城市污泥与树皮、秸秆、醋糠混合堆肥研究

将城市污泥与树皮、秸秆、醋糠堆肥,当污泥与富碳材料的混合体C/N<15时,在堆肥过程中存在氮素损失,混合体的C/N在15~37.1之间,全氮含量高于堆肥初期;树皮、秸秆和醋糠对污泥中的重金属有稀释作用,当污泥中镉含量高达64.253 mg/kg时加入3倍的树皮,堆制后可使镉浓度降到国家污泥农用安全标准限值内,实现污泥的无害化处理;各堆肥处理均能顺利升温并在50℃~55℃维持5 d以上,可杀灭致病菌,达到卫生化要求。     

印度的生物堆肥

中心的农业资源管理计划下，在印度 Ａｌｍｏｒａ地方成功地示范了一种既简单又经济的生物堆肥技术。这一技术既缓解了对传统庭院农家肥的依赖，也减轻了妇女从牛舍将农家肥运往很远的田间的工作量。 根据印度 Ａｌｍｏｒａ地方所获得的经验，可以按下列步骤制作生物堆肥： （１）在地下挖大小合适的坑（坑应与取水点有足够的距离）； （２）将等量剁碎的杂草与牛粪、浸泡的废纸片及过筛细土混合并放入坑中； （３）将水倒入坑里使堆肥原料稍湿（该原料不能太湿或太干）； （４）用聚乙烯薄膜遮盖堆肥坑以促进分解，并使堆肥原本料免遭雨淋…     

陆地CO2库存保护的适宜措施:东南亚森林经理趋势

澳大利亚温室办公室为从项目规模与全国范围内森林总碳计算设计了全CAM模型,它将经验碳追踪模型CAIVIFor、树木生长模型(3PG)、枯枝落叶层分解(GENDEC)和土壤碳周转(ROthC)联系起来。我们由385项有关桉、松林下树叶、树皮及木材枯枝落叶层分解的研究整理资料校正与确     

信息窗

△超自然有机肥.英国生产一种全有机混合肥,它用有机物改良土壤,而且能保持长期有机养料平衡.这种“超自然”混合肥从家畜厩肥中提取在35℃的温度下腐熟20天,以杀死各种有害微生物,然后排掉液体,将剩下的干纤维和泥炭、松树皮片混合,这样就成了具有丰富有机质的土壤疏松剂.它无味、清洁、施用方便,是一种各种养料平衡的有机肥,含有氮素、钾盐、磷酸盐和各种微量元素.“超自然”混合肥适用于蔬菜、水果、花卉、树木等大部分植物.并能和各种土壤混合,同时生产过程中排出的液体也是一种化肥,提取后贮藏1_8个月后可使用.(据1990.3.30《农民日报》)     

城市污泥和园林废弃物混合堆肥对桑树种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

【目的】研究不同施用量及不同配比的城市污泥和园林废弃物混合堆肥对桑树种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响,探究有利于桑树生长的施用量及配比的混合堆肥最佳组合,为城市污泥和园林废弃物的合理利用提供科学依据。【方法】配制不同施用量(CK、T1、T2、T3、T4,即混合堆肥与土壤体积比为0∶1、1∶3、1∶1、3∶1、1∶0)及4种不同配比(W01、W13、W11、W10,即城市污泥和园林废弃物体积比分别为0∶1、1∶3、1∶1、1∶0)的城市污泥和园林废弃物混合堆肥产品,通过盆栽试验,观察其对桑树种子萌发、幼苗不同时期株高及地上、地下生物量积累的影响。【结果】4种不同配比混合施肥的全部处理均对桑树种子萌发产生抑制作用,在施肥量相同情况下,W10配比对种子萌发抑制作用最强烈;在各配比中,T4处理对桑树种子萌发抑制程度最高;在桑树幼苗生长前期(30～60天),各配比幼苗堆肥产品随施肥量增加均显著抑制桑树幼苗生长,抑制作用随试验时间延长而减弱,在试验后期(120天),一些配比处理转为促进桑树混合生长,幼苗株高最大值出现在W11配比T2处理;除W10配比T4处理外,其余全部处理均不同程度提高桑树地上、地下生物量积累。【结论】城市污泥和园林废弃物混合堆肥产品会对桑树种子萌发产生抑制作用,并显著抑制桑树幼苗前期生长,但随时间延长会促进桑树幼苗生长和生物量积累,其中以W11配比T1处理(施用25%的污泥和园林废弃物体积比1∶1混合堆肥)效果最佳。     

