Past,present and future land-use in Xishuangbanna,China and the implications for carbon dynamics

Land use/land cover change is an important driver of global change and changes in carbon stocks. Estimating the changes in carbon stocks due to tropical deforestation has been difficult, mainly because of uncertainties in estimating deforestation rates and the biomass in the forest that have been cut. In this study, we combined detailed land-use change over a 27-year period based on satellite images and forest inventory data to estimate changes in biomass carbon stocks in the Xishuangbanna prefecture (1.9 million ha) of China. Xishuangbanna is located in southwestern China in the upper watershed of the Mekong River, and the major forest types are tropical seasonal rain forest, mountain rain forest, and subtropical evergreen broadleaf forest. In the past when the region was completely forested the total biomass carbon would have been approximately 212.65 ± 8.75 Tg C. By 1976 forest cover had been reduced to 70%, and in addition many forests had been degraded resulting in a large decrease in the total biomass carbon stocks (86.97 ± 3.70 Tg C). From 1976 to 2003, the mean deforestation rate was 13 722 ha year⁻¹ (1.12%), and this resulted in the loss of 370,494 ha of forest, and by 2003 total biomass carbon stocks had been reduced to 80.85 ± 2.64 Tg C. The annual carbon emissions due to land-use change, mainly forest conversion to agriculture and rubber plantations, were 0.37 ± 0.03 Tg C year⁻¹ between 1976 and 1988 and 0.13 ± 0.04 Tg C year⁻¹ between 1988 and 2003. During the next 20 years, if rubber plantations expand into forests outside of reserves, shrublands, grasslands, and shifting cultivation below 1500 m the total biomass carbon stocks of Xishuangbanna will decrease to 76.45 ± 1.49 Tg C in 2023. This would reflect a loss of 4.13 ± 1.14 Tg C between 2003 and 2023, or an annual loss of 0.21 ± 0.06 Tg C year⁻¹. Alternatively, if rubber plantations only expand into areas of shifting cultivation below 1500 m, and all areas presently in shrublands and grasslands are allowed to recover into secondary forests, total biomass carbon stock of the region would increase to 92.65 ± 3.80 Tg C in 2023. Under this scenario, the growth of existing forests and the expansion of new forests would result in a net sequestration of 0.60 ± 0.06 Tg C year⁻¹. This study demonstrates that the uncertainty of biomass estimates can be greatly reduced if detailed land-use analyses are combined with forest inventory data, and that slight changes in future land-use practices can have large implications for carbon fluxes.     

南华山国家森林公园生态旅游及森林保育初步研究

从生态学和旅游资源角度分析了湖南凤凰南华山国家森林公园的特点及功能定位,在此基础上对森林公园开展森林生态旅游项目进行了规划,并对森林保育提出了一些具体建议。     

Directions in tropical agroforestry research: past, present, and future

Reflections on the past two decades of organized research in tropical agroforestry raise several issues. Research efforts started with an inductive and experiential approach but have subsequently followed a deductive and experimental approach that includes hypothesis testing and the development of predictive capability; agroforestry research is thus being transformed into a rigorous scientific activity. The research agenda, so far, has given high priority to soil fertility and other biophysical interactions, less priority to anthropological and sociological aspects, and little priority to evaluating costs and returns, pests and diseases, and the so-called non-timber forest (tree) products. Moreover, larger-spatial-scale issues, such as carbon sequestration, water quality, and biodiversity conservation, have been neglected because of the emphasis on field- and farm-scale studies. Overall, the high expectations that were raised about the role and potential of agroforestry as a development vehicle have not been fulfilled. In order to overcome this, it is imperative that research be focused on the generation of appropriate, science-based technologies of wide applicability, especially under resource-poor conditions and in smallholder farming systems. Future research agendas should entail a judicious blending of science and technology. Applied research should build upon the findings of basic research to generate technologies for application at the farm, regional and global levels. Such research should place increased focus on previously neglected subjects, for example, the exploitation of indigenous fruit-producing trees, the agronomic components of agroforestry systems, and the global issues mentioned above. Furthermore, an appropriate methodology that embodies economic, social, and environmental costs and benefits needs to be developed to realistically assess the impacts of agroforestry, and an enabling policy environment that will facilitate agroforestry adoption needs to be made available. Agroforestry research of the 21st century should strive to build bridges from the inductive phase of the past, through the deductive phase of the present, to the future phase of harnessing science and generating technologies for the benefit of the land and its present and future users. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

