全国生物防治科技座谈会

国家科委为了贯彻国务院领导同志关于“推动生物防治工作”的指示,于1983年6月1—6日在江苏常州市召开了生防科技座谈会。 生物防治是对病、虫、草害综合防治的重要组成部分。我国天敌资源丰富,近年来开展保护利用有一定进展。如北京市赤眼蜂放蜂面积402万亩;湖南省保护利用稻田蜘蛛防治飞虱等害虫达300万亩;江苏省1982年在350万亩棉田采取保护利用天敌为主的综     

敌敌畏对食虫沟瘤蛛体内消化酶活性的影响

保护天敌、设法增强天敌的自然控虫作用及合理地使用杀虫剂是农田害虫综合治理的关键。稻田蜘蛛是稻田害虫的重要捕食性天敌,目前对蜘蛛的解毒生理研究已有一些报道,但对蜘蛛的消化毒理报道甚少。本文探讨了常用农药敌敌畏对食虫沟瘤蛛（Ummeliota insecticeps）离体消化酶活性的影响,以期为农药对蜘蛛等害虫天敌的消化毒理研究提供一些有意义的信息。     

甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐对稻田蜘蛛种群影响的研究

甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐(甲维盐)是在阿维菌素B1a的基础上合成的一种新型高效抗生素类杀虫剂,对鳞翅目害虫的防治有极高活性.蜘蛛作为稻田害虫最大的捕食性天敌群落,数量变化直接影响稻田害虫的发生与为害,也影响到综合防治害虫中农药的施用效果.为了更好的掌握甲维盐的使用技术,保护稻田天敌资源,笔者于2008年在湖南省湘阴县进行了甲维盐对稻田蜘蛛群落影响的系统研究,现将结果报道如下:     

动植物在植物医学上的应用

利用动、植物防治农作物的病、虫、草、鼠危害,无污染,无残毒,不伤天敌,效果好,成本低,是一种无公害植保技术,促进农业可持续发展,现综述如下。一、动物治虫害虫天敌主要有寄生蜂、寄生蝇、瓢虫、草蛉、步甲、螳螂、蜘蛛、蚂蚁等。稻区应注意保护利用蜘蛛、缨小蜂、赤眼蜂、绒茧蜂等;棉、麦区应保护瓢虫、蜘蛛、草蛉、食蚜蝇、食蚜蝽、蚜蛮蜂等。采用引进、繁殖和保护天敌是行之有效的方法。全世界引渡成功的昆虫天敌已有２９４种,例如,引用金小蜂防治棉花红铃虫;草蛉防治棉铃虫;红蚂蚁防治甘蔗螟;黑蚂蚁防治稻纵卷叶螟、三化…     

辽宁省乌兰白乡的植保工作

湖南省宁乡县回龙铺乡农民胡厚元,1976年以来在一个自然村的94亩稻田实行保护和利用天敌、逐步减少化学农药用量,自1979年开始不用药剂治虫,节省农药费用5000多元。节省治虫用工7000多个,粮食     

化学农药对稻田蜘蛛的影响

稻田蜘蛛是水稻多种害虫的重要天敌,对叶蝉、飞虱的抑制作用尤为显著。由于化学农药,特别是有机氯农药的频繁施用,大量杀伤了蜘蛛等天敌,削弱了对害虫的自然控制能力,导致害虫再猖獗和次生害虫的上升。造成天敌种群的凋零,加剧了恶性循环。为此,我们在探索稻田蜘蛛保护利用过程中,就化学农药对蜘蛛的影响陆续做了一些试验,并进行了必要的调查,初步明确了某些化学农药与蜘蛛的关系,为开展以保护利用蜘蛛等自然天敌为重点的综合防治提供了依据。     

稻田蜘蛛种群动态及其对叶蟬飞虱的控制效果

稻田蜘蛛作为多种稻虫的有效天敌,近年来受到国内外害虫防治工作者的广泛重视,并就稻田蜘蛛区系、生物学、生态学(?)性等进行了多方面的研究。有关蜘蛛对稻虫的自然控制效果也有不少研究报道。国际水稻研究所(1971—1975)在笼养条件下研究了拟环纹狼蛛对褐飞虱的抑制作用;Hsieh     

陕西稻田蜘蛛初步调查

近年来随着农作物害虫综合防治工作的蓬勃开展,利用稻田蜘蛛控制害虫日益引起人们的重视。为了摸清我区川道地区稻田蜘蛛资源,查清数量及消长规律,探索其利用途径,给今后保蛛治虫提供依据,我们于80、81年在安康,汉阴,石泉等地对稻田蜘蛛进行了调查,81年还在安康县建民公社联合大队开展了以蛛治虫为重点的综合防治示范,收到了良好的效果。结果如下。     

