Estimation of the carbon storage of forest vegetation and carbon emission from forest fires in Heilongjiang Province,China

The forest resource of Heilongjiang province has important position in china. On the basis of the six times of national forest inventory data （1973-1976, 1977-1981, 1985-1988, 1989-1993, 1994-1998, 1999-2003） surveyed by the Forestry Ministry of P. R. China from 1973 to 2003, the carbon storage of forests in Heilongjiang Province are estimated by using the method of linear relationship of each tree species between biomass and volume. The results show that the carbon storage of Heilongjiang forests in the six periods （1973-1976, 1977-1981, 1985-1988, 1989-1993, 1994-1998, 1999-2003） are 7.164×10^8 t, 4.871×10^8 t, 5.094×10^8 t, 5.292×10^8 t, 5.594×10^8 t and 5.410×10^8 t, respectively., which showed a trend of decreasing in early time and then increasing. It indicated that Heilongjiang forests play an important role as a sink of atmospheric carbon dioxide during past 30 years. Based on the data of forest fires from 1980 to 1999 and ground biomass estimation for some forest types in Heilongjiang Province, it is estimated that the amount of mean annual consumed biomass of forests is 391758.65t-522344.95t, accounting for 6.4%-8.4% of total national consummation from forest fires, and the amount of carbon emission is 176 291.39t-235 055.23t, about 8% of total national emission from forest fires. The emission of CO2, CO, CH4 and NMHC from forest fires in Heilongjiang Province are estimated at 581761.6-775682.25 t, 34892.275-46523.04 t, 14091.11-18788.15 t and 6500-9000 t, respectively, every year.     

森林植被碳贮量估算及分析

文章基于岳阳市2009年森林资源统计数据,对全市森林植被类型的生物量、碳贮量和碳密度进行初步估算。结果表明:岳阳市森林植被碳贮量为9.238Tg,其中,平江县的森林植被C贮量最大,为3.606Tg,占总C贮量的39.03%。各森林类型的C贮量来看,松木林的C贮量最大,为2.754Tg,占总C贮量的29.81%。岳阳市森林植被平均C密度为16.02t.hm-2,各县市区森林植被的C密度为13.39~27.10t.hm-2,森林植被平均C密度最大是云溪区,为29.02t.hm-2,各森林类型中阔叶树的C密度最大,为27.24t.hm-2,是全市森林植被平均C密度的近2倍。       

Carbon storage of a subtropical forest ecosystem: a case study of the Jinggang Mountain National Nature Reserve in south-eastern China

The carbon cycle of forest ecosystems plays a key role in regulating CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere. Research on carbon storage estimation of forest ecosystems has become a major research topic. However, carbon budgets of subtropical forest ecosystems have received little attention. Reports of soil carbon storage and topographic heterogeneity of carbon storage are limited. This study focused on the Jinggang Mountain National Nature Reserve as an example of a mid-subtropical forest and evaluated soil and vegetation carbon storage by field sampling combined with GIS, RS and GPS technology. We classified the forest into nine forest types using ALOS high-resolution remote sensing images. The evergreen broad-leaved forest has the largest area, occupying 26.5% of the total area, followed by coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forests and warm temperate coniferous forest, occupying 24.2 and 22.9%, respectively. The vegetation and soil carbon storage of the whole forest ecosystem were 1,692,344 and 5,514,707 t, with a carbon density of 7.4 and 24.2 kg/m^2, respectively, which suggests that the ecosystem has great carbon storage capacity. The topographic heterogeneity of the carbon storage was also analysed. The largest vegetation storage and soil storage is at 700–800 and 1000–1100 m, respectively. The vegetation carbon storage is highest in the southeast, south and southwest.     

