Detection of inborn errors of metabolism: galactosemia

Radioautography of cultured, human, galactosemic and nongalactosemic cells shows that, in the presence of 0.05M D-galactono-gamma-lactone, the former incorporate much less galactose in acid-insoluble form than the latter. Presumably the lactone inhibits incorporation of the labeled galactose into pathways which do not require galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase activity. Definite differences between the galactosemic and nongalactosemic condition can be demonstrated with as few as 100 to 1000 cells. This approach may be useful in facilitating prenatal detection of several kinds of inborn errors of metabolism.     

Amino acid acylation: a mechanism of nitrogen excretion in inborn errors of urea synthesis

Treatment of a patient deficient in carbamyl phosphate synthetase with benzoate or phenylacetic acid resulted in an increase in urinary nitrogen, which could be accounted for by the respective amino acid acylation product, hippurate or phenylacetylgultamine. Benzoate treatment of four hyperammonemic comatose patients led to clinical improvement and a return of plasma ammonium levels toward normal.     

A haptoglobin-hemoglobin receptor conveys innate immunity to Trypanosoma brucei in humans

The protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei is lysed by apolipoprotein L-I, a component of human high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles that are also characterized by the presence of haptoglobin-related protein. We report that this process is mediated by a parasite glycoprotein receptor, which binds the haptoglobin-hemoglobin complex with high affinity for the uptake and incorporation of heme into intracellular hemoproteins. In mice, this receptor was required for optimal parasite growth and the resistance of parasites to the oxidative burst by host macrophages. In humans, the trypanosome receptor also recognized the complex between hemoglobin and haptoglobin-related protein, which explains its ability to capture trypanolytic HDLs. Thus, in humans the presence of haptoglobin-related protein has diverted the function of the trypanosome haptoglobin-hemoglobin receptor to elicit innate host immunity against the parasite.     

Chronic Parkinsonism in humans due to a product of meperidine-analog synthesis

Four persons developed marked parkinsonism after using an illicit drug intravenously. Analysis of the substance injected by two of these patients revealed primarily 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) with trace amounts of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-4-propionoxy-piperidine (MPPP). On the basis of the striking parkinsonian features observed in our patients, and additional pathological data from one previously reported case, it is proposed that this chemical selectively damages cells in the substantia nigra.     

佛波酯对人外周血CD4+T细胞产生IL-17的影响

观察不同浓度佛波酯(Phorbol myristate acetate,PMA)及不同刺激时间对慢性乙型肝炎患者外周血CD4+T细胞产生IL-17的影响.实验运用流式细胞仪检测不同浓度的PMA及不同刺激时间作用于人CD4+T细胞后其产生IL-17的差异.不同的PMA浓度对CD4+T细胞产生IL-17的能力不同,其中PMA 50 ng/mL组可产生较多的IL-17,而25 ng/mL组和100 ng/mL组产生量较少.不同的刺激时间对IL-17产生量也有显著影响:刺激3 h后IL-17的产生量增加不明显,而刺激至6 h及12 h时,IL-17的产生明显上升,且6 h与12 h无明显差异.运用流式细胞仪检测发现,CD4+T细胞IL-17的产生量与PMA既非浓度依赖又非时闭依赖关系,建议50 ng/mL PMA刺激6 h为淋巴细胞最佳活化方案.     

广西巴马小型猪白细胞介素17基因的克隆及其序列分析

用ConA刺激巴马小型猪的外周血淋巴细胞,22 h后提取总RNA,用RT-PCR方法成功扩增出巴马小型猪白细胞介素17（IL-17）基因,将其克隆到pMD18-T载体上,进行序列分析.结果表明,克隆的IL-17的基因序列与GenBank上登录的猪IL-17基因序列同源性为99.4 %.     

