖土表,并在縫隙处噴洒1％硫酸銅的隔离試驗証明,凡是地上部与地下部隔离的各处理,地下块茎均未感染晚疫病,而未隔离的地下块茎均有不同程度的感染(表1)。这說明引起块茎腐烂的病原菌是由地上部落下,     

广东省马铃薯块茎软腐病病原菌鉴定

为明确广东省惠州市马铃薯块茎软腐病的病原菌,采用常规病组织分离法获得4株菌株,通过生理生化特征和分子生物学特性对其进行鉴定,并测定了该病原菌对20个马铃薯品种的致病力。结果显示,该病原菌为革兰氏阳性菌,在LB平板上菌落有透明和不透明2种形态;除葡萄糖发酵阳性、对链霉素和青霉素具有抗性等特征不同外,BP-hd-1、BP-hd-2、BP-hd-3和BP-hd-4菌株与短小芽胞杆菌Bacillus pumilus菌株的其它生理生化特征均相同。系统进化分析结果表明,4株菌株的16S rDNA序列分别与短小芽胞杆菌AI-Khrj18(KY123871)、ML270(KC692158)、NCTC10337(LT906438)和ARD21(KX023236)的相似性为100.0%;4株菌株的gyrB基因序列均与短小芽胞杆菌AUEC29菌株(HM585095)的gyrB基因相似性最高,为99.7%～99.8%。生理生化特征及分子生物学鉴定结果表明,引起广东省马铃薯块茎软腐病的病原菌为短小芽胞杆菌。致病力测定结果显示,接种菌株BP-1后20个马铃薯品种的发病率均为100.0%,表明该病原菌对马铃薯有强致病力。     

Synergistic interactions between phenylamide fungicides and respiration inhibitors in controlling phenylamide-resistant populations ofPhytophthora infestans on potato tuber disks

The efficacy of mixtures of respiration inhibitors and phenylamide fungicides (oxadixyl and metalaxyl) in controlling late blight was investigated using potato tuber disks. Results showed that uncoupling agents(e.g. DNP), inhibitors of ATP formation(e.g. oligomycin), ionophores(e.g, valinomycin) and inhibitors that block specific carriers in the electron transport chain(e.g. rotenone, antimycin A) increased significantly the control efficacy of both metalaxyl and oxadixyl towards populations ofPhytophthora infestons when applied to tuber slices pretreated with sublethal doses of both fungicides. When applied alone at the same doses, respiration inhibitors did not inhibit the development of the late blight fungus. Increased control efficacy of mixtures was not noted against phenylamide-sensitive populations of the fungus.     

马铃薯块茎病原真菌拮抗菌株筛选及优良拮抗菌株鉴定

从马铃薯块茎上分离内生细菌,以块茎病原真菌为指示菌,采用平板对峙法筛选拮抗菌株,并利用形态学特征和16S rDNA基因序列分析对优良拮抗菌株进行鉴定。结果表明,从定西马铃薯块茎中共分离得到72株内生细菌,其中19株对5种块茎病原真菌的抑菌率均高于51.87%,特别是内生细菌6-5和5-6分别对马铃薯炭疽病菌Colletotrichum coccodes和马铃薯黑痣病菌Rhizoctonia solani的抑菌率达85.82%和72.18%,且具有固氮和产吲哚乙酸(IAA)功能,其产IAA量分别为3.37 mg/L和19.25 mg/L;根据形态特征及16S rDNA基因序列将菌株5-6鉴定为萎缩芽胞杆菌Bacillus atrophaeus,菌株6-5鉴定为贝莱斯芽胞杆菌Bacillus velezensis。     

Detection of chrysanthemum stunt and potato spindle tuber viroids by polyacrylamide gelelectrophoresis