Temporal dynamics and spatial variations of forest vegetation carbon stock in Liaoning Province,China

There are many uncertainties in the estimation of forest car- bon sequestration in China, especially in Liaoning Province where vari- ous forest inventory data have not been fully utilized. By using forest inventory data, we estimated forest vegetation carbon stock of Liaoning Province between 1993 and 2005. Results showed that forest biomass carbon stock increased from 68.91 Tg C in 1993 to 97.51 Tg C in 2005, whereas mean carbon density increased from 18.48 Mg·ha -1 C to 22.33 Mg·ha -1 C. The carbon stora...     

Spatial pattern of soil carbon and nutrient storage at the alpine tundra ecosystem of Changbai Mountain,China

气候变化对土壤碳和养分的影响越来越受到生态学家的关注,尤其是对高山冻原生态系统的影响。本研究目的是长白山高山冻原系统土壤碳和养分的空间异质性。结果表明:不同土层深度的土壤碳在Meadow alpine tundra vegetation (MA)中显著地高于其他植被类型(p<0.05);在每一植被类型中,表层(010 cm)碳含量显著地高于1020 cm的土层;土壤氮的分布格局是氮素在表层和1020 cm土层变化规律相似;不同土层深度的土壤磷在Lithic alpine tundra vegetation (LA) 中显著地低于其他植被类型(p<0.05);土壤钾浓度在Felsenmeer alpine tundra vegetation (FA) 和LA中显著地高于其他植被类型,但在每一植被类型中土壤钾浓度随土壤深度没有明显的变化;不同深度土壤硫在MA中显著地高度其他植被类型;对每一植被类型而言,C: N, C: P, C: K 和C: S随土壤深度增加而降低。除了在SA的表层外,表层的土壤C: N高于1020 cm的土层。在长白山高山冻原系统中,随植被类型的变化,土壤碳和养分储量有着显著的空间异质性。参29表3图1。     

江西金盆山林区天然常绿阔叶林生态系统碳储量研究

【目的】探讨亚热带典型天然常绿阔叶林碳储量及其碳分布格局,以期为常绿阔叶林生态系统碳汇功能评价提供基础数据和理论依据。【方法】以江西省金盆山林区优势树种生态系统生物量研究为基础,结合主要优势树种碳含量实测数据,对金盆山典型常绿阔叶林丝栗栲林、南岭栲林、米槠林的碳储量及碳空间分布格局进行研究,并以这3种林分的碳密度均值计算整个金盆山林区天然常绿阔叶林总碳储量。【结果】金盆山林区丝栗栲林、南岭栲林、米槠林生态系统碳密度分别为294.82、307.63、318.97 t/hm^2,林区生态系统总碳密度为307.14 t/hm^2,林区现存碳总量为2.25×10^6 t;生态系统碳密度分布规律为植被层>土壤层>凋落物层,植被层碳密度分布规律为乔木层>灌木层>草本层,其中乔木层主干的碳密度占56.54%;土壤层碳密度随着土壤层的加深呈下降趋势,40 cm以下土层间的碳密度变化不明显。【结论】金盆山林区常绿阔叶林不同林分间生态系统碳密度差异不显著,生态系统内碳密度有较强的空间分布规律,生态系统碳密度高于我国森林生态系统平均碳密度和多种典型森林类型碳密度,具有较强的碳汇功能。     

西藏墨脱县森林植被生物量与碳储量分析

基于墨脱县森林资源二类调查数据等材料,采用材积源生物量法以及生物量转换连续因子法等经验模型,分不同森林植被类型计算各个小班的生物量并综合;再根据不同森林植被类型的含碳率计算各个小班的碳储量以及各森林植被类型的碳密度。结果表明,墨脱县实际控制区总的森林植被生物量为77 582 750.1 t,全县单位面积平均生物量为177.61 t/hm2;总碳储量为39 355 414.3 t,全县碳密度平均为90.10 t/hm2。从结果来看,墨脱县的森林生物生产力较高,森林资源质量较好,尤其是云杉(冷杉)的单位面积平均生物量高达311.60 t/hm2,质量非常好;全县单位面积平均生物量、碳密度均为针叶树较阔叶树大。     