柠条生物炭及其在退化土壤修复中的应用

以柠条为原料开展生物炭生产和应用试验,探索柠条资源的新型利用途径。在缺氧和500℃的热解条件下,柠条生物炭的灰分元素含量高达14%,比表面积较大,为265m2/g,全N含量高达2.4%;FT-IR分析得到,柠条生物炭呈无定形的乱层结构,表面含有丰富的羧基、羰基官能团。把该生物炭以500kg/667m2的用量施于退化严重的半干旱地区土壤中,并同施用牛粪、牛粪+柠条生物炭和不施肥开展对比试验得到(按等量碳量施用),施用柠条生物炭1.5a后,退化林地土壤毛管持水量、田间持水量比对照分别提高10.7%和11.5%,土壤有机C、全氮、土壤的速效K含量显著提高,而土壤容重显著下降。施用纯牛粪,对上述测定性状的改良效果要明显好于按等量碳施用的牛粪,但施用牛粪对土壤的有效P的改善效果要显著好于施用单一柠条生物炭。而牛粪+柠条生物炭混合施用有利于土壤有机质、全N、速效K和有效P的保存。     

果树施肥十注意

1注意施肥后灌水时间要根据肥料特性而定 施肥后灌水时间的早晚对肥效的影响很大。施肥后有及时灌水和延迟灌水之分。及时灌水的肥料有氨态氮肥和农家肥（人粪尿、骡马粪、猪粪、饼肥等）。氨水和碳酸氢铵是速效氮肥,极易挥发,因此,氨水和碳酸氢铵必须沟施覆土并及时浇水。硫酸铵和氯化铵易被作物吸收,施用后灌水使肥料与土壤密接,能尽快发挥肥效。农家肥含有大量的微生物,这些微生物必须在充足水分的条件下繁殖、分解有机质而释放大量的养分。因此,施用农家肥后也要及时浇水。而施用尿素却要延迟灌水。因尿素中酰胺态氮不能被果树利用,须在尿酶的作用下转化为碳酸氢铵后才能被吸收,如果浇水过早,酰胺态氮易随水流失而浪费。所以,施尿素后应延迟5—7d浇水。     

掺土和施肥对铁尾矿基质理化性质及油松、樟子松幼苗生长的影响

【目的】砂寻求最合理的铁尾矿基质改良措施,为铁尾矿土壤改良与植被恢复提供理论依据。【方法】通过铁尾矿砂与无机肥、有机肥和土壤的不同配比处理的盆栽试验,研究不同改良方法对尾矿基质理化性质及油松和樟子松幼苗生长的影响。【结果】随无机肥施肥比例增加,铁尾矿土壤密度、田间持水量、毛管持水量、饱和持水量和总孔隙度与100%尾矿砂处理均无明显差异;随着有机肥施用量增加,田间持水量、毛管持水量、饱和持水量及总孔隙度均明显增大,土壤密度呈下降趋势,其中10%猪粪施肥配比与100%尾矿砂处理差异显著(P ＜0.05);随着掺土量增加,铁尾矿土壤密度逐渐降低,而田间持水量、毛管持水量、饱和持水量逐渐升高,掺土比例达到75%时,除了田间持水量,其他指标均与100%尾矿砂处理差异达到显著水平(P ＜0.05),电导率和土壤阳离子交换量、全氮全磷全钾养分含量、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量均随施肥与掺土比例的增加而显著增大;10%猪粪施肥配比处理的全氮、全磷含量最大,分别是100%尾矿砂处理的6.38和3.33倍,碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量分别是100%尾矿砂处理的5.78,12.5和4.32倍;随掺土比例增大,尾矿中全磷含量减小,而掺土后全钾含量显著增高;掺土比例达到25%时,速效养分含量开始明显提升,客土处理达到最大值(78.41,44.43和58.67 mg·kg －1);施5%比例的有机肥和添加无机肥 NH4NO31.76 g、KH2 PO40.88 g的混合处理的速效养分含量与单纯施5%比例猪粪的单因子处理差异不明显;掺土比例25%和添加无机肥 NH4NO31.76g、KH2PO40.88 g混合处理的速效养分含量也和掺土比例25%的单因子处理无显著差异;掺土和施加无机肥会促进油松和樟子松幼苗的生长,施有机肥则会抑制它们的生长,相同处理情况下,油松较樟子松出苗率高、生长情况好。【结论】有机肥对铁尾矿基质的理化性质、全效养分含量和速效养分含量都有显著的改善作用,掺土处理对提高碱解氮、速效钾含量作用明显,但有机肥与无机肥、掺土与无机肥的混合配比对提升速效养分的效果不明显。不同处理对油松和樟子松的生长也会有不同程度的影响,表现为掺土和施加无机肥促进2树种生长,施加有机肥抑制2树种生长;在相同的处理情况下,油松比樟子松的生长要好,更适合作为铁尾矿废弃地修复树种。     

