蜡梅CpEXP1基因启动子的克隆及活性分析

【目的】细胞扩展蛋白(EXP)作为植物细胞壁的重要组成部分,参与种子萌发、营养器官发育、果实成熟、器官脱落、植物抗逆等植物生长发育过程中的多个环节。通过研究蜡梅细胞扩展蛋白基因CpEXP1启动子活性功能,为研究CpEXP1基因在蜡梅生长发育过程中的功能提供理论依据。【方法】以蜡梅‘磬口素心’为材料,通过hi-TAIL PCR法从蜡梅基因组DNA中克隆CpEXP1基因上游调控序列,利用生物信息学软件,分析CpEXP1基因启动子序列中潜在的顺式调控元件。构建该基因与GUS报告基因融合的植物表达载体,利用农杆菌介导的叶盘法在烟草叶片中进行启动子活性的瞬时表达研究,并进一步利用花序侵染法在拟南芥中进行稳定表达,利用GUS组织化学染色和GUS报告基因的实时荧光定量PCR检测,分析CpEXP1基因启动子的活性。【结果】获得了长度为2 485 bp的蜡梅细胞扩展蛋白基因CpEXP1上游调控序列(GenBank Accession:MG452931),序列分析表明该启动子中除含有核心元件TATA-box和CAAT-box外,还包含多个与植物非生物胁迫及组织特异表达相关的顺式作用元件。在烟草中的瞬时表达分析表明该启动子具备驱动报告基因GUS表达的功能。进一步对转基因拟南芥植株的GUS组织化学染色和GUS基因表达分析结果显示,CpEXP1基因启动子在转基因拟南芥种子萌发初期活性较强,在子叶以及幼苗真叶中未检测到GUS活性;在花和根中活性较弱;在成熟叶片中可以检测到GUS活性,特别是在衰老叶片叶柄脱落区表达强烈。此外,该启动子在幼果中具有较强活性,随后启动活性逐渐下降,成熟果荚中仅在果柄脱落处能够检测到GUS活性。同时,转基因拟南芥植株中的CpEXP1基因启动子活性受高温(42℃)、低温(4℃)和水杨酸(SA)诱导,特别是对低温胁迫响应强烈,在4℃低温处理后,转基因拟南芥叶片中GUS基因的表达量是处理前的的8.7倍。【结论】CpEXP1基因启动子在转基因拟南芥不同发育阶段、不同器官中的活性具有明显差异,推测该启动子可能在种子发芽、叶片脱落以及果实脱落中发挥作用,同时CpEXP1基因启动子活性可被不同非生物胁迫诱导,可能参与植物抵御非生物胁迫的调控途径。     

杨树皮储藏蛋白基因启动子的克隆和功能研究

杨树树皮储藏蛋白BSP是类似种子储藏蛋白的氮素储藏物 ,冬季在韧皮部薄壁细胞中大量积累 ,是落叶树氮代谢中的重要成分。为了研究BSP基因启动子在转基因植物中的表达特性 ,探索其在植物基因工程研究中潜在的应用价值 ,我们用PCR方法从美洲黑杨基因组中DNA扩增得到了BSA启动子片段。与GUS基因融合构建中间载体后 ,转化烟草 ,获得了一批PCR检测为阳性的转化再生植株。经GUS组织化学检测 ,发现若干转基因烟草的茎和叶柄韧皮部以及叶脉都呈GUS染色阳性 ,初步证明杨树BSP基因启动子确有韧皮部表达特性 ,可介导GUS基因在转基因烟草韧皮部特异表达。     

杨树维管组织特异启动子的克隆与启动活性分析

启动子在基因表达调控中起关键性作用,它在很大程度上决定所控基因表达的时间、空间和强度。依据拟南芥ATH1芯片分析杨树维管形成时期特异表达基因的结果,选取了差异表达基因NST3,通过BLAST比对在杨树EST数据库(PopulusDB)中找到同源性较高的基因NAC068。以毛白杨为材料,在其基因组中克隆得到该基因5'侧翼区901 bp长的片段,命名为pProNAC068,将该片段置换pBI121载体中的CaMV35S启动子,并在84K杨中检测报告基因GUS的表达情况。经过GUS活性检测分析发现:该启动子可以控制外源基因在次生维管组织中特异表达,从而为基因工程中有目的的控制外源基因在维管组织中的表达奠定基础。     