牛白细胞介素-17真核表达载体的构建及在牛乳腺上皮细胞中的表达

【目的】在体外分离培养牛乳腺上皮原代细胞,并构建牛白细胞介素-17(bIL-17)基因真核表达质粒,观察重组质粒在牛乳腺上皮细胞的表达.【方法】提取牛脾脏细胞总RNA,通过RT-PCR扩增bIL-17,将bIL-17连入pMD19-T进行测序,测序成功后将bIL-17插入含有增强型绿色荧光蛋白报告基因的真核表达质粒pEGFP-N3上,构建真核表达质粒pEGFP-N3-bIL-17.用脂质体法将pEGFP-N3-bIL-17质粒转染于牛乳腺上皮细胞,荧光显微镜观察绿色荧光蛋白在细胞中的表达,RT-PCR检测bIL-17基因在细胞内的转录,定量ELISA检测bIL-17蛋白在细胞内的表达情况.【结果和结论】成功构建具有绿色荧光和新霉素抗性的双选择标记的牛白细胞介素-17真核表达载体,并可在牛乳腺上皮细胞成功表达.     

Enzyme replacement in Fabry's disease, an inborn error of metabolism

Two patients with Fabry's disease were infused with normal plasma to provide active enzyme (ceramide trihexosidase) for hydrolysis of the plasma substrate, galactosylgalactosylglucosylceramide. Maximum ceramide trihexosidase activity occurred 6 hours after infusion of the plasma, attaining a level approximately 150 percent of that in normal plasma; enzymatic activity was detectable for 7 days. The amount of accumulated substrate in the plasma of these recipients decreased about 50 percent on day 10 after infusion. Thus, periodic replacement of ceramide trihexosidase activity in the plasma of patients with Fabry's disease might lead to consistently lower amounts of substrate in the plasma and a decrease in its rate of accumulation in tissues.     

IGFBP-3、caspase-3在小鼠白念珠菌阴道炎模型黏膜组织中的表达

目的研究胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白3（IGFBP-3）、半胱氨酸蛋白酶-3（caspase-3）在ICR小鼠白念珠菌阴道炎模型中阴道黏膜局部的表达及其临床意义。方法构建ICR小鼠白念珠菌阴道炎模型,运用荧光实时定量PCR及免疫组化检测感染组与正常组中IGFBP-3、caspase-3表达的差异。结果构建ICR小鼠白念珠菌阴道炎模型成功,感染组阴道组织中见大量念珠菌丝及炎症细胞浸润;IGFBP-3c、aspase-3在感染组中较正常组高表达（P〈0.01）且两者表达呈正相关（rs=0.683,P〈0.01）。结论IGFBP-3、caspase-3在感染组中高表达可能与念珠菌下调阴道黏膜免疫并致病有关。     

Pyogenic bacterial infections in humans with IRAK-4 deficiency

Members of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) and interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1R) superfamily share an intracytoplasmic Toll-IL-1 receptor (TIR) domain, which mediates recruitment of the interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK) complex via TIR-containing adapter molecules. We describe three unrelated children with inherited IRAK-4 deficiency. Their blood and fibroblast cells did not activate nuclear factor kappaB and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and failed to induce downstream cytokines in response to any of the known ligands of TIR-bearing receptors. The otherwise healthy children developed infections caused by pyogenic bacteria. These findings suggest that, in humans, the TIR-IRAK signaling pathway is crucial for protective immunity against specific bacteria but is redundant against most other microorganisms.     

Pyogenic bacterial infections in humans with MyD88 deficiency

MyD88 is a key downstream adapter for most Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and interleukin-1 receptors (IL-1Rs). MyD88 deficiency in mice leads to susceptibility to a broad range of pathogens in experimental settings of infection. We describe a distinct situation in a natural setting of human infection. Nine children with autosomal recessive MyD88 deficiency suffered from life-threatening, often recurrent pyogenic bacterial infections, including invasive pneumococcal disease. However, these patients were otherwise healthy, with normal resistance to other microbes. Their clinical status improved with age, but not due to any cellular leakiness in MyD88 deficiency. The MyD88-dependent TLRs and IL-1Rs are therefore essential for protective immunity to a small number of pyogenic bacteria, but redundant for host defense to most natural infections.     

