3个不同罗勒种叶中香气成分的GC-MS分析

利用GC/MS技术分析罗勒(Ocimum basilicum L.)、台湾罗勒(Ocimum tashiroi Hayata)和丁香罗勒(Ocimum gratissimum)成龄叶的香气成分。结果表明：3个罗勒品种的叶片中香气成分的种类和含量存在明显差异：罗勒中检出37种香气物质,占其总挥发性物质的91.15%;台湾罗勒中检出21种香气物质,占95.08%;丁香罗勒中有29种,占89.49%。其中,烃类和醇类2类化合物在3种罗勒叶片中分别占挥发物总量的84.39%、78.61%和77.88%。β-蒎烯是3种罗勒共有的主要香气成分,桉树脑、茴香脑和环葑烯则分别是罗勒、台湾罗勒和丁香罗勒的主要香气成分。     

芳香植物罗勒的研究进展

罗勒是一种药食同源的植物,具有疏风解表、化湿和中、强心安神、行气活血、解毒消肿、散瘀止痛等功效。本文从罗勒的繁殖技术、化学成分、挥发油的生物积累和提取方法、现代药理药效及作用机制、临床应用、细胞毒性等方面对近年来的研究进行综述,以期为罗勒的进一步开发利用提供参考。     

极香罗勒的花、叶和茎挥发性成分比较分析

为研究极香罗勒花、叶和茎在挥发性物质组成上的差异,利用顶空固相微萃取技术(SPME)和气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用技术分离、鉴定极香罗勒花、叶和茎的挥发性成分,并用峰面积进行归一化定量.结果从极香罗勒的花、叶和茎中分别鉴定出27、27和33种挥发性物质,其含量分别为总挥发性物质的96.09％,94.92％和93.14％.在极香罗勒花、叶和茎中共有成分为5种:茴香脑、桉树脑、D-樟脑、沉香醇和对甲氧基苯甲醛,其中茴香脑为最主要的挥发性成分.为进一步探讨罗勒中挥发性物质生物合成的组织特异性及其机理奠定基础.     

盘锦地区甜罗勒精油含量日变化及年变化分析

【目的】探索盘锦地区甜罗勒的最佳采摘模式。【方法】采用水蒸汽蒸馏法测量精油含量，研究2008—2011年盘锦地区甜罗勒精油含量的日变化及年变化规律。【结果】甜罗勒的精油含量在17：00之前逐渐增加，17：00之后精油含量开始下降。一天之中甜罗勒精油含量最高时间点在17：00，可达1．1mL／kg（Fw）。2008-2011年甜罗勒精油含量年平均值为0．85mL／kg（FW）。【结论】盘锦地区甜罗勒的最佳采摘时间为17：00左右。     

拟南芥β-罗勒烯合成酶基因T-DNA插入突变体的鉴定

β-罗勒烯（β-Ocimene）是一种单萜挥发性有机物,亦是一种重要的植物通讯信号分子。为了进一步研究β-罗勒烯的作用机理,需要获得β-罗勒烯合成酶基因表达沉默的实验材料。根据TAIR网站上公布的β-罗勒烯合成酶信息,从美国拟南芥生物资源中心购买该基因的T-DNA插入突变体材料,运用双引物法对这些突变体进行了T-DNA插入位点的鉴定,获得8株稳定遗传的纯合突变体,该结果为深入研究β-罗勒烯的功能奠定了良好基础。     

甜罗勒栽培技术及综合利用概述

甜罗勒作为欧美等国的传统食用香料,在我国尚属于新兴香料植物;简要阐述甜罗勒的植物学性状、生长习性、栽培技术、保健价值等,以期为福建省的芳香植物种植户提供一些生产上的理论依据。     