青杄转录因子PwERF8及其启动子序列的克隆与分析

【目的】AP2/ERF是植物的转录因子家族之一,广泛参与生物胁迫和非生物胁迫过程。从青杄中克隆ERF类转录因子PwERF8及其启动子序列,研究PwERF8基因的表达特性、启动子序列功能,并进一步分析其对非生物胁迫的响应模式,为深入了解青杄的耐逆调控机制提供理论基础。【方法】通过RACE-PCR技术获得青杄PwERF8编码区全长序列。通过染色体步移技术克隆PwERF8启动子序列。通过PlantCARE在线软件和BDGP在线软件预测启动子序列上的顺式作用元件、基础启动子和转录起始位点,构建pBI121-PwERF8 promoter∷GUS启动子表达载体,采用农杆菌注射法瞬时转化烟草叶片来验证启动子的功能。构建PGBKT7-PwERF8载体,转化AH109酵母菌株验证其转录激活活性。构建35S∷PwERF8-GFP融合表达载体,通过PEG介导瞬时转化拟南芥原生质体进行基因表达的亚细胞定位分析,应用RT-qPCR技术分析该基因的组织特异性和在非生物胁迫下的时空表达特征。【结果】PwERF8基因的编码区全长序列共1 191 bp,开放阅读框共765 bp,开放阅读框翻译成255个氨基酸。在肽链的N端具有1个保守的由58个氨基酸组成的AP2结构域,在C端含有1个EAR转录抑制基序(DLNLPP)。组织特异性表达分析表明,PwERF8在茎、根、针叶、花粉、种子中均有表达,但在花粉中,PwERF8的表达量最高,其次为种子,在茎中的表达量最少。酵母单杂交试验表明,PwERF8蛋白不具有转录激活活性。亚细胞定位分析发现PwERF8蛋白主要定位于细胞核。将启动子序列进行在线分析显示PwERF8含有GA、ABA、JA和SA等激素的顺式作用元件。进一步在烟草中瞬时过表达PwERF8启动子并用GUS染色显示,PwERF8启动子能响应GA、ABA、MeJA和SA等外源激素的处理。GA、ABA、MeJA和SA分别处理青杄幼苗3、6、12 h后,PwERF8的表达量均显著高于对照,干旱、4℃和42℃处理均能诱导PwERF8表达,但盐胁迫不能诱导其表达。【结论】青杄转录因子PwERF8参与了GA、ABA、JA和SA激素的信号通路,广泛响应干旱、温度逆境等非生物胁迫,且可能作为一个转录抑制子在细胞核中发挥功能。     

杨树类锌指基因ZFL的功能分析

以毛果杨叶片cDNA为模板,采用PCR技术分离出杨树ZFL基因,序列分析结果表明该基因序列开放读码框315 bp,共编码104个氨基酸,推导的蛋白质分子量为11.202 kDa,理论等电点9.83,命名为PtrZFL.对ZFL基因进行实时荧光定量PCR表达分析,结果表明:甘露醇、NaCl、H202、ABA、低温胁迫都能诱导PtrZFL基因的表达,且PtrZFL表达量在ABA处理3h时达到最高,然后随处理时间延长而逐渐降低;低温(4℃)胁迫在6h后能显著诱导PtrZFL基因表达,并随着低温处理能一直保持较高水平的表达.根据毛果杨基因组信息设计引物,获得了PtrZFL基因上游1000bp的启动子序列,序列分析结果表明该启动子包含有多个与胁迫相关的元件,如抗冻、缺水、抗寒、脱落酸响应元件ABRE、MYB和WRKY.GUS活性检测发现,该启动子在转基因拟南芥整株中都有表达,但在根部和成熟叶片中表达较强,其他位置表达微弱.     

毛竹漆酶基因启动子序列分析及基因表达模式

漆酶在细胞壁形成、逆境胁迫、花青素形成和酚类物质催化等过程中均发挥着重要作用，其基因表达受到多种外界因素的影响。为揭示竹子中漆酶基因的表达模式，以毛竹（Phyllostachys edulis）为对象，利用生物信息学手段分析了其中42个漆酶基因（PeLACs）启动子序列，利用已有的转录组数据分析了其中PeLACs的表达模式，克隆漆酶基因PeLAC20的启动子序列PeLACp，并构建了瞬时表达载体，在拟南芥（Arabidopsis thaliana）中瞬时表达。结果表明，在42个PeLACs启动子序列中包含多种与激素以及非生物胁迫相关的顺式作用元件，在GA₃处理以及低温和干旱胁迫下各基因表现为不同的表达模式，表明它们参与激素和非生物胁迫的应答，而且功能存在着一定的差异。PeLACs在毛竹不同生长阶段根和笋中的表达模式也证明了各基因功能的差异性。克隆的PeLACp序列为2 000 bp，利用GUS染色法检测启动子PeLACp的活性显示，PeLACp主要在转基因拟南芥的根中表达。研究结果为进一步揭示毛竹漆酶基因的生物学功能提供了参考依据。     