鸡公山自然保护区森林植被生物量及活碳蓄积量研究

运用鸡公山科学考察资料及1999年森林资源清查资料,采用森林材积源生物量推算方法研究了鸡公山森林植被生物量及其活碳蓄积量。结果表明:鸡公山森林植被生物量总值为309 202t,平均森林植被生物量为111.7t／hm2,高于全国平均水平(77.4t／hm2);鸡公山森林植被的总活碳蓄积量为154 601t,平均活碳密度为56MgC／hm2,高于中国森林植被活碳密度的平均水平(38.7 MgC／hm2),但低于全球平均碳密度(86MgC／hm2)。不同林型活碳蓄积密度分析结果表明,马尾松、杉木和栎类林木的活碳蓄积密度分别为30MgC／hm2,39 MgC／hm2和70MgC／hm2,均高于全国同类型森林植物的活碳蓄积密度的平均值,而次生阔叶混交林的碳蓄积密度略低于全国平均水平。鸡公山自然保护区67％的森林为中龄林,27％的森林为幼龄林,在增加碳蓄积方面还有巨大的潜力。     

Assessing the effects of vegetation types on carbon storage fifteen years after reforestation on a Chinese fir site

Forest ecosystems play a significant role in sequestering carbon (C) in biomass and soils. Plantations established in subtropical China since the 1980s, mainly of Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook) in monocultures, have proved to be major C sinks. However, information is lacking about whether mixing Chinese fir with broadleaved tree species will increase stand growth and C sequestration. We address this question by comparing a pure Chinese fir plantation and two mixed plantations established in 1990 at Huitong Experimental Station of Forest Ecology, Hunan Province, China. The mixed plantations include Chinese fir and either Kalopanax septemlobus (Thunb.) Koidz or Alnus cremastogyne Burk., planted at 4:1 ratios. We found that total C storage was 123, 131 and 142 Mg ha⁻¹ in the pure plantation, mixed plantation with K. septemlobus, and mixed plantation with A. cremastogyne, respectively. The mixed plantation with A. cremastogyne increased C storage in biomass relative to the pure Chinese fir plantation (P < 0.05). No significant difference was detected between mixed plantations. Soil C storage did not differ among these plantations, ranging from 67.9 ± 7.1 to 73.3 ± 9.1 Mg ha⁻¹, which accounted for about 55% of the total C pools. Our results indicated that as the mixture of Chinese fir and broadleaved species will increase both biomass C and soil C storage over pure Chinese fir, and will do it, within 15 years of planting.     

Forest carbon sequestration in China and its benefits

Carbon sequestration is important in studying global carbon cycle and budget. Here, we used the National Forest Resource Inventory data for China collected from 2004 to 2008 and forest biomass and soil carbon storage data obtained from direct field measurements to estimate carbon (C) sequestration rate and benefit keeping C out of the atmosphere in forest ecosystems and their spatial distributions. Between 2004 and 2008, forests sequestered on average 0.36 Pg C yr^?1 (1 Pg = 10¹⁵g), with 0.30 Pg C yr^?1 in vegetation and 0.06 Pg C yr^?1 in 0–1 meter soil. Under the different forest categories, total C sequestration rate ranged from 0.02 in bamboo forest to 0.11 Pg C yr^?1 in broadleaf forest. The southwest region had highest C sequestration rate, 30% of total C sequestration, followed by the northeast and south central regions. The C sequestration in the forest ecosystem could offset about 21% of the annual C emissions in China over the same period, especially in provinces of Tibet, Guangxi, and Yunnan, and the benefit was similar to most Annex I countries. These results show that forests play an important role in reducing the increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide in China, and forest C sequestration are closely related to forest area, tree species composition, and site conditions.     