Stunt viroid can be detected in chrysanthemums with the polyacrylamide gelectrophoresis (PAGE) method developed by Morris and Smith (1977) for potato spindle tuber viroid. The time of sample preparation can even be shortened considerably. The reliability of the short and the complete PAGE method proved to be similar to that of the biological Mistletoe test in a parallel experiment. Combined samples can be tested in the complete PAGE method easily permitting the detection of one diseased chrysanthemum top in a total of ten.Although potato spindle tuber viroid is not known to occur in the Netherlands we searched for methods to detect possible infections. Artificial infections of tomato and potato plants and of sprouts of potato tubers could readily be detected by Morris and Smith's method. Using this method it was possible to demonstrate infections by severe and weak isolates even when not yet producing symptoms. In tomato plants the viroid could be detected four to eight days before symptoms appeared.Samenvatting Het dwergziekteviroïde (CSV) kon in chrysanten worden aangetoond met een door Morris en Smith (1977) voor het aardappelspindelknolviroïde (PSTV) ontwikkelde polyacrylamide-gelelektroforesemethode (PAGE). Het bereiden van de monsters voor elektroforese kon evenwel aanzienlijk worden vereenvoudigd. De volledige, evenals de korte PAGE-methode bleek even betrouwbaar als de biologische Mistletoe-toets. De PAGE-methode was zo gevoelig dat toepassing ervan op mengmonsters verantwoord is: één besmette top van een chrysantheplant in een totaal van tien kon nog betrouwbaar worden aangetoond.Howewel het PSTV niet in Nederland voorkomt, werden de mogelijkheden onderzocht om infecties met dit viroïde te kunnen vaststellen. Kunstmatige infecties met het viroïde in tomate- en aardappelplanten en in aardappelspruiten konden met de door Morris en Smith beschreven PAGE-methode worden aangetoond. Dit gold zowel voor sterke als voor zwakke isolaten, ook als ze geen symptomen veroorzaken. In tomaat kon met de PAGE-methode het PSTV al vier tot acht dagen vóór de symptomen verschenen worden aangetoond.     

灌溉量对马铃薯生理特性及 块茎产量品质的影响

以 “大西洋”马铃薯品种为试验材料,在甘肃省中部沿黄高扬程灌区的白银市景泰县条山农场马铃薯种植基地设置小区试验,在各发育阶段分别设置5个水分梯度（原灌溉量的50%、75%、100%、125%和150%,其中原灌溉量,即100%灌溉量,为当地常用的、维持试验地25.8%左右土壤含水率的灌溉量）,探讨马铃薯各发育阶段灌溉量对其生理特性及块茎产量、品质的影响。结果表明,在马铃薯的各发育阶段,随着灌溉量的增加马铃薯叶片净光合速率 (P_n)和蒸腾速率(T_r)分别先增加到最大值30.19 μmol·m^-2·s^-1、12.50 mmol·m^-2·s^-1,而后减小。当灌溉量为50%和150%时叶片P_n较100%灌溉量分别降低35.06%和19.59%。在不同发育阶段马铃薯叶片的生理活性对灌溉量表现出敏感响应。幼苗期75%灌溉量马铃薯叶片叶绿素含量、P_n和水分利用效率（WUE）分别为0.86 mg·g^-1、21.88 μmol·m^-2·s^-1、2.29 μmol·mmol^-1,较100%灌溉量分别提高了14.15%、0.31%、3.80%,而MDA含量、SOD活性及CAT活性最低,较100%灌溉量分别降低了8.40%、11.69%、8.23%;发棵期100%灌溉量处理下P_n和WUE最高,较50%灌溉量处理分别提高了53.99%、24.85%,此时脯氨酸含量、可溶性糖含量、POD活性最低,分别为89.06 μg·g^-1、143.45 μmol·g^-1、438.14 U·g^-1,同时超氧阴离子产生速率较50%灌溉量也降低了26.07%;结薯期125%灌溉量处理的P_n和WUE最高,较100%灌溉量分别提高了19.16%、6.76%,而SOD、POD活性较100%灌溉量分别降低了0.93%、6.23%;成熟期75%灌溉量马铃薯叶片P_n最高,较其余各灌溉量处理的P_n分别提高了38.64%、13.81%、14.16%、21.27%,而MDA含量、超氧阴离子产生速率分别为21.107 μmol·g^-1、6.07 nmol·min^-1·g^-1,较100%灌溉量分别降低了19.35%、2.26%。同一生育期低灌溉量（50%灌溉量）块茎中淀粉含量较低。在幼苗期75%灌溉量处理使得块茎的可溶性蛋白含量较100%灌溉量处理提高6.20%。发棵期100%灌溉量块茎中淀粉含量达到最高（15.14%）,而结薯期125%灌溉量处理的块茎可溶性蛋白含量处于最高水平,较100%灌溉量下提高4.61%。成熟期75%灌溉量块茎淀粉含量处于最高水平,较100%灌溉量提高12.77%。结合块茎的总鲜重、商品薯率、淀粉含量、维生素C含量、可溶性蛋白含量、还原糖含量等指标,可知在幼苗期、发棵期、结薯期、成熟期灌溉量分别为原灌溉量的75%、100%、125%、75%时马铃薯块茎品质最优而且产量最高,分别为654.30、650.60、773.00、703.53 g·株^-1。     