核桃JreIF1A基因启动子的鉴定及表达活性分析

真核生物翻译起始因子(eIF1)对逆境响应具有一定正响应;启动子能有效预测基因功能。以本研究鉴定获得核桃eIF1A基因(即JreIF1A)为其上游启动子,通过生物信息学、瞬时转化及GUS活性测定等不同技术,分析JreIF1A启动子的基本生物功能。结果显示,JreIF1A上游1 200bp启动子序列中包含众多与逆境响应相关的元件,病害响应相关的BIHD1OS、热胁迫响应相关的CCAATBOX1、Dof转录因子识别的DOFCOREZM、WRKY识别的WRKY71OS等。将JreIF1A启动子瞬时转入烟草测定GUS酶活性,发现JreIF1A启动子具有表达活性,且受干旱、盐、寒、热等胁迫诱导。表明JreIF1A启动子具有逆境响应表达活性,可能调控JreIF1A基因参与多重逆境响应。     

APETALA1基因启动子的克隆与功能分析

为了分析AP1的表达调控模式,本研究克隆了拟南芥花异常株系AFDL的AP1启动子,启动子元件预测结果表明:AP1启动子中含有3个结合MADS调控因子的CArG box(从5'依次编号为CArG1、CArG2、CArG3),通过删减AP1启动子长度以及改变CArGbox数量构建了5个GUS表达载体并转化野生型拟南芥.测序结果显示:AFDL的AP1启动子在核苷酸序列上与野生型拟南芥完全一致,这表明AP1在AFDL中的表达显著降低并不是启动子序列突变引起的;转基因植株的GUS表达模式说明了CArG1在花发育早期及后期激活基因的表达,CArG2在整个后期都对基因的表达有抑制作用,而CArG3在花发育初期就能抑制基因的表达,并且在中后期仍然保持了对下游基因的抑制作用,CArG box1、2、3对AP1的表达有显著但非决定性的影响.此外,还推测在AP1启动子0～-3 579 bp范围之外存在影响AP1在第4轮花器官表达的调控元件,-3 579 bp至-1 752 bp区域可促进AP1的表达,而AP1启动子-1759 bp至-1359 bp区域除CArG2外的其它元件对调节其表达无明显作用.     

梨S_(12)-RNase基因启动子植物表达载体的构建及转基因研究

为了检测S12-RNase启动子的表达特性,以pBI101.2为基础,构建了砂梨S12-RNase基因启动子5’端系列缺失植物表达载体PS12-(0～5)-GUS-pBll01.2,并通过农杆菌介导的Floral Dip法转化哥伦比亚野生型拟南芥。卡那霉素和PCR鉴定表明:GUS基因已整合到转基因植株的基因组中,为下一步进行启动子功能的鉴定奠定了基础。     

不同长度ThVHAc1基因启动子片段分离及活性分析

[目的]VHAc基因(V-ATPase c亚基)是V-ATPase的重要亚基,能响应盐、重金属等胁迫,过表达刚毛柽柳ThVHAc1基因的酵母能提高抗CdCl_2耐NaCl能力。本研究拟通过分离ThVHAc1基因不同长度启动子片段并对其胁迫后活性进行分析,以进一步探讨ThVHAc1基因响应CdCl_2和NaCl胁迫的机制。[方法]根据ThVHAc1基因启动子中含有的Dof顺式作用元件的分布,将ThVHAc1基因上游启动子分为205 bp(-1—-205),504 bp(-1—-504)和781 bp(-1—-781)3个不同长度片段。将这些不同长度启动子片段分别替换p CAMBIA1301载体上的CaMV35S启动子,以驱动GUS基因表达,构建植物表达载体,利用农杆菌介导法转化拟南芥。对4周龄的T4代转基因拟南芥分别进行H_2O(非胁迫处理,对照)、100 mmol·L~(-1)NaCl和150μmol·L~(-1)CdCl_2胁迫处理,比较不同转基因株系的GUS染色和GUS酶活性。[结果]正常生长条件下,CaMV35S株系在根、茎、叶中均有GUS染色;3个启动子片段转基因株系均能在不同组织观察到GUS染色,且在根、茎、叶中有一定差异,但整体上GUS酶活性表现为781504205。NaCl胁迫下,CaMV35S株系的GUS染色及酶活性与正常生长条件相比无明显变化,但3个启动子片段转基因株系的GUS染色及酶活性均显著降低,且781株系的GUS酶活性分别为205和504株系的2.73和2.07倍;同时,3个启动子片段转基因株系的组织表达特性发生了一些改变,如,504株系在老叶中表达明显增强,嫩叶中减弱,根中无明显变化。CdCl_2胁迫下各转基因株系的GUS染色和酶活性变化趋势与NaCl胁迫相似。CdCl_2胁迫下,205,504,781株系的GUS酶活性分别为非胁迫时的52.4%,57.9%和80.9%;胁迫后的组织表达活性也发生了一些改变,205株系的GUS染色在老叶较深、嫩叶较浅,504株系则在各部分的表达较均匀,781株系大多叶片的GUS表达减弱;但781株系的GUS酶活性仍然最高,分别为205和504株系的2.67和2.07倍。[结论]ThVHAc1基因启动子片段的驱动活性与长度呈正相关;各不同片段启动子在根、茎、叶中的GUS染色及活性具有一定差异,体现在不同启动子片段的表达活性具有一定的组织特异性。NaCl和CdCl_2胁迫对ThVHAc1基因启动子的驱动能力具有一定影响,胁迫后各启动子片段转基因株系GUS酶活性均显著降低,但长片段受胁迫的影响程度低于短片段。Dof元件的数量在3个启动子片段中依次减少,表明Dof元件可能对NaCl和CdCl_2胁迫有一定的调节作用。同时,NaCl和CdCl_2胁迫对ThVHAc1基因启动子的组织表达特性具有一定的影响。     