茶小绿叶蝉危害乌龙茶茶树品种的挥发物分析

为明确茶小绿叶蝉危害不同抗性茶树品种后挥发物的变化,从而为抗虫茶树品种的选育提供依据,本研究选择小绿叶蝉危害虫口密度最大和最小的乌龙茶茶树品种肉桂和铁观音为材料,以GC-MS为研究手段,进行茶树组成型和虫害诱导型挥发物的测定和分析。结果表明,邻异丙基苯甲烷、β-罗勒烯、反式-β-罗勒烯、α-法呢烯、γ-萜品烯和3-甲基-2-环己烯-1-酮为铁观音和肉桂的主要组成型挥发物成分。2个品种在健康茶树挥发物的成分组成和各组分的含量上都存在差异。芳樟醇只在铁观音的健康茶梢中被检测到,而十三（碳）烷、乙酸辛酯、十六烷和雪松醇只在肉桂的健康茶梢上检测到。β-月桂烯、β-罗勒烯、反式-β-罗勒烯和α-法呢烯在铁观音上的含量远远大于肉桂。另一方面,茶树受小绿叶蝉危害一段时间后,铁观音和肉桂在挥发物组成和含量上产生了较大的变化。二者都释放大量的β-月桂烯、β-罗勒烯、反式-β-罗勒烯、α-法呢烯和芳樟醇,在危害4 h和8 h的挥发物测定中,2个品种的这些成分较危害前的增加量从1.49倍到41.22倍。此外,茶小绿叶蝉的危害还诱导了新的挥发物的产生,包括(Z)-丁酸-3-己烯酯、癸醛、吲哚、己酸-3-己烯酯和苯乙醇。(Z)-丁酸-3-己烯酯、癸醛、吲哚、己酸-3-己烯酯、苯乙醇、β-月桂烯、β-罗勒烯、反式- β-罗勒烯、α-法呢烯和芳樟醇,这10种挥发性物质可能跟茶树的诱导抗性和铁观音的抗虫性有关。     

6种草本药用植物种子超低温保存技术研究

以草本药用植物杜若、过江藤、夏枯草、皱果苋、罗勒和山香的成熟种子为材料,探讨了含水量和冷冻方法对种子超低温保存的影响。结果表明,经液氮超低温冷冻后,6种草本药用植物种子发芽率较对照组均有显著差异(p0.05);适宜的含水量下,种子经过超低温冷冻后其发芽率甚至高于对照组。3种冷冻方法中,玻璃化冷冻法更适合过江藤和山香种子的超低温保存,缓慢冷冻法更适合皱果苋、杜若和夏枯草种子的超低温保存,直接冷冻法适合于杜若和罗勒种子的超低温保存。所以,液氮超低温冷冻法保存杜若等6种草本药用植物种子是可行的;含水量对超低温保存前后夏枯草、山香和罗勒种子的发芽率影响显著。     

罗勒(Ocimum basilicum)悬浮细胞系的建立与保持

通过罗勒茎尖培养获得疏松型(CA)、泥状型(CB)和绿色块状型(CC)愈伤组织;以这3种愈伤组织为起始材料,研究了建立罗勒悬浮细胞系的方法、影响因素及继代保持的方法。结果表明:疏松型、泥状型愈伤组织均能建立悬浮细胞系;以泥状型愈伤组织为起始材料,建立悬浮细胞系时间仅需7￣8d。     

14种植物精油对茶尺蠖行为的影响

为获得能够应用于茶园茶尺蠖Ectropis obliqua“推—拉”策略的行为调节剂,在室内测定了茶尺蠖成虫对14种植物精油的趋性反应,及植物精油对茶尺蠖雌虫产卵行为的干扰作用,并采用叶碟法测定了植物精油对茶尺蠖幼虫的拒食作用。结果表明,罗勒、迷迭香、肉桂、茴香及天竺葵5种植物精油对茶尺蠖成虫表现出一定的驱避活性,并且迷迭香油和天竺葵油还能显著干扰雌虫的产卵活动。在3个浓度处理下,茴香、罗勒和藿香植物精油对茶尺蠖3龄幼虫表现出显著的拒食活性。随着精油处理浓度的升高,茶尺蠖幼虫的拒食率升高,生长率随之下降。试验结果证明迷迭香、罗勒、茴香及天竺葵等植物精油对茶尺蠖具有显著的行为调控功能,具备作为茶尺蠖防控剂开发的潜力,值得进一步研究。     