清温并用法对慢加急性肝衰竭大鼠结肠组织调节性T淋巴细胞/辅助性T淋巴细胞17细胞因子的影响

目的 研究清温并用法对慢加急性肝衰竭（acute-on-chronic liver failure,ACLF）大鼠结肠组织Treg/Th17相关型细胞因子表达的影响,探讨其抗ACLF肠源性内毒素血症（intestinal endotoxemia,IETM）的可能调控机制。方法 140只SD大鼠随机分为正常组、模型组、清法组、温法组及清温并用法组。牛血清白蛋白致敏法建立免疫性肝纤维化大鼠模型,腹腔注射D-氨基半乳糖+脂多糖急性攻击建立ACLF大鼠模型,各组予以相应干预,观察24 h内各组大鼠外周血内毒素、外周血Treg/Th17细胞比值、结肠组织Treg/Th17型细胞因子变化。结果 与正常组比较,模型组大鼠在各时间点内毒素明显升高（P<0.01）、Treg/Th17型细胞因子明显升高（P<0.01）、Treg/Th17比值明显降低（P<0.01）;与模型组比较,清法、温法、清温并用法组在1、12、24 h各个时间点内毒素、Treg/Th17相关细胞因子表达均降低（P<0.05）,以清温并用法组下降最显著（分别与清法组、温法组比较,P<0.05）;各组与模型组比较,仅清温并用法组Treg/Th17比值明显升高（P<0.05）。结论 清温并用法抗肝衰竭IETM的机制可能与调节结肠组织Treg/Th17型细胞因子失衡,促使Treg/Th17细胞恢复平衡有关。     

Cell-mediated tumor allograft immunity: in vitro transfer with RNA

Specific inhibition of migration of spleen cells from C57B1/6J mice, which had rejected A/J sarcoma-1 tumors, occurred in the presence of A/J lymph mode antigens. The migration inhibitory effect was transferable to normal C57B1/6J spleen cells by RNA extracted from lymph nodes and spleens of immunized animals.     

面筋蛋白的胃蛋白酶酶解物对大鼠免疫功能的影响

选用 5 0只SD大鼠 ,分为试验组和对照组 ,每组 2 5只 ,试验组用经氯化钠缓冲液洗涤法制备的面筋蛋白的胃蛋白酶酶解物灌喂 ,对照组灌喂未经酶解的面筋蛋白 ,连续灌喂 2 1d。实验结果显示 :与对照组相比较 ,大鼠胸腺和脾脏相对重量分别上升了 2 0 % (P <0 0 1)和 2 9% (P <0 0 1) ;腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬活性上升了 12 % (P >0 0 5 ) ;淋巴细胞转化实验中刺激指数 (SI)提高了 33 0 % (P <0 0 5 ) ;血清NDV (新城疫病毒 )抗体血凝抑制效价 (HI)上升了 38 5 % (P<0 0 1) ;肠腔sIgA水平提高了 2 8 6 % (P <0 0 5 ) ;血清IL 2水平上升了 38 4 % (P <0 0 1) ;血清瘦素、胰岛素、T3 和T4水平均无显著变化。实验结果提示 :灌喂面筋蛋白胃蛋白酶酶解物能够增强机体免疫功能 ,并且这种免疫增强作用与细胞因子的调理有较为密切的联系。     

中毒性表皮坏死松解症患者皮疹疱液和血清中 sIL-2R、IL-1 α的检测与意义

目的 :探讨T淋巴细胞在中毒性表皮坏死松解症 (TEN)早期角质形成细胞坏死中的作用。方法 :采用ELISA方法检测 9例TEN、5例Ⅱ度烧伤患者疱液和血清中可溶性IL 2受体 (sIL 2R)、IL 1α水平。结果 :TEN患者疱液中sIL 2R水平显著高于烧伤患者 (P <0 .0 0 1)及TEN患者血清 (P <0 .0 0 1) ,而烧伤患者疱液中IL 1α水平显著高于TEN患者(P <0 .0 5 )及烧伤患者血清 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论 :TEN患者疱液中高水平sIL 2R可能与局部免疫介导的细胞毒反应下调有关 ,进一步支持活化的T淋巴细胞在TEN早期水疱形成中的作用     

