紫薯玉米酸奶加工工艺研究

以紫薯、玉米、纯牛奶为原料,以海藻酸钠、黄原胶为稳定剂,以保加利亚乳杆菌和嗜热链球菌作为发酵菌种,经过灭菌、冷却、接种、发酵、后熟等工艺制成紫薯玉米酸奶,通过感官评价、单因素试验和正交试验,对紫薯玉米酸奶的风味和理化性质进行分析,从而选择出紫薯玉米酸奶加工工艺的最佳配方。结果表明,当紫薯汁添加量20%,玉米汁添加量5%,白砂糖添加量7%,发酵时间5 h时,加工出的紫薯玉米酸奶口感丝滑、营养丰富。     

凝固型火龙果果汁酸奶的工艺配方研究

在凝固型酸奶的制作过程中添加火龙果果汁,结合单因素试验的结果,采用正交试验的方法,优化白砂糖添加量、发酵剂添加量、火龙果果汁添加量和发酵时间的工艺配方。感官评分结果显示,凝固型火龙果果汁酸奶的最佳工艺配方为白砂糖添加量2%,发酵剂添加量0.25%,发酵时间10 h,火龙果果汁添加量9%,按此配方工艺制作出的凝固型火龙果果汁酸奶综合感官品质最佳。     

凝固型橘汁酸奶的研制

以牛奶和橘子为主料,制作凝固型橘汁酸奶。选择了影响产品品质的发酵时间、橘汁添加量和发酵温度3个主要因素,以感官评分为评价指标,采用正交分析的方法确定了凝固型橘汁酸奶的最佳工艺配方为接种量3%,发酵时间5 h,橘汁添加量10%,发酵温度40℃。在此条件下生产出的酸奶细腻均匀、酸度适宜,具有橘汁和酸奶的混合香气。     

凝固型香芋蜂蜜发酵乳的研制

以香芋超微粉为主,辅以紫薯超微粉、蜂蜜、白砂糖为配料,以全脂牛奶为主要原料,经接种酸乳发酵剂制备具有香芋、紫薯特有风味的凝固型发酵乳产品。在单因素试验的基础上,通过正交试验优化发酵乳制备的工艺条件,最后对制成的发酵乳产品进行感官品质评定和理化指标分析。结果表明,发酵乳的最佳工艺参数为：香芋、紫薯超微粉的比例为6∶4,添加量50 g/L,白砂糖和蜂蜜的添加量均为40 g/L,发酵剂最佳接种量为1.8 g/L,最佳发酵时间6 h。在该工艺条件下制成的发酵乳入口酸甜,香芋和紫薯的香味浓郁,营养价值高,其感官指标和理化指标符合国家标准的要求。     

刺梨酸奶的研制

以刺梨和脱脂奶粉为主要原料,旨在开发一种新型复合刺梨酸奶。根据酸奶的色泽、气味滋味和组织状态等感官指标,在单因素试验的基础上,采用响应面试验对刺梨酸奶的制备工艺进行优化。确定刺梨酸奶感官评定最佳得分的工艺条件为刺梨汁添加量4%,脱脂奶粉添加量15%,白砂糖添加量9%,发酵时间7 h,发酵温度43.5℃,感官评分为90.8±0.5分;粗蛋白含量为2.8%,菌落总数100 CFU/m L,未检测到致病菌,酸奶有刺梨果味,无异味,色泽鲜亮。     

铁皮石斛凝固型酸奶工艺优化研究

以奶粉为主要原料,添加铁皮石斛水提物,在单因素试验和正交试验的基础上进行模糊数学综合评价,通过感官评定确定铁皮石斛凝固型酸奶的最佳工艺配方。结果表明,铁皮石斛凝固型酸奶最佳工艺配方为铁皮石斛提取液添加量20%,白砂糖添加量为8%,接种量为2%,在42℃条件下发酵8 h后于4℃冰箱中冷藏12 h,此条件下制得的铁皮石斛凝固型酸奶品质良好。     

凝固型酸奶感官品质的控制

分析了凝固型酸奶的常见感官缺陷,并提出了生产中的控制方法,为凝固型酸奶的质量控制提供依据。     

酸奶的加工工艺

酸奶是以乳为原料(或加入蔗糖),杀菌后经乳酸发酵而制成,且具有细腻的凝块和特别芳香风味的乳制品,也叫酸凝乳或酸牛奶,是发酵乳制品中最重要的一种。酸奶可分为凝固型酸奶、搅拌型酸奶、冷冻型酸奶以及杀菌型酸奶。因种类不同,所用原料及发酵剂菌种也各不相同,但制作过程基本相同,下面以生产较多的凝固型酸奶为例,详述如下。1.工艺流程乳酸菌→母发酵剂→生产发酵剂原料乳→加蔗糖→预热及均质→杀菌→冷却→接种→灌装→发酵→冷却→冷藏和后熟→质量评定。2.发酵剂的制备发酵剂是指用于加工生产酸乳、干酪、奶油时所用的特定乳酸菌培养物…     

紫薯风味酸乳的发酵工艺优化

通过研究不同发酵工艺、发酵剂及发酵条件对紫薯风味酸乳感官评价及花青素含量的影响,确定最佳工艺条件:以8种菌复合发酵剂进行发酵,发酵前紫薯粉添加量4.0%,白砂糖添加量8%,发酵温度43℃,发酵时间6.5 h。在此条件下制得的紫薯风味酸乳色泽均一,紫薯风味明显且花青素含量较高。     

发酵紫薯冻干粉的研制及其在低糖低脂奶片中的应用

以紫薯为主要原料制备发酵紫薯冻干粉,以感官评分为考察指标,通过响应面法确定紫薯发酵的最佳工艺参数,并以发酵紫薯冻干粉为主要原料之一,添加脱脂奶粉和菊糖制作低糖低脂发酵紫薯奶片,通过电子鼻对低糖低脂发酵紫薯奶片及普通低脂紫薯奶片进行特征风味物质分析。结果表明,发酵紫薯冻干粉最佳制作工艺为：紫薯发酵时间9.5 h,发酵温度37.6 ℃,混合发酵剂添加量7.6%,料液比9∶14（g/mL）,该工艺条件下生产的产品感官品质最高。电子鼻分析结果表明,发酵前后奶片的风味成分差别较大,不同工艺配方制作的紫薯奶片挥发性成分差异明显,添加菊糖和白砂糖对紫薯发酵奶片风味第一主成分影响极小,说明菊糖可以替代白砂糖加入到发酵紫薯奶片中,该研究能够为低糖奶片的生产研发以及紫薯深加工提供新思路。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.