第二代杉木中幼林生态系统碳动态与平衡

对杉木林生物量和净生产力、碳含量进行了动态观测,对杉木林生态系统碳收支平衡公式进行了探讨与推算.结果表明杉木不同器官中碳含量排列顺序为树皮＞树叶＞树干＞树根＞球果＞树枝;不同年龄枝、叶碳含量以多年生枝、叶较高,11年生的杉木各器官碳含量略高于10年生的;同一林分中各层次的碳含量高低顺序为乔木层＞灌木层＞草本层;死地被物层碳含量为43.40%,土壤各层次的碳含量随着土壤层次加深而减少;7年生至11年生的杉木林生态系统的碳库总量为106.01～144.22 t*hm-2,其中植被层为15.37～35.09 t*hm-2,凋落物层为0.31～2.58 t*hm-2,土壤层为88.06～107.73 t*hm-2;10年生至11年生杉木林植被层CO2同化年净增量为19.05～18.08 t*hm-2,凋落物层为1.12～4.22 t*hm-2;随着林龄的增长,系统CO2的平衡值由负值变为正值,杉木林生态系统10年生以前主要向大气释放CO2,10年生后则吸收固定CO2,这时才具有CO2汇的功能.     

核桃青皮堆肥快速腐熟试验研究

以核桃青皮为原料进行堆肥腐熟试验,研究接种微生物发酵菌剂对核桃青皮堆肥腐熟速度的影响,并分析堆肥过程中的温度、pH值和含水率的变化.结果表明,加入微生物发酵菌剂有利于延长有机物高温分解时间,缩短堆肥发酵时间.     

Effects of compost additive in sphagnum peat growing medium on Norway spruce container seedlings

Sphagnum peat has been the most commonly used growing medium in containers in tree nurseries worldwide for its good growing properties. As a result of increasing costs and environmental incentives, seedling-growers are seeking more local growing medium components such as composts. Composts are, however, diverse products with varying chemical, physical, and hygienic properties and therefore require thorough testing before real-world use. In this study, a commonly used compost (raw materials: sewage sludge, biowaste, peat, wood chips) was tested for feasibility as a component (0–30 vol.%) of a sphagnum peat container medium for growing Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) container seedlings in a forest-tree nursery. In proportions of up to 30% in peat, the compost additive used was shown to be a feasible material for seedling growing in forest nurseries. On average, the seedlings grew best in pure peat, but the compost additions to peat showed no marked reduction in seedling growth in greenhouses, nor were there any effect on seedling growth in the first summer after outplanting. However, a slightly elevated risk of seed non-germination and of seedling mortality was observed when the growing media contained compost in proportions of 20% or more. The compost additive in peat also changed the bulk density, structure, and chemical properties of the medium during nursery growing. The results suggest that seedling watering and fertilisation should be adjusted for each growing medium mix separately to achieve correct water, oxygen, and nutrient availability in containers during nursery growing.     