国有林场森林资源结构秩序调整的研究

根据适地适树和经济效益的原则，设计了一个国有林场森林资源结构秩序的理想换型，并对该国有林场森林资源结构秩序进行静态和动态的调整，使各树种的时空秩序趋于合理，达到森林资源永续利用的目的。     

南滚河自然保护区动物学研究的历史、现状及展望

本文归纳了建国以来南滚河国家级自然保护区内所进行的主要动物学研究工作，提出了今后在该保护区内进行动物学研究的设想和展望     

张家界森林公园景观格局变化分析

利用地理信息系统(GIS)技术,研究1990-2000年张家界国家森林公园景观格局的变化.结果表明:10年间景区景观结构基本稳定,景观分割度、斑块丰富度和斑块丰富密度没有变化.斑块数增加了34,增加的斑块主要为经济林.     

南京紫金山国家森林公园蝶类调查分析

报道了南京紫金山国家森林公园蝶类名录,该地区蝴蝶共9科,73属,120种。其中凤蝶科6属14种,粉蝶科6属12种,斑蝶科2属2种,眼蝶科8属17种,蛱蝶科19属29种,灰蝶科17属27种,弄蝶科13属17种,绢蝶科和喙蝶科为单属单种。其中有1种为江苏省新记录。根据调查结果,对蝶类的区系结构进行了分析,该地区蝴蝶以东洋种为主。     

Past and present forestry support programs in the Philippines,and lessons for the future

A variety of government programs have been implemented to support smallholder forestry for production and conservation purposes in the Philippines. This paper briefly outlines the arrangements of the past and current programs, notes how they have evolved over time, and provides some comments on their performance. Over about 30 years, as weaknesses have been identified in programs, the program designs have been modified. For most of this time, there has been an increasing emphasis on community involvement as distinct from industrial or individual farmer forestry. However, some of the intractable constraints on community planting have led to recent interest in individual property rights.     

Acid deposition effects on forest composition and growth on the Monongahela National Forest,West Virginia

The northern and central Appalachian forests are subject to high levels of atmospheric acid deposition (AD), which has been shown in some forests to negatively impact forest growth as well as predispose the forest system to damage from secondary stresses. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the possible contribution of AD to changes in composition and productivity of the Monongahela National Forest, and to evaluate soil-based indicators of acidification that might be useful for detecting AD-related forest changes. Soils adjacent to 30 Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) sites were sampled and analyzed for a suite of acidity indicators. These indicators were correlated with the periodic mean annual volume increment (PMAVI) of the forest stands on FIA plots for the 10-yr period 1989–2000. PMAVI ranged from −9.5 to 11.8 m³ ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹, with lower-than-expected growth (<3 m³ ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) on two-thirds of the sites. In the surface horizon, effective base saturation, Ca²⁺ concentration, base saturation, K⁺ concentration, Ca/Al molar ratio, and Mg/Al molar ratio, were positively correlated with PMAVI and Fe concentration was negatively correlated with PMAVI (p ≤ 0.1). In the subsurface horizon pH_(w) and effective base saturation were positively correlated and Al³⁻ concentration and K⁺ concentration were negatively correlated with PMAVI. We hypothesized that NO₃-N/NH₄-N ratio would also be correlated with PMAVI, but it was not. Correlations between soil chemical indicators and PMAVI suggest that AD may contribute, in part, to the lower-than-expected forest growth on the Monongahela National Forest.     