四川森林碳贮量现状及其空间分布

采用材积源生物量法和四川省2007年森林资源监测数据,计测了四川森林总碳量和碳密度.研究结果表明:2007年四川森林总碳量629.76 Tg,平均碳密度50.67 Mg·hm-2,主要得益于成熟林的贡献.四川森林的碳贮量具有极大的空间差异性,在地貌上表现为:用西高山峡谷区(261.58 Tg C)>川西南山地区(114.32 TgC)>盆地西缘山地区(74.08 Tg C)>盆地丘陵区(59.33 Tg C)>川西北高原区(45.15 Tg C)>盆地南缘山地区(41.45 TgC)>盆地北缘山地区(33.85 Tg C);在流域上表现为:岷江流域(228.57 Tg C)>雅砻江流域(160.25 TgC)>嘉陵江流域(128.25 Tg C)>金沙江流域(84.89 Tg C)>长江干流(16.55 Tg C)>沱江(11.25 Tg C).森林碳密度有由东南向西北遂渐增加的趋势,即盆地北缘山地区(28.83 Mg·hm-2)<盆地丘陵区(31.71 Mg·hm-2)<川西南山地区(42.80 Mg·hm-2)<盆地南缘山地区(48.54 Mg·hm-2)<盆地西缘山地区(56.75 Mg·hm-2)<川西高山峡谷区(66.96 Mg·hm-2)<川西北高原区(69.76 Mg·hm-2),或长江干流域(30.09 M8·hm-2)<沱江流域(36.41 Mg·hm-2)<嘉陵江流域(3s.72 Mg·hm-2)<雅砻江流域(52.94 Mg·hm-2)<金沙江流域(54.48 Mg·hm-2)<岷江流域(62.24 Mg·hm-2).文中还讨论了森林碳贮量与碳密度的空间差异性在森林经营与区划中意义,分区规划和分类经营管理是提高四川森林碳吸存能力的有效措施.     

蓝山县乔木林碳贮量及固碳价值研究

以蓝山县十二五森林资源调查成果为数据依据,对蓝山县不同类型乔木林碳贮量及固碳价值进行了研究。结果表明:蓝山县乔木林的总碳贮量为169.37×104t,固碳价值为203 244万元。杉木的碳贮量最大,占乔木林总碳贮量的67.58%。阔叶林的碳密度普遍大于针叶林的碳密度。幼龄林碳贮量最大,不同龄组碳密度符合近、成、过熟林大于中、幼龄林的规律。人工林的碳贮量占绝对优势,天然林的碳密度大于人工林。     

武汉市江夏区碳汇造林基线碳储量的计量

为了正确评估中国绿色碳基金中国石油武汉江夏碳汇项目在碳汇中的作用,在GPS技术的支持下,结合收集的基础研究资料数据、野外实地调查数据及2008年的江夏区森林资源调查资料,构建了马尾松、杉木的材积模型和土壤碳储量的计量模型,估算了基线的碳储量。计量结果为:非树木植被碳储量为1 463.06 t,马尾松、杉木等散生木的碳储量为364.03 t,土壤有机碳总储量为26 046.44 t,项目活动引起的CO2排放量为313.04 t。计量结果准确地反映了江夏区碳汇造林基线情景下的碳储量基本状况,对于准确预估(事前估算)江夏区碳汇项目造林的净碳汇量具有重要作用。     

