应用ICP─AES法测定东北虎血清金属元素

用电感耦合等离子发射光谱分析（ＩＣＰ一ＡＥＳ）法对８只东北虎血清中１１种金属宏量和微量元素的含量进行了测定，８只东北虎各种元素平均含量的置信区间（μ）钠为２４２±８３（ｍｇ／ｄ１）、钾为１２８土４２（ｍｇ／Ｌ）、钙为４２上１７（ｍｇ／Ｌ）、铜为Ｏ．２６±Ｏ．Ｏ９（ｍｓ／Ｌ）、镁为１１．１土４．２（ｍｇ／Ｌ）、锌为１．７５±１．３１（ｍｇ／Ｌ）、铁为１．６±Ｏ．５（ｍｇ／Ｌ）、钴为１．５±０．２５μｇ／Ｌ）、锰为１３．２土３．８μｇ／Ｌ）、钼为１Ｏ．４士Ｏ．６７（μｇ／Ｌ）和铝为３９．１±３．３（μｇ／Ｌ）。本文首次报道了多只东北虎血清多种元素的生理参考值，为东北虎多方面的研究和应用提供了科学依据。     

互助白牦牛8项血液生理指标测定

对互助县７０头白牦牛的８项血液生理指标进行测定。结果：ＲＢＣ５．８９±０．９８（１０＾１２／Ｌ），ＰＣＶ０．３２±０．０６（Ｌ／Ｌ），Ｈｂ１０３．６±２２．０（ｇ／Ｌ），ＷＢＣ６．１３±２．１０（１０＾９／Ｌ），嗜碱性白细胞１．２５±１．４１（％），嗜酸性白细胞１３．１７±８．３３（％），幼稚核中性白细胞１．２０±１．２９（％），杆状核中性白细胞１．４２±１．４９（％），分叶核中性白细胞２７．５７     

抗生素配合盐类泻药治疗仔猪水肿病

抗生素配合盐类泻药治疗仔猪水肿病郑四清（广东省东莞市凤岗镇农业发展总公司，５１１７４８）处方：１．青霉素Ｇ钠粉针８０万Ｕ×９支，磺胺嘧啶钠注射液０．４ｇ／２ｍｌ×１８支。用法：取青霉素１支、磺胺嘧啶钠２支溶解后１次肌肉注射，首次加倍，４次／天；２．维...     

白唇鹿血清生化指标测定

测定了３５头青海白唇鹿的１９项血清生化指标。结果为Ｎａ＾２＋１３８．１±５．８４ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ，Ｋ＾＋５．７５±０．７３ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ，Ｃａ＾２＋２．４２±０．２０／Ｌ，Ｐ２．３３±．３８ｍｍｏｌ／，Ｃｌ＾－，１０２．２±６．０３ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ，总蛋白８７．５０±６．１７ｇ／Ｌ白蛋白５９．１８±６．９６ｇ／Ｌ球蛋白２８．３４±５．２６ｇ／Ｌ，Ａ／Ｇ，２．１９±０．５９，血清蛋白质组分（％）Ａ６７．５７±     

应用ICP—AES法测定东北虎血清金属元素

用电感耦合等离子发射光谱分析（ＩＣＰ－ＡＥＳ）法对８只东北虎血清中１１种金属宏量和微量元素的含量进行了测定，８只东北虎各种元素平均含量的置信区间（μ）钠为２４２±８３（ｍｇ／ｄｌ），钾为１２８±４２（ｍｇ／Ｌ），钙为４２±１７（ｍｇ／Ｌ），铜为０．２６±０．０９（ｍｇ／Ｌ），镁为１１．１±４．２（ｍｇ／Ｌ），锌为１．７５±（ｍｇ／Ｌ），铁为１．６±０．５（ｍｇ／Ｌ），钴为１．５±０．２５（μｇ／Ｌ     

北极狐生理指标和血液生化参数测定

对引入青海高原的２７只北极狐作２０项生理生化参数测定。测定结果：ＲＢＣ，ＷＢＣ，Ｈｂ，嗜中性白细胞，淋巴细胞，单核细胞，嗜酸性、嗜碱性白细胞分别为９．４０±１．８６（１０￣（１２）／Ｌ），７．４０±１．２８（１０￣９／Ｌ），１４．２０±１．８（ｇ／ｄｌ），４０．５８±１．５５（％），５６．５０±１．９３（％）．２．４０±０．７５（％），０．８１±０．０８（％），０．２９±０．０６（％）；血清总蛋白，Ａ／Ｇ，尿素氮，血清总脂，淀粉酶，血糖，Ｋ￣＋，Ｎａ￣＋，Ｃｌ￣－，Ｃａ￣（２＋），Ｍｇ￣（２＋），Ｐ分别为５８．４１±５．３０（ｇ／Ｌ），１．８０±０．１８，６．６９±１．５５（ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ），７．８８±０．６６（ｇ／Ｌ），６２１±８７．０７（Ｕ／ｄｌ），５．２２±０．６３（ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ），２．２４±０．５３（ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ），１７７．０８±１３．４２（ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ），１０５．５０±１１．６０（ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ），２．４８±０．４５（ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ），１．１７±０．２３（ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ），２．４１±１．０６（ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ）；同时测得Ｔ，Ｐ，Ｒ分别为３９．２±０．３９（℃），１２７±１０．３（次／ｍｉｎ），２９．２±５．２     