中晚期肺癌患者T淋巴细胞亚群和红细胞免疫功能检测及临床意义

目的：分析35例中晚期肺癌患者T淋巴细胞亚群和红细胞免疫功能的变化及探讨其与病情的关系。方法：对35例肺癌患者及37名正常人同时采用流式细胞术检测T淋巴细胞亚群和采用受体粘附法检测红细胞免疫功能。结果：本组中晚期肺癌患者总T细胞(CD3^ )、辅助／诱导T淋巴细胞(CD4^ )和肿瘤红细胞花环(DTER)、红细胞C3b受体花环(RBC—C3bRR)显著低于正常对照组(P＜0．05，P＜0．01)，红细胞免疫复合物花环(RBC—ICR)显著高于正常对照组(P＜0.01)。结论：中晚期肺癌患者T淋巴细胞亚群及红细胞免疫功能低下，因此临床上对肺癌患者作上述两种免疫功能的观察对肿瘤的治疗和预后有一定的监测作用。     

Recent advances in plant immunity with cell death: A review

Cell death is an important physiological phenomenon in life. It can be programmed or unprogrammed. Unprogrammed cell death is usually induced by abiotic or biotic stress. Recent studies have shown that many proteins regulate both cell death and immunity in plants. Here, we provide a review on the advances in plant immunity with cell death, especially the molecular regulation and underlying mechanisms of those proteins involved in both cell death and plant immunity. In addition, we discuss potential approaches toward improving plant immunity without compromising plant growth.     

免疫诱导剂处理的黑李叶片蛋白质组学分析

以黑李品种黑宝石李为试材,用免疫诱导剂保康灵1号处理黑李叶片,测定叶片生理生化指标,并进行蛋白质组学分析。结果表明,保康灵1号处理后黑李叶片明显变大,叶面积增加,叶片变厚,叶绿素含量和多酚氧化酶活性增加。叶片横切面显示,诱导剂处理后叶片内栅栏组织、海绵组织和下表皮明显增厚。说明诱导剂处理后黑李叶片内栅栏组织和海绵组织增厚可能是致叶片变厚和叶绿素含量增加的原因。蛋白质组学分析结果表明,共筛选出157个差异蛋白,其中上调蛋白75个(上调1.5倍且P<0.05),下调蛋白82个(下调1.5倍且P<0.05)。GO分类和代谢途径分析结果发现差异上调蛋白主要分布在叶绿体、叶绿体膜和叶绿体基质中,而差异下调蛋白主要分布在叶绿体基质、叶绿体被膜和光系统Ⅰ,共同参与光合作用。综上所述,免疫诱导剂保康灵1号可能通过调节黑李叶片光合作用相关蛋白表达,促进叶片生长发育。     

The structure of interleukin-2 complexed with its alpha receptor

Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is an immunoregulatory cytokine that binds sequentially to the alpha (IL-2Ralpha), beta (IL-2Rbeta), and common gamma chain (gammac) receptor subunits. Here we present the 2.8 angstrom crystal structure of a complex between human IL-2 and IL-2Ralpha, which interact in a docking mode distinct from that of other cytokine receptor complexes. IL-2Ralpha is composed of strand-swapped "sushi-like" domains, unlike the classical cytokine receptor fold. As a result of this domain swap, IL-2Ralpha uses a composite surface to dock into a groove on IL-2 that also serves as a binding site for antagonist drugs. With this complex, we now have representative structures for each class of hematopoietic cytokine receptor-docking modules.