闽南9种人工栽培的野菜营养成分分析

对闽南地区9种人工栽培的野菜的基本营养成分和氨基酸组成作较全面系统的分析,结果表明：9种野菜营养成分差异较大,其可食部分都含有较丰富的粗蛋白、粗脂肪、Vc、钾、钙、钠等成分;氨基酸含量丰富,配比合理;羽衣甘蓝、马兰、九层塔、薄荷4种野菜在氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸和鲜味氨基酸含量都明显高于其它野菜品种。     

Carotenoid Content of Commonly Consumed Herbs and Assessment of Their Bioaccessibility Using an In Vitro Digestion Model

Herbs are a rich source of bioactive phytochemicals such as carotenoids, which are known to exert various positive biological effects. However, there is very limited information in the literature regarding the content and bioavailability of carotenoids from commonly consumed herbs. Therefore, the objectives of the present study were first, to determine the carotenoid content of eight herbs namely basil (Ocimum basilicum), coriander (Coriandrum sativum), dill (Anethum graveolens), mint (Metha L.), parsley (Petroselinum crispum), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), sage (Salvia officinalis), and tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus L.); and second, to assess carotenoid bioaccessibility from these herbs using a simulated human in vitro digestion model. Carotenoid bioaccessibility is defined as the amount of carotenoids transferred to micelles after digestion when compared with the original amount present in the food. The content of individual carotenoids varied significantly among the herbs tested. Carotenoid bioaccessibility varied from 0 to 42.8%. Basil and coriander, and their respective micelles, contained the highest levels of β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, and lutein + zeaxanthin. Our findings show that herbs are rich sources of carotenoids and that these foods can significantly contribute to the intake of bioaccessible carotenoids.     

Conditions influencing the development of sweet basil grey mould and cultural measures for disease management

Sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum) is an annual herb crop that is harvested several times each season. Botrytis cinerea infects the fresh wounds that are created at harvest and grey mould also develops on harvested shoots. The aim was to characterize grey mould epidemics and to develop cultural means of controlling sweet basil grey mould in commercial plantings and postharvest. Two annual surveys at 82 sites revealed that grey mould epidemics are polycyclic in nature. The incidence of grey mould was found to be unaffected by the planting date or crop age, but related to weather conditions (i.e., rain events outside the greenhouse) and the limiting factor for grey mould development was the need for a high level of humidity in the greenhouse. Higher planting density, restricted aeration and the use of narrower walk-in tunnels or greenhouse structures with lower ceilings all contribute to epidemics. Latent infection was found in the leaves of harvested shoots as determined by B. cinerea-specific molecular probes. The effectiveness of plant spacing, soil mulch, thermal screens, greenhouse aeration, floating covers and combinations of some of these practices was tested under semi-commercial conditions for four years. A planting density that was half that of the common practice suppressed grey mould incidence in the field experiments with no significant yield losses. This effect can be attributed to the reduced amount of receptive host tissue and better aeration within the canopy at the initial stages of growth. The shoots harvested from the lower-density plots were less susceptible to B. cinerea infection. Floating covers and thermal screens were ineffective in reducing the incidence of grey mould in the field experiments and increased the susceptibility of harvested shoots of sweet basil to rot development. Polyethylene soil cover reduced grey mould in sweet basil planted in soil whereas the same mulch failed to control the disease on plants growing in a detached medium. The combination of increased plant spacing and the use of a polyethylene soil cover synergistically improved the yield of sweet basil shoots. Aeration of the tunnels decreased grey mould intensity and this positive effect was enhanced when the aeration treatment was applied in combination with lower planting density. In conclusion, cultural measures are capable of grey mould suppression in sweet basil and result in reduced susceptibility of the host tissues.     