Post-1935 changes in forest vegetation of Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona, USA: Part 1 - ponderosa pine forest

Vegetation plots originally sampled in Grand Canyon National Park (GCNP), Arizona, USA in 1935 are the earliest-known, sample-intensive, quantitative documentation of forest vegetation over a Southwest USA landscape. These historical plots were located as accurately as possible and resampled in 2004 to document multi-decadal changes in never-harvested Southwestern forests. Findings for ponderosa pine forest (PPF) differed among three forest subtypes (dry, mesic, and moist PPF), indicating that understanding the ecology of PPF subtypes is essential for development of ecologically based management practices. Dry PPF, which is transitional with pinyon-juniper vegetation at low elevation, exhibited no changes from 1935 to 2004. Mesic PPF, the core subtype of PPF, had increased densities of total trees, ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), and white fir (Abies concolor) in the 10-29.9 cm diameter class from 1935 to 2004 that may have induced decreased densities of larger ponderosa pines and total tree and ponderosa pine basal areas. Moist PPF, which is transitional with mixed conifer forest at high elevation, was the most dynamic PPF subtype with decreases from 1935 to 2004 in total density and total basal area that are largely attributable to decreases in quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides). Graphical synthesis of datasets with historical and modern values for density and basal area indicates that overall PPF (all subtypes combined) increased in sapling density of all species combined and conifers with canopy potential and decreased in density of quaking aspen trees since the late 19th century. PPF of GCNP has passed through an accretion phase of forest development with increases in density and, depending on PPF subtype and variable being examined, is at or past the point of inflection to recession of density and basal area. Increases in small diameter ponderosa pine and white fir from 1935 to 2004 portend potential additional accretion, but decreases in total basal area, density and basal area of quaking aspen, basal area of ponderosa pine, and density of larger diameter ponderosa pine indicate PPF has passed the inflection point from accretion to recession. Uncertainties about 19th-century PPF structure and composition and about future ecological and societal environments lead to the conclusion that resource managers of GCNP and other natural areas should consider a change in focus from the objective of achieving desired future conditions to an objective of avoiding undesired future conditions.     

安徽省池州市国家森林城市建设SWOT分析和战略对策探讨

针对安徽省池州市建设国家森林城市,采用SWOT分析方法,客观分析了池州市建设国家森林城市的优势和劣势,以及存在的机会和威胁,据此提出了相应的战略对策,为池州市国家森林城市建设提供一定的指导和决策依据。     

福建三明仙人谷国家森林公园风景资源分析与评价

根据中国森林公园风景资源质量等级评定标准,分析和评价三明仙人谷国家森林公园的森林风景资源。结果表明,三明仙人谷国家森林公园的风景资源包括5类94个资源点,其中一级景点4个、二级景点45个、三级景点45个;三明仙人谷国家森林公园的风景资源等级评定综合得分为43.1分,属一级风景资源,其资源价值和旅游价值较高。     

石门国家森林公园风景林改造设计及效果分析

根据石门国家森林公园风景林的现状及社会实际需要,设计了3种风景林林分改造类型,并提出了各改造类型的树种选择、配置方式及种植技术措施。林分改造5年后,各树种生长良好,风景林的效能已初步形成。文章也展望了改造后风景林的生态及景观前景。     

巴松错国家级森林公园生态旅游资源评价及开发探讨

位于西藏林芝地区的巴松错森林公园具有丰富的旅游资源;独特的民俗文化;浓厚的宗教气息;原始的生态环境;良好的旅游资源组合.分析了该公园的优势、劣势、机遇和威胁.提出了旅游开发的原则、空间布局及开发策略.     