我国农作物病虫害生物防治面积达1.3亿亩

我国农作物病虫害生物防治面积1981年达到1.3亿多亩,比1980年增加近3,000万亩。其中,以虫治虫的面积(包括自然保护)约占一半,其余是以菌治虫和以菌治病。我国农业采用生物防治病虫害,收到了保持生态平衡,除害增产,降低生产成本的效果。瓢虫、草蛉、蜘蛛等是棉花前期棉蚜的天敌,我国南北棉区已普遍用这些天敌来防治棉蚜。据湖北省六个县49个大队315个生产队的调查,1980年每亩农药费用仅2.66     

稻田飞虱与天敌数量消长关系及其自然控制作用考查

十多年来国内对稻飞虱综合治理所采取的措施,有的是以农业防治和化学防治为主;有的主要以保护利用稻田蜘蛛等方法来控制稻飞虱的发生。我们在研究稻飞虱卵寄生蜂缨小蜂的基础上,对福建稻飞虱各虫期的天敌总体进行了初步调查(1977——1982年),得93种。其中缨小蜂、黑肩绿盲蝽、尖钩宽黾蝽和蜘蛛类在稻田数量大,自然控制效能高;瓢虫、隐翅虫也颇常见;螯蜂、撚翅虫和线虫有时局部多发,但通常寄生率较低。1980——1982年我们在福建的沙县和福州调查分析了飞虱与天敌间的数量消长关系,和天敌的自然控制作用。     

Insect resistance to insecticides

The past 40 years have seen insect resistance to insecticides develop from a scientific curiosity to an immense practical problem that threatens man's ability to control not only the insect pests of agriculture but also the insect vectors that transmit major human and animal diseases. The spread of genes for cross and multiple resistance among insect pests has rendered most of our present insecticides obsolescent and very few novel insecticides are under development as substitutes. The most feasible strategy to maintain adequate control of insect pests is integrated pest management or I P M, in which insecticide management is a useful component. However, much of our present planning for the future of insect control is carried out in ignorance of past failures. We must learn from the past if we are to retain the use of chemical insecticides as a viable component of IPM.     

蔬菜蚜虫抗药性现状及抗性治理策略

蚜虫是为害蔬菜作物的一类重要害虫,如不防治会给蔬菜生产造成重大经济损失。长期以来主要依靠使用农药防治蔬菜蚜虫,但由于化学农药的不合理使用,蔬菜蚜虫对有机磷、拟除虫菊酯、氨基甲酸酯、新烟碱等多种类型的杀虫药剂均产生了不同程度的抗性。本文对常见的蔬菜蚜虫的抗药性现状、抗药性机理以及治理策略进行了论述,以期为该类害虫的可持续控制提供参考。     

Efficacy of chemical plant protection products on potato in Ukraine1

The principal potato pests controlled with plant protection products in Ukraine are Leptinotarsa decemlineata and Phytophthora infestons. Results are presented of trials of insecticides and fungicides against these pests. As a result, Sumi-alfa 5% EC (a.s. esfenvalerate), Karate water-soluble granules (a.s. lambda-cyhalothrin) and Betabytroid 2.5% EC (a.s. beta-cyfluthrin) were recommended for full-scale testing against Colorado beetle in Ukraine. Sul'fokarbation and EKhR 19517 were recommended for full-scale testing against potato blight.     

10种杀虫剂对4种蓟马的毒力及对西花蓟马的田间药效评价

蓟马对农作物的危害逐年加重, 为筛选防治蓟马的高效低毒药剂, 采用叶管药膜法测定了10种常用药剂对4种蓟马的室内毒力, 并开展了田间防效试验。室内毒力测定结果表明, 6%乙基多杀菌素SC和10%虫螨腈SC对4种蓟马的毒力相对较高, 25%噻虫嗪WG和5%甲维盐EC的毒力较低, 西花蓟马和瓜蓟马对10种药剂的敏感性低于花蓟马和烟蓟马。田间药效结果表明, 25%噻虫嗪WG、10%溴虫氟苯双酰胺SC和4.5%高效氯氰菊酯EC对西花蓟马的防效较高, 药后7 d药效最高达到90%以上。综合室内毒力和田间药效试验结果, 推荐4.5%高效氯氰菊酯EC和10%溴虫氟苯双酰胺SC为防治蓟马的首选药剂, 可与25%噻虫嗪WG、48%多杀霉素SC、1.8%阿维菌素EC和10%吡丙醚SC等药剂轮换使用。     

Integrated pest management approach for a new pest, Lacanobia subjuncta (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), in Washington apple orchards

Bioassays of Lacanobia subjuncta (Grote and Robinson) larvae established baseline LC50 values and identified the potential of reduced-risk, organophosphate replacement and naturally derived insecticides (eg chloronicotinyls, spinosyns, oxadiazines, insect growth regulators, microbial insecticides and particle films) to control this pest. The toxicities of these products were compared with those of organophosphate, carbamate, chlorinated cyclodiene and synthetic pyrethroid insecticides used in the management of lepidopteran pests in Washington apple orchards. Field trials were conducted comparing candidate insecticides to conventional alternatives. Several new insecticides (eg spinosad, methoxyfenozide, indoxacarb and an aluminosilicate particle film) proved to be effective for the management of L subjuncta. We summarize the goals and challenges of developing an integrated pest management program for new and resurgent pests as insecticide tools continue to change, and propose a hypothesis for the sudden increase in pest status of L subjuncta based on organophosphate tolerances. The role of novel insecticides with unique modes of action in resistance management and the encouragement of biological control are also discussed.     