GH3::GUS reflects cell-specific developmental patterns and stress-induced changes in wood anatomy in the poplar stem

GH3 genes related to the auxin-inducible Glycine max (L.) Merr. GmGH3 gene encode enzymes that conjugate amino acids to auxin. To investigate the role of GH3 enzymes in stress responses and normal wood development, Populus x canescens (Ait.) was transformed with the promoter-reporter construct GH3::GUS containing a GH3 promoter and the 5' UTR from soybean. beta-Glucuronidase (GUS) activity was present in the vascular tissues of leaves and in developing lateral roots and was inducible in silent tissues by external auxin application. A decrease in GUS activity from the stem apex to the bottom corresponded to decreases in auxin concentrations in these tissues. High auxin concentration and high GH3::GUS activity were present in the pith tissue, which may provide storage for auxin compounds. GH3 reporter was active in ray cells, paratracheal parenchyma cells, maturing vessels and in cells surrounding maturing phloem fibers but not in the cambium and immature phloem, despite high auxin concentrations in the latter tissues. However, the GH3 promoter in these tissues became active when the plants were exposed to abiotic stresses, like bending or salinity, causing changes in wood anatomy. We suggest that adjustment of the internal auxin balance in wood in response to environmental cues involves GH3 auxin conjugate synthases.     

Transient gene expression in western white pine using agroinfiltration

A method for transient gene expression was developed for western white pine(WWP, Pinus monticola Dougl. ex D.Don) using reporter gene uid A encoding bglucuronidase(GUS). GUS was transiently expressed in cross sections of primary and secondary needles, cotyledons, and current and second year stems of WWP via vacuum-infiltration with Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Histochemical assays of cross sections of secondary needles showed stronger blue color indicating GUS expression at day 1 and 2 than on other days post agroinfiltration(dpa).GUS activity expressed inside WWP cells was confirmed using light microscopy. In fluorometric assays, GUS expression was high at 1 dpa and lasted until 4 dpa in detached secondary needles, while similarly high expression levels only lasted until 2 dpa in attached secondary needles then dropped significantly. Although the length of GUS-staining zones varied among different WWP organs and between growth and dormant seasons, all tested WWP tissues using the protocol had high levels of transient GUS expression. Thus, heterologous candidate genes or endogenous silencing can be expressed in various WWP tissues or organs using this agroinfiltration approach. The current protocol for efficient transient gene expression willaid functional genomics study of WWP and its pathogens and related conifer species.     