Attitudes of local people towards conservation and Gunung Halimun National Park in West Java,Indonesia

This paper examines local residents attitudes towards conservation and Gunung Halimun National Park, in West Java, Indonesia. A questionnaire survey and informal interviews are conducted among 74 households, in three villages, in and around the park. The survey reveals that almost all people knew about the existence and the laws of the park. Many people recognize and understand the importance of the global conservation of the park. In addition, most people agree that local participation is indispensable for conservation. Furthermore, people tend to be eager to use secondary forests or scrubs rather than primary forests or old secondary, recognizing the use of forest ecosystems in a sustainable manner. However, many people would like to claim the right to use the forests and lands within the park. People are only interested in meeting their daily needs from the park at the moment. Fortunately, they hope to participate in the park administration and are also enthusiastic about cooperating with related stakeholders including government authorities and NGOs. The results of the survey can be summarized as follows. Firstly, the local community does not have enough information about the park and, consequently, people only follow the compulsory laws. Secondly, local conservation knowledge and the global objectives of park management cannot be harmonized because of the lack of information and agreement concerning the park between local people and government authorities. People do not have certain incentives to conserve biodiversity, as they cannot get any benefits from the park. Thirdly, in spite of these adverse findings, it largely depends on the government authorities capabilities whether the integrated park management can succeed or not, because people still have positive attitudes towards local participation.     

浙江天童国家森林公园木荷演替更新特性的研究

通过15年的定位研究和相关调查，试验，探讨了木荷的更新特性，生长过程及在植被演替过程中的特点，认为木荷具有易更新，生长快且分布于群落演替的各个阶段的特点，对地区的植被恢复具有重要意义。同时，结合生产实践，为地区生态公益林的建设提出了建议。     

江苏虞山国家森林公园的天然植被

江苏虞山国家森林公园的森林覆盖率达96%以上.根据样地调查研究,将虞山国家森林公园约占山地面积为74.8%的天然林依群落优势种划分14类群系,为7类植被型.虞山天然林以马尾松林和马尾松、阔叶树混交林为主,山麓有落叶阔叶林和小面积的常绿、落叶阔叶林.论述虞山天然植被的组成、结构、演替和多样性指数,分析虞山天然林顺向演替的稳定性群落.结果表明:依立地环境可分3种不同类型.从演替规律来研究分析虞山植被,从而提出保护和可持续发展该森林公园植被的建议,并从旅游观光角度提出虞山部分森林类型改造的原则和方法.     

Innovation and forest industry: domesticating the pine forests of the southern United States, 1920–1999

The history of forest management in the southern United States has been a process of intensification and the pine forests of the Coastal Plain can be regarded as in the early stage of crop domestication. Silviculture research into tree improvement and other aspects of plantation establishment and management has been critical to the domestication process, which began in the early 1950s with the paradigm shift from natural stand management to plantation forestry. Advances were incremental innovations that relied heavily on basic knowledge gained in other disciplines and from formal university–industry silviculture research cooperatives. These cooperatives played a critical role in the domestication process, especially as they disseminated technological innovations. Sixteen major pulp and paper companies were examined in terms of participation in research cooperatives, expenditures on research and implementation of innovations. Despite a lack of relationship between company size (gross sales) and expenditures on forestry research, implementation of innovations was significantly related to research expenditures, timberland owned and total sales. Adjusting for timberland ownership or annual sales, the companies that spent the most on forestry research did the best job implementing research results. Emerging trends in industry structure and support for research may indicate a new role for public research institutions in the South, and call into question the need for silviculture research cooperatives.     

国有林区生存与发展的一场革命：林区资源综合开发的思考

本文论述了林区开展综合开发，要从我国国情出发，根据国有林区的历史和现状闯出自己的生存和发展空间，开拓林区发展之路，提出了林区资源综合开发的缘起和目的及现代林区综合开发的特点和经营模式，指出资源综合开发必须立足科技创新，重视绿色食品产业，分析了资源综合开发如何面对中国加入世贸组织，最后对林区资源综合开发提出了建议。