湖南省阔叶林生态系统碳储量及其分布

根据2017年湖南省森林资源清查资料和野外实地调查实测数据,对湖南省阔叶林生态系统碳储量、碳密度的动态特征进行了研究。结果表明:湖南省阔叶林森林生态系统总碳贮量为505.17 TgC,其中乔木层、灌草层、枯落物和土壤层层分别为113.75 TgC、9.92 TgC、9.64 TgC和377.86 TgC,分别占阔叶林生态系统碳贮量的22.52%、1.96%、1.91%和73.61%;湖南省阔叶林森林生态系统碳密度为154.51 t·hm^2,各层碳密度的大小顺序为土壤层(113.74 t·hm^-2)>乔木层(34.79 t·hm^-2)>灌草层(3.03 t·hm^-2)>枯落物层(2.95 t·hm^-2)。在3种类型阔叶林中,乡土阔叶林生态系统碳贮量为485.56 TgC,所占全省阔叶林生态系统碳贮量的96.12%;乡土阔叶林生态系统碳密度最大,为154.72 t·hm^-2,杨树林生态系统碳密度最小,为149.59 t·hm^-2。在阔叶林各龄组中,中、幼龄林约占湖南省阔叶林生态系统碳贮量的67.13%,是阔叶林的主要碳库且固碳潜力巨大;湖南省阔叶林碳密度幼龄林、中龄林、近熟林和成过熟林的碳密度分别介于24.60～55.51 t·hm^-2之间,具体表现为成过熟林(55.51 t·hm^-2)>近熟林(47.51 t·hm^-2)>中龄林(44.68 t·hm^-2)>幼龄林(24.60 t·hm^-2)。全省阔叶林生态系统空间分布表现为碳贮量呈现明显的湘西、湘南,湘中较低特征,而碳密度整体表现出洞庭湖流域地区大于其他地区的趋势。     

毛竹林的碳密度和碳贮量及其空间分布

利用标准样方法研究毛竹林碳密度和碳贮量以及空间分布。结果表明 :毛竹不同器官碳密度波动在0 4 6 83～ 0 5 2 10g·g- 1 ,按碳密度高低排列依次为竹根 >竹秆 >竹蔸 >竹枝 >竹鞭 >竹叶 ;碳贮量在毛竹不同器官中的分配以竹秆占比例最大 ,为 5 0 97% ,其次为竹根 ,占 19 79% ,占比例最小的是竹叶 ,仅占 4 87% ;毛竹林生态系统中碳总贮量为 10 6 36 2t·hm- 2 ,其中植被层 34 2 31t·hm- 2 ,占了 32 18% ,枯落物和土壤层 (0～ 6 0cm) 72 131t·hm- 2 ,占了 6 7 82 % ;毛竹林乔木层碳素年固定量为 5 0 97t·hm- 2 a- 1 ,与粗放经营竹林相比 ,毛竹集约经营 10年后 ,竹林生态系统中碳贮量减少了 8 133t·hm- 2 ,但乔木层年净固定碳量增加了 0 5 89t·hm- 2 a- 1 。     

Tree diversity and carbon stocks of some major forest types of Garhwal Himalaya,India

Four forest stands each of twenty major forest types in sub-tropical to temperate zones (350 m asl–3100 m asl) of Garhwal Himalaya were studied. The aim of the study was to assess the stem density, tree diversity, biomass and carbon stocks in these forests and make recommendations for forest management based on priorities for biodiversity protection and carbon sequestration. Stem density ranged between 295 and 850 N ha⁻¹, while total biomass ranged from 129 to 533 Mg ha⁻¹. Total carbon storage ranged between 59 and 245 Mg ha⁻¹. The range of Shannon–Wiener diversity index was between 0.28 and 1.75. Most of the conifer-dominated forest types had higher carbon storage than broadleaf-dominated forest types. Protecting conifer-dominated stands, especially those dominated by Abies pindrow and Cedrus deodara, would have the largest impact, per unit area, on reducing carbon emissions from deforestation.     