The role of the seed tuber in determining partial resistance to potato blackleg caused byErwinia spp.

In 1991 and 1992, 12 potato cultivars were screened at two locations for resistance to blackleg, after vacuum infiltration of the seed withErwinia carotovora subsp.atroseptica orE. chrysanthemi. Cultivar differences for resistance toE.c. subsp.Atroseptica andE. chrysanthemi were found which were consistent over locations and years. Seed tubers of the same cultivars were also screened for resistance to bothErwinia spp. by using a tuber slice inoculation method. Correlation coefficients for comparisons between resistance to blackleg in the field and tuber tissue resistance under aerobic or anaerobic conditions were not significant. This could partly be explained by drastic changes in relative tuber tissue resistance of the cultivars within a 5 weeks period after planting in the field. Presprouting of seed tubers in diffuse daylight had a less pronounced effect on relative tuber tissue resistance than planting in the field. Monitoring the process of mother tuber decay during the growing season of 1993 after vacuum infiltration withE.c. subsp.atroseptica andE. chrysanthemi revealed that cultivars differed in the extent to which these bacteria enhanced the process of mother tuber decay. These differences partly explained the cultivar differences for resistance to blackleg in the field.Abbreviations Eca Erwinia carotovora subsp.atroseptica - Ech Erwinia chrysanthemi - NOP Noordoostpolder - Wag Wageningen     

Characterization of bacterial isolates from rotting potato tuber tissue showing antagonism to Dickeya sp. biovar 3 in vitro and in planta

Possibilities for biocontrol of biovar 3 Dickeya sp. in potato were investigated, using bacteria from rotting potato tissue isolated by dilution plating on nonselective agar media. In a plate assay, 649 isolates were screened for antibiosis against Dickeya sp. IPO2222 and for the production of siderophores. Forty‐one isolates (6·4%) produced antibiotics and 112 isolates (17·3%) produced siderophores. A selection of 41 antibiotic‐producing isolates and 41 siderophore‐producing isolates were tested in a potato slice assay for control of the Dickeya sp. Isolates able to reduce rotting of potato tuber tissue by at least 50% of the control were selected. Isolates were characterized by 16S rDNA analysis as Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Rhodococcus, Serratia, Obesumbacterium and Lysinibacillus genera. Twenty‐three isolates belonging to different species and genera, 13 producing antibiotics and 10 producing siderophores, were further characterized by testing acyl‐homoserine lactone (AHL) production, quorum quenching, motility, biosurfactant production, growth at low (4·0) and high (10·0) pH, growth at 10°C under aerobic and anaerobic conditions and auxin production. In replicated greenhouse experiments, four selected antagonists based on the in vitro tests were tested in planta using wounded or intact minitubers of cv. Kondor subsequently inoculated by vacuum infiltration with an antagonist and a GFP (green fluorescent protein)‐tagged biovar 3 Dickeya sp. strain. A potato endophyte A30, characterized as S. plymuthica, protected potato plants by reducing blackleg development by 100% and colonization of stems by Dickeya sp. by 97%. The potential use of S. plymuthica A30 for the biocontrol of Dickeya sp. is discussed.