微弹介导的火炬松遗传转化

本文建立了一个微弹介导的火炬松遗传转化系统。这个系统解决了火炬松遗传转化过程中存在的许多困难。运载抗虫基因的质粒载体经微弹转化法进入火炬松成熟合子胚,然后在添加了卡那霉素的培养基上从转化的成熟胚上诱导出有器官发生潜力的愈伤组织,再从转化的愈伤组织上产生转基因植株。利用这一系统生产的转基因植株已经被随机扩增技术、Southern杂交技术和虫试验所证实,并且转化的植株已在土壤中成活。图3表2参28。     

Transgenic sterility in Populus: expression properties of the poplar PTLF, Agrobacterium NOS and two minimal 35S promoters in vegetative tissues

Transgenic sterility is a desirable trait for containment of many kinds of transgenes and exotic species. Genetically engineered floral sterility can be imparted by expression of a cytotoxin under the control of a predominantly floral-tissue-specific promoter. However, many otherwise desirable floral promoters impart substantial non-floral expression, which can impair plant health or make it impossible to regenerate transgenic plants. We are therefore developing a floral sterility system that is capable of attenuating undesired background vegetative expression. As a first step towards this goal, we compared the vegetative expression properties of the promoter of the poplar (Populus trichocarpa Torr. & Gray) homolog of the floral homeotic gene LEAFY (PTLF), which could be used to impart male and female flower sterility, to that of three candidate attenuator-gene promoters: the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S basal promoter, the CaMV 35S basal promoter fused to the TMV omega element and the nopaline synthase (NOS) promoter. The promoters were evaluated via promoter::GUS gene fusions in a transgenic poplar hybrid (Populus tremula L. x P. alba L.) by both histochemical and fluorometric GUS assays. In leaves, the NOS promoter conveyed the highest activity and had a mean expression level 5-fold higher than PTLF, whereas the CaMV 35S basal promoter fused to the omega element and the CaMV 35S basal promoter alone directed mean expression levels that were 0.5x and 0.35x that of PTLF, respectively. Differential expression in shoots, leaves, stems and roots was observed only for the NOS and PTLF promoters. Strongest expression was observed in roots for the NOS promoter, whereas the PTLF promoter directed highest expression in shoots. The NOS promoter appears best suited to counteract vegetative expression of a cytotoxin driven by the PTLF promoter where 1:1 toxin:attenuator expression is required.     

Cloning and expression analysis of the FvNCED3 gene and its promoter from ash(Fraxinus velutina)

The 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase(NCED)gene is rate-limiting in abscisic acid(ABA) biosynthesis.In this study, an NCED gene, designated FvNCED3(KY008746), was cloned from velvet ash(Fraxinus velutina Torr.) with a RACE method. The full length c DNA of FvNCED3 encodes a 573-amino acid polypeptide.Sequencing analysis showed that the FvNCED3 protein was highly homologous to other NCED proteins. The expression patterns of FvNCED3 in different ash organs were analyzed by real-time PCR which revealed that FvNCED3 expression levels were highest in leaves and lowest in roots. The gene expression patterns of FvNCED3 under abiotic stress indicated that its expression increased under drought, salt and ABA stress and decreased due to high and low temperatures. There were no obvious changes under ultraviolet light. The 1094-bp upstream sequence 5' flank regulation region of the FvNCED3 gene was also cloned from ash using the Genome Walking method. To assess the activity of the FvNCED3 promoter, a p FvNCED3 p::GUS plant expression vector was constructed for tobacco transformation. GUS expression of the FvNCED3 GUS enzyme activity was detected in almost all transgenic tobacco tissues, especially in the young leaves,stigma, anther, ovule and ovary. After treating the transgenic tobacco with NaCl and placing it under drought stress, GUS staining of tobacco leaves increased compared with that under normal growth conditions. This result indicates that gene expression driven by the FvNCED3 promoter can be induced by salt and drought stress.     

Expression of a carrot 36 kD antifreeze protein gene improves cold stress tolerance in transgenic tobacco

Antifreeze proteins （AFPs） enable organisms to survive under cold conditions, and have great potential in improving cold tolerance of cold-sensitive plants, In order to determine whether expression of the carrot 36 kD antifreeze protein gene confers improved cold-resistant properties to plant tissues, we tried to obtain transgenic tobacco plants which expressed the antifreeze protein. Cold, salt, and drought induced promoter Prd29A was cloned using PCR from Arabidopsis. Two plant expression vectors based on pBI121 were constructed with CaMV35S：AFP and Prd29A：AFP. Tobacco plantlets were transformed by Agrobacterium-medicated transformation. PCR and Southern blotting demonstrated that the carrot 36 kD afp gene was successfully integrated into the genomes of transformed plantlets. The expression of the afp gene in transgenic plants led to improved tolerance to cold stress. However, the use of the strong constitutive 35S cauliflower mosaic virus （CaMV） promoter to drive expression of afp also resulted in growth retardation under normal growing conditions. In contrast, the expression of afp driven by the stress-inducible Prd29A promoter from Arabidopsis gave rise to minimal effects on plant growth while providing an increased tolerance to cold stress condition （2℃）. The results demonstrated the prospect of using Prd29A-AFP transgenic plants in cold-stressed conditions that will in turn benefit agriculture.