武昌郊区蔬菜害虫(鳞翅目)寄生六索线虫的生物学特性

武昌郊区蔬菜种植地的六索线虫其含胚卵和Ⅱ期幼虫在土壤中全年均可存在,故在害虫发生季节,就有自然感染现象发生的可能;由于受降水量和气温的影响,一年中只出现春、秋两个感染高峰期,在最适条件下,六索线虫一年可完成两个世代;六索线虫的Ⅳ期幼虫、成虫、含胚卵和Ⅲ期幼虫均可越冬,且越冬的含胚卵和Ⅱ期幼虫是春季感染的主要线虫虫源.不合理地使用农药和不适时地更换茬口是影响六索线虫资源保护和利用的主要人为因子;伏秋干旱季节,采用畦间沟灌法抗旱,可提高自然感染率并使六索线虫资源得以充分利用.     

新疆有毒植物资源及其植物源杀虫剂开发应用前景

植物源杀虫剂(botanical insecticides)就是利用植物的某些部位或提取成分,加工成有杀虫作用的杀虫剂。在新疆,有毒植物资源种类繁多。通过介绍新疆有毒植物的资源概况,讨论有毒植物作为农业杀虫剂的应用现状和存在问题,提出其种质资源作为植物源杀虫剂的开发利用前景。     

Controlling pests of tropical legumes; current recommendations and future strategies

Legumes have evolved effective defences against many pests by accumulating high levels of poisonous or indigestible compounds, pubescence and vigorous growth. These defences are greatly reduced in many cultivars of cowpea and common bean, which are susceptible to a succession of pest complexes. Stem pests and defoliators may kill seedlings but well-established plants tolerate heavy insect damage to leaves, flowers and green pods before pod or grain yields are reduced; virus vectors and root-knot nematode may be of greater importance. Generally, pod-borers, pod-sucking bugs and seed beetles are the main key pests. Control programmes are based on post-flowering treatments with broad spectrum insecticides. Battery-powered, controlled-droplet application machines are ousting knapsack sprayers in small-scale farming and competing with tractors and aircraft in larger units; subsistence cropping is still predominant and most legume crops remain unsprayed. Consequently, current emphasis is placed on developing cultivars with high yield potential and multiple pest and disease resistance. Insect infestations are lower in most other major legume crops largely due to pubescence (e.g. soybean, blackgram, greengram), fruiting in the dry season (e.g. pigeonpea, chickpea) or geocarpy (e.g. groundnut). Future entomological research will presumably concentrate on assessing the status of pests on resistant cultivars and introducing integrated control methods for the key pests.     

Lutte contre les chenilles des noctuelles défoliatrices de la culture de la menthe verte (Mentha spicata L.) au Maroc

Defoliating caterpillars from the family Noctuidae are the most destructive insect pests on spearmint crop in Morocco. To control these pests, the growers apply several applications of non‐selective insecticides that are sometimes not registered for this use. This study investigates the efficacy of a set of selective chemical insecticides and other insecticides registered for organic farming against the defoliating caterpillars for better protection and in order to limit pesticide residues. Two insecticides authorized in organic farming and four other chemical insecticides were tested against the defoliating caterpillars under field conditions, following the randomized complete block experimental design with three replications. The comparative study of the efficacy of the different insecticides tested showed an average caterpillar reduction of 89.4, 82.5 and 68.1% with a defoliation reduction of 57.1, 53.8 and 43.9% for two of the tested synthetic insecticides, chlorantraniliprole (15cc/hl), emamectin benzoate (250g/ha) and for one of the tested bio‐insecticides, spinosad (30cc/hl) respectively. An increase of the total fresh mint weight compared to the non‐treated control was recorded for these three insecticides with 50.9%, 48.4%, and 40.5% for emamectin benzoate, chlorantraniliprole, and spinosad respectively. Insecticides containing chlorantraniliprole, emamectin benzoate, or spinosad active substances could be used as alternatives to other synthetic broad‐spectrum insecticides commonly used on spearmint in Morocco.     

麦蚜对拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂抗性研究进展

麦蚜是为害小麦的一类重要害虫,广泛分布于我国各小麦种植区.2016年-2018年我国麦蚜总体偏重发生,严重影响小麦产量和品质,造成巨大的经济损失.拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂是防治麦蚜的主要杀虫剂类型之一,但由于化学农药的长期使用,麦蚜对拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂产生了不同程度的抗性.本文综述了拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂作用机制、麦蚜对拟除虫菊...