中国杨树生物量和碳储量研究进展

本文总结了中国近20年来有关杨树生物量产量、生物量增长模型、生物量测定、生物量与林分密度,以及杨树碳储量方面的研究进展。对研究方面存在的问题进行了讨论,并提出提高杨树生物量的一些建议和措施。     

Variation of stem density and vegetation carbon pool in subtropical forests of Northwestern Himalaya

The present study was conducted in five forest types of subtropical zone in the Northwestern Himalaya, India. Three forest stands of 0.1 ha were laid down in each forest type to study the variation in vegetation carbon pool, stem density, and ecosystem carbon density. The stem density in the present study ranged from (483 to 417 trees ha^?1) and stem biomass from (262.40 to 39.97 tha^?1). Highest carbon storage (209.95 t ha^?1) was recorded in dry Shiwalik sal forest followed by Himalayan chir forest > chir pine plantation > lower Shiwalik pine forest > northern mixed dry deciduous forest. Maximum tree above ground biomass is observed in dry Shiwalik sal forests (301.78 t ha^?1), followed by upper Himalayan chir pine forests (194 t ha^?1) and lower in Shiwalik pine forests (138.73 t ha^?1). The relationship with stem volume showed the maximum adjusted r² (0.873), followed by total density (0.55) and average DBH (0.528). The regression equation of different parameters with shrub biomass showed highest r² (0.812) and relationship between ecosystem carbon with other parameters of different forest types, where cubic function with stem volume showed highest r² value of 0.873 through cubic functions. Our results suggest that biomass and carbon stocks in these subtropical forests vary greatly with forest type and species density. This variation among forests can be used as a tool for carbon credit claims under ongoing international conventions and protocols.     

Temperate forest dynamics and carbon storage: a 26-year case study from Orange Kloof Forest,Cape Peninsula,South Africa

Temperate forests are globally important carbon stores that are, in the face of recent improvements in their conservation, likely to increase their storage capacity in the future. Despite this, these ecosystems are poorly understood, especially over longer time periods. To remedy this and to better understand these important ecosystems, we monitored marked stems >5 cm diameter at breast height (DBH) in a 0.52 ha forest plot on the Cape Peninsula over 26 years. Aboveground biomass (AGB), calculated from stem diameter, increased from 203 to 226 Mg ha^?1 over this period. The AGB residence time was greater than a century. Stem mortality was relatively high (1.2% per annum [p.a.]) and exceeded recruitment (0.2% p.a.). The recruitment of a large number of smaller stems of species not presently represented in the forest canopy suggests that compositional changes will occur in the future. Overall, these results suggest that the forest is in a post-disturbance recovery phase, although favourable climatic conditions over the last three decades may also have had an influence on AGB accumulation.     

Ecosystem carbon storage and partitioning in a tropical seasonal forest in Southwestern China

Tropical forests play an important role in the global carbon cycle. Despite an increasing number of studies have addressed carbon storage in tropical forests, the regional variation in such storage remains poorly understood. Uncertainty about how much carbon is stored in tropical forests is an important limitation for regional-scale estimates of carbon fluxes and improving these estimates requires extensive field studies of both above- and belowground stocks. In order to assess the carbon pools of a tropical seasonal forest in Asia, total ecosystem carbon storage was investigated in Xishuangbanna, SW China. Averaged across three 1 ha plots, the total carbon stock of the forest ecosystem was 303 t C ha⁻¹. Living tree carbon stocks (both above- and belowground) ranged from 163 to 258 t C ha⁻¹. The aboveground biomass C pool is comparable to the Dipterocarp forests in Sumatra but lower than those in Malaysia. The variation of C storage in the tree layer among different plots was mainly due to different densities of large trees (DBH > 70 cm). The contributions of the shrub layer, herb layer, woody lianas, and fine litter each accounted for 1–2 t C ha⁻¹ to the total carbon stock. The mineral soil C pools (top 100 cm) ranged from 84 to 102 t C ha⁻¹ and the C in woody debris from 5.6 to 12.5 t C ha⁻¹, representing the second and third largest C component in this ecosystem. Our results reveal that a high percentage (70%) of C is stored in biomass and less in soil in this tropical seasonal forest. This study provides an accurate estimate of the carbon pool and the partitioning of C among major components in tropical seasonal rain forest of northern tropical Asia. Results from this study will enhance our ability to evaluate the role of these forests in regional C cycles and have great implications for conservation planning.