Comparison of manure compost and mineral fertilizer for hybrid poplar plantation establishment on boreal heavy clay soils

• Introduction   

Clay soils are typically rich in nutrients but are often compact and hard during summer increasing planting shock by limiting root development. Recycling farm manure in hybrid poplar plantations may offer additional benefits to mineral fertilizer as organic amendment can create better conditions for the early development of roots in addition to nutrient release.     

施用污泥堆肥对旱荷花生长和土壤环境的影响

以金华市某污水处理厂污泥为研究对象,研究污泥堆肥对旱荷花生长及土壤环境影响。结果表明,污泥土地利用提高了土壤中N、P及有机质含量,土壤理化性质有明显改善,但同时也增加了土壤中Cd元素的含量,不同处理土壤Cd含量比对照增加了12．95％．154．48％,土壤Pb、Cu、Zn含量变化甚微;长期施用该污泥堆肥,不会造成Pb、Cu、Zn对园林植物的毒害。且污泥堆肥不同处理的效果不同,污泥堆肥70%＋园土20％＋炉渣10％的处理4,旱荷花的开花时间提前,花期延长,开花量增加,施用效果最好。     

Ectomycorrhiza formation and growth of Picea abies seedlings inoculated with alginate-bead fungal inoculum in peat and bark compost substrates

Sphagnum peat (peat), spruce bark compost (compost), peat +perlite (1 : 1, v : v) and compost + perlite (1 : 1, v : v)substrates were inoculated with vegetative alginate-bead inoculumof Hebeloma crustuliniforme, Hygrophorus agathosmus or Paxillusinvolutus or left uninoculated prior to the addition of Norwayspruce seed. Growth and percentage of mycorrhization of barerootseedlings cultivated in a greenhouse were evaluated after thefirst growing season. Seedlings grown in peat-based substrateshad significantly larger aboveground and total dry weight, butsignificantly lower mycorrhization percentage than those grownin compost-based substrates. There were no significant differencesbetween fungal treatments (including control) for both the percentageof mycorrhization and growth of seedlings. The artificiallyintroduced fungi were not efficient in mycorrhizal formation– naturally occurring fungi were common in all treatments.However, a significant interaction between substrate and fungustreatments in root dry weight was detected. Hebeloma-inoculatedseedlings grown in peat showed the highest value of root dryweight. This fact indicates other possible effects of the fungion root growth independent of mycorrhization. Growth parameterswere negatively correlated with the extent of mycorrhization,indicating allocation of host photosynthates to the fungi. Tothe best of our knowledge, operational inoculation of Norwayspruce seedlings with the test fungi has not been reported previously.     

木炭和磷矿石改良堆肥作为玉簪栽培基质研究

为了减少我国花卉无土栽培领域对泥炭资源的依赖,提高园林废弃物的资源化再利用率,以园林废弃物堆肥基质为原材料,木炭和磷矿石为堆肥基质改良剂,选取9种不同混合比例的木炭和磷矿石,添加于园林废弃物堆肥基质中,探讨木炭和磷矿石作为堆肥基质改良剂的协同增效作用以及改良后的堆肥基质作为玉簪栽培基质的可行性。通过对不同处理的堆肥基质理化性质、养分含量和发芽试验,以及对玉簪生物量、叶片光合色素含量和其他生长指标的测定与分析,得出木炭和磷矿石改良园林废弃物堆肥基质的效果显著,最优处理为添加10%木炭和25%磷矿石的园林废弃物堆肥基质。其中,与未添加改良剂的堆肥基质相比,最优处理的堆肥基质容重、pH、电导率分别从0.581g/cm~3、7.64、0.70 mS/cm降低至0.321g/cm~3、6.21、0.38mS/cm,总孔隙度、饱和含水量、阳离子交换量分别从55.32%、56.45%、65.83cmol/kg升高至86.54%、83.95%、131.98cmol/kg,氮、磷、钾含量分别从1.11%、0.03%、0.21%升高至3.02%、0.42%、0.84%;同时,最优处理的堆肥基质栽培下的玉簪总鲜重、总干重、总叶绿素含量分别从349g、76g、7.62 mg/g升高至620g、208g、13.73mg/g。由此可知,木炭和磷矿石作为堆肥基质改良剂不仅可以调节堆肥基质理化性质,增加其养分含量,还可以提高花卉品质和产量。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.