Inhibition of reproduction of Acanthoscelides obtectus Say (Coleoptera), a kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) bruchid, by aromatic essential oils

Acanthoscelides obtectus Say (Coleoptera, Bruchidae), is a cosmopolitan pest that damages its host plant, the kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in the field and during storage. The use of aromatic essential oils from Labiatae, Umbelliferae and Lauraceae was investigated. In addition to a fumigant toxic effect on adult insects, inhibition of reproduction through ovicidal and larvicidal effects was also observed. These actions might be combined to improve the management of this bruchid: essential oils of Rosmarinus officinalis, Thymus vulgaris, T. serpyllum, Ocimum basilicum and Cinnamomum verum were very effective and completely controlled the biological development of this insect.     

Evaluation of five essential oils as bio-fungicides on the control of Pilidiella granati rot in pomegranate

With recent public attention focused on chemical residues in food, the managing of plant disease organisms without the use of conventional chemical fungicides or bactericides can sometimes be a challenge. The main aim of this study was the evaluation of the antifungal activity of the essential oils of Ocimum basilicum, Origanum vulgare, Rosmarinus officinalis, Rosmarinus officinalis ‘Prostrates’, Salvia officinalis and their major constituents (carvacrol, thymol, linalool, eucalyptol) against the fungus Pilidiella granati. The results showed that the essential oil vapour of O. basilicum, S. officinalis, R. officinalis, Rosmarinus officinalis ‘Prostrates’, O. vulgare had fungicidal activities against the mycelial growth and conidia germination of P. granati, the pathogen causing postharvest fruit rots in pomegranate. However, in vivo experiments, only the essential oils of O. vulgare and O. basilicum controlled this fungus effectively with the essential oil of O. vulgare to being more effective at the same rates. Analysis showed a high number of compounds in each essential oil, with carvacrol, eucalyptol, linalool and thymol predominating. Thymol and carvacrol primarily and linalool secondary showed antifungicidal activity against P. granati. These results represent an important step towards the goal using essential oils from O. basilicum, S. officinalis, R. officinalis, R. officinalis ‘Prostrates”, O. vulgare and their constituents carvacrol and thymol to control of the pathogen P. granati of pomegranate.     

Creams Formulated with Ocimum gratissimum L. and Lantana camara L. Crude Extracts and Fractions as Mosquito Repellents Against Aedes aegypti L. (Diptera: Culicidae)

Mosquitoes are the most deadly vectors of parasites that cause diseases such as malaria, yellow fever, and filariasis. In view of the recent increased interest in developing plant origin insecticides as an alternative to chemical insecticides, the objective of this study was to determine the repellent activity of creams formulated with methanol crude extract (MCE), hexane fraction (HF), and ethyl acetate fractions (EAFs) of Ocimum gratissimum and Lantana camara leaves in single and combined actions against female Aedes aegypti. Evaluation was carried out in the net cages (30 by 30 by 30 cm) containing 60 blood-starved female mosquitoes each and were assayed in the laboratory condition following World Health Organization 2009 protocol. All formulations (single and mixture) were applied at 2, 4, 6, and 8 mg/cm² in the exposed area of human hands. Only acetone + white soft paraffin served as negative control and odomos (12% DEET) as positive control. All the formulations presented good protection against mosquito bites without any allergic reaction by the human volunteers. The repellent activity was dependent on the strength of the extracts and fractions. Among the tested formulations, the maximum protection time was observed in MCE (120 min) and EAF (150 min) of O. gratissimum; MCE:MCE (150 min) and HF:HF (120 min) mixtures of both plants. In addition, MCE:MCE and HF:HF mixtures from both plants showed possible synergistic effect. From the results, the combination of O. gratissimum and L. camara to formulate natural mosquito repellent using small amount of extracts can be encouraging to be an alternative to conventional DEET.