柴达木黄牛十项肝功能试验指标测定

对青海省９４头柴达木黄牛的十项肝功能试验指标测定结果。ＺｎＴＴ—７．７４±２．８２孔氏单位；ＴＴＴ—１．０２±０．１４麦氏单位；ＧＰＴ活性—１２５．５±５４．０ｎｍｏｌ／Ｌ；ＧＯＴ—活性３２４．９±１１６．７（ｎｍｏｌ／Ｌ）；血清患蛋白７３．１５±５．９１ｇ／Ｌ；白蛋白４４．７０±６．２０ｇ／Ｌ，球蛋白２８．４５ｇ／Ｌ；血清蛋白质组分白蛋白６１．１３±６．１３％，α１—球蛋白２．９８±１．０６％，α２—球蛋白９．４０±１．９６％，β—球蛋白７．０６±１．３３％，γ—球蛋白１９．７６±４．７９％，Ａ／Ｇ之比—１．６３±０．４３。同时对犊牛、成年牛和公母牛之间的肝功能试验指标测定结果进行比较。     

鸡T淋巴细胞IL－2的体外诱生及活性检测

经Ｌ１６（４５）正交试验选择，并经实验验证，鸡脾脏Ｔ淋巴细胞白细胞介素２（ＩＬ－２）体外诱生和活性检测的最优水平组合及适宜条件为２．５μｇ／ｍＬ伴刀豆蛋白Ａ（ＣｏｎＡ）、ＩＬ－２体外诱生时间２０ｈ、１×１０７／ｍＬ淋巴细胞、１０％小牛血清、靶细胞培养时间４８ｈ、４×１０６／ｍＬ靶细胞、靶细胞接触时间３６ｈ、５ｍｇ／ｍＬＭＴＴ、ＭＴＴ加入时间３ｈ和甲溶解时间２ｈ；胸腺Ｔ淋巴细胞ＩＬ－２体外诱生和活性检测的最优水平组合及适宜条件为５μｇ／ｍＬＣｏｎＡ、ＩＬ－２体外诱生时间４８ｈ，余同脾脏Ｔ淋巴细胞ＩＬ－２体外诱生及活性检测。比较试验表明，ＭＴＴ比色分析法和３Ｈ－胸腺嘧啶核苷（３Ｈ－ＴｄＲ）掺入法有显著的直线回归关系。     

块状饲料添加剂饲喂肉牛试验

试验组（Ｔ组）Ⅰ期（高蛋白块添）、Ⅱ期（ＥＭ块添）、Ⅲ期（矿物块添）的日增重分别比同期对照组（Ｄ组）高１７７　ｇ、１１０　ｇ、１８５　ｇ，增长率分别为１７．２　％、１１．２　％、２０．８　％，ｔ检验差异显著（Ｐ　＜　０．０５）。Ｔ组比Ｄ组每增重１　ｋｇ消耗的精料（ｋｇ）、ＭＥ（ＭＪ）、ＤＣＰ（ｇ）都有较大幅度的下降，其中Ⅰ期分别降低０．６　（１６．０　％）、１２．６　（１４．１　％）、４４．６（７．０　％），Ⅱ期分别降低０．４　（８．２　％）、８．５（８．９　％）、５８．５　（８．６　％），Ⅲ期分别降低０．８（１７．７　％）、１６．９　％（１５．８　％）、１１５．２（１５．３　％），ｔ检验差异显著　（　Ｐ＜　０．０５　）。Ⅰ期、Ⅱ期、Ⅲ期，试验组比对照组，头均每日增加纯收入为１．３２元、０．７８元、１．３８元，收益率为１∶１３．２、１∶７．８、１∶１３．８。按１２０　ｄ肥育期计算，头均多产肉２１．２　ｋｇ、１３．２　ｋｇ、２２．２　ｋｇ，头均可增加收入１５８．４元、９３．６元、１６５．６元。     

双波长系数倍率法测定复方磺胺嘧啶钠注射液中甲氧苄氨嘧啶的含量

利用磺胺嘧啶钠（ＳＤ－Ｎａ）和甲氧苄氨嘧啶（ＴＭＰ）在硫酸（０．０５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ）中溶解度的不同，将其不完全分离，降低干扰组分ＳＤ－Ｎａ的比例，再用双波长系数倍率法消除其干扰，测定ＴＭＰ的含量。浓度Ｃ与△Ａ线性关系良好。相关系数ｒ＝０．９９９９，平均回收率９９．６％，ＣＶ＝０．５４％。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -