奶牛急性乳房炎病原菌的分离与鉴定

[目的]为了掌握奶牛急性乳房炎致病菌的种类.[方法]通过采集病牛乳汁样品3份,分别对其病原茵进行分离与鉴定.检测[结果]表明:检出4种共13株细菌,其中致病性金黄色葡萄球菌6株;停乳链球菌5株;大肠埃希茵1株,乳房链球茵1株.[结论]该场奶牛的急性乳房炎是由致病性金黄色葡萄球菌、停乳链球菌、乳房链球菌和大肠杆菌共同引起...     

牛源性停乳链球菌最佳培养基的筛选及影响因素研究

为了提高奶牛乳房炎多联苗的免疫效果,对停乳链球菌进行了最佳培养基的筛选及生长过程中影响因素的研究。结果表明,停乳链球菌在改良肉汤中生长缓慢,不适宜其生长,但在优化培养基和THB培养基中长势良好,尤其是在优化培养基中,停乳链球菌生长延迟期大大缩短,培养4 h即进入对数生长期,约12 h达到生长高峰期,生长周期比改良肉汤缩短近约50%,比THB缩短约2 h,且生长高峰期的细菌数量比THB和改良肉汤亦明显提高。培养过程中影响因素试验结果表明,溶氧量对停乳链球菌生长无影响;在优化培养基中,葡萄糖较适宜的浓度为10 g/L;在对数生长期内补加NaOH调节pH值,能明显提高细菌的产量,并能延长其对数生长期。     

奶牛乳房炎病原菌的分离鉴定及药敏试验

针对郑州某一奶牛小区进行调查,从40个乳样中分离到14种共67个菌株,其中无乳链球茵15株,占22．39％,停乳链球菌14株,占20．90％；葡萄球菌14株,占20．90％；大肠杆菌7株,占10．45％。药敏试验结果表明,环丙沙星、头孢唑啉等药物有良好的抑菌效果,而病原菌对青霉素、链霉素已有很大药性。     

抑制奶牛乳腺炎主要致病菌的中药复方筛选及其抗炎效果研究

为筛选和研究可有效抑制奶牛乳腺炎主要致病菌的中药复方及其抗炎效果,本文通过对黄连、黄柏、赤芍、苦参、连翘等5味中药进行正交试验设计组方,采用平板打孔法、试管二倍稀释法分别研究了各单味中药及其复方对金黄色葡萄球菌、停乳链球菌、无乳链球菌和大肠杆菌的体外抑菌效果,同时研究了筛选出的中药复方的不同剂型对二甲苯致小鼠耳肿胀的急性炎症和棉球致肉芽肿的慢性炎症的抑制效果。结果表明,4株菌对5味中药的敏感性强弱依次为无乳链球菌、停乳链球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌;中药方3和方7对4种菌的体外抑菌活性较强,且以方3的搽剂及膏剂对急、慢性炎症具有良好的抑制效果。本研究结果为研制防治临床奶牛乳腺炎的药物提供了试验依据。     

急性临床型奶牛乳房炎病原菌的分离鉴定与药敏试验

本文对一起群发性急性临床型奶牛乳房炎进行了病原分离鉴定、致病性及药敏试验,结果表明该乳房炎是由金黄色葡萄球菌、停乳链球菌和铜绿假单胞菌混合感染引起,其中金黄色葡萄球菌和铜绿假单胞菌对小鼠表现出较强的致病性,三株菌对兽医临床常用抗生素均表现出较强的耐药性。     

Mycoplasma infection as disposing factor to Streptococcus dysgalactiae mastitis

The authors studied a synergistic effect of an arginine hydrolising, but glucose negative mycoplasma strain (9293/3/2/1) and Streptococcus (Str.) dysgalactiae. Both agents, as mono-infections, caused only slight mastitis, but if the udder had been previously infected with mycoplasma, Str. dysgalactiae provoked very severe mastitis.     

多重PCR检测奶牛乳腺炎金黄色葡萄球菌、无乳链球菌、停乳链球菌和酵母菌方法的建立与应用

参照GenBank发表的序列，在金黄色葡萄球菌、无乳链球菌和停乳链球菌16SrRNA与23SrRNA之间的区域设计了3对引物，参照念珠菌和隐球菌的18SrRNA的序列设计1对引物，建立了检测金黄色葡萄球菌、无乳链球菌、停乳链球菌和酵母真菌4种乳腺炎主要致病菌的多重PCR方法。参照Skladny的方法制备模拟了细菌感染l临床标本。结果表明：本试验建立的多重PCR方法具有较好的特异性，多重PCR方法检测乳样中的金黄色葡萄球菌的细菌最小浓度为10^4CFU／mL，检测无乳链球菌、停乳链球菌和酵母真菌的细菌最小浓度分别为10^4CFU／mL、10^3CFU／mL和10^3CFU／mL。通过对采自临床型乳腺炎（46个）和隐性乳腺炎（167个）动物共计213个乳样分别用传统细菌学培养法和多重PCR方法进行检测，多重PCR对金黄色葡萄球菌和酵母真菌的检测具有更高的检出率（P〈0．01），但该方法对无乳链球菌和停乳链球菌的检出率与培养法差异不显著（P〉0．05）。     

Duration of bovine intramammary infections in commercial dairy herds

Data on the infection status of cows on seven commercial dairy farms were collected over 492 full lactations. Foremilk samples were taken at an average interval of five weeks. A total of 249 streptococcal and 433 staphylococcal infections were diagnosed. Spontaneous elimination occurred in 49 per cent of all streptococcal infections and in 54 per cent of Staphylococcus aureus infections. The average duration of spontaneously eliminated infections was 10.8 weeks for Streptococcus agalactiae, 9.9 weeks for Strep dysgalactiae, 10.4 weeks for Strep uberis and 12.8 weeks for Staph aureus. The average duration of infections persisting until drying off was 19.3 weeks for Strep agalactiae, 18.7 weeks for Strep dysgalactiae, 18.5 weeks for Strep uberis and 25.2 weeks for Staph aureus. The method and rate of elimination of infection as found in this analysis are of value for estimating new infection rates and selecting quarters for dry cow therapy.     

A SURVEY OF CLINICAL MASTITIS IN SOUTH-EAST QUEENSLAND DAIRY HERDS

SUMMARY A survey of clinical mastitis in 26 South-East Queensland dairy herds supplying more than 300,000 litres of milk annually, revealed a quarter incidence of 2.6% with a cow incidence of 9% over a 3-month period. Secretion samples from cows yielded Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Streptococcus uberis, coliforms, Pseudomonas spp and other bacteria in 38.5%, 12.5%, 6.6%, 3.4%, 2.6%. 0.6% and 2.0% of cases respectively. Samples from 38% of the cases were culturally negative while at least 38% of the clinical quarters had shown a previous clinical episode of mastitis. There was a significant association (P < 0.025) between herd and the likelihood of a negative culture result on samples from clinical cases. Twenty-one percent of cases occurred in the first month of lactation and 10.3% in the first week. There was a significant association (P < 0.005) between the age of cow and the stage of lactation in which clinical cases occurred in that cows in the 2 to 5 year age group were more likely to suffer attacks in the earlier part of lactation. There was a highly significant relationship (P < 0.005) between cow age group and the proportion of affected quarters and it was calculated that the change with each year of age was a 55% increase over the previous year. Forty-five percent of the isolates of S. aureus were resistant to penicillin.     

The demonstration and characterization of deoxyribonucleases of streptococci group A, B, C, G and L.

Streptococcus pyogenes, S. agalactiae, S. dysgalactiae, S. equi, S. equisimilis, S. zooepidemicus, Streptococcus group G and L were found to produce deoxyribonucleases (DNases) which were demonstrated using the Toluidine Blue DNA Agar (TDA) described for staphylococcal DNases. The activity of streptococcal DNases increased in the presence of Mg⁺⁺ and Ca⁺⁺ ions, the pH optimum was about 7.5 and native DNA was the best enzyme substrate. It is consequently recommended to modify the TDA according to these results for the demonstration of streptococcal DNases. All streptococcal DNases, except the DNase of S. zooepidemicus, were found to be heat-stable. Isoelectric focusing was a convenient technique for separation of streptococcal DNases and for estimation of the pI values of the DNases. S. agalactiae and S. dysgalactiae generally exhibited distinct species specific patterns in the isoelectric focusing experiments. The DNases produced by S. pyogenes were serologically related to the DNases of S. dysgalactiae and Streptococcus group G. A similar relationship was demonstrated between the DNases produced by S. equisimilis and Streptococcus group L.     

临床型乳房炎病原菌的分离鉴定及药敏试验

本研究无菌采集唐山市某奶牛场临床型乳房炎病牛的奶样30份,对奶样进行了病原菌的分离培养、生化鉴定及药敏试验。从30份奶样中共分离到8种156株细菌,其中金黄色葡萄球菌58株(37.2%)、大肠杆菌17株(10.9%)、表皮葡萄球菌10株(6.4%)、无乳链球菌38株(24.4%)、乳房链球菌15株(9.6%)、停乳链球菌16株(10.3%)、克雷伯氏菌1株(0.6%)、变形杆菌1株(0.6%)。结果表明,葡萄球菌、链球菌为主要病原菌,其次是大肠杆菌,占总菌数的98.7%(154/156);药敏试验结果表明,主要致病菌对中药组方1(M、G)(蒲公英、连翘、瓜蒌、通草、川芎、土贝母、芙蓉叶、金银花、王不留行、当归)、中药组方2(G)(黄芪、党参、当归、通草、川芎、白术、木通、甘草、王不留行、路路通)、中药复方黄连乳腺炎注射液(M)、新霉素呈高度敏感。     

Effects of dry cow intramammary therapy on quarter infections in the dry period

Quarter milk samples were taken from 150 cows from three dairy farms in south-east Queensland at drying off, two, four and six weeks after drying off, at calving, and one, two and three weeks after calving. In each of the herds, the cows were randomly allocated to three groups of approximately equal size. One group had all the quarters of all the cows treated at drying off with a dry cow antibiotic infusion containing cloxacillin; the second group was given no treatment, and the third group had selected quarters treated on the basis of their high activity of N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase at drying off. Dry cow treatment resulted in a marked reduction in the number of infected quarters at two and four weeks after drying off, so that the comprehensively treated group had significantly less infected quarters at these times (P<0.02). Twelve dinical cases of mastitis were detected two weeks after drying off in the untreated groups, 10 in the untreated quarters of the selectively treated groups, and no cases in the comprehensively treated groups. These cases were due mainly to Streptococcus uberis and Streptococcus dysgalactiae. The number of infected untreated quarters increased markedly between drying off and two weeks later, but in all three groups there was a marked decrease in the number of infected quarters between six weeks after drying off and calving, suggesting that the mammary glands were more able to overcome infections at this time.     

宁夏部分地区奶牛乳腺炎病原菌的分离鉴定

从宁夏9个县(区)的16个规模化牛场采集327份患乳腺炎奶牛乳样,通过分离培养和生化试验,检出含细菌乳样226份,乳样细菌检出率69.11%(226/327);鉴定出奶牛乳腺炎病原菌5大类9种260株,确认宁夏部分地区奶牛乳腺炎主要病原菌为凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌、停乳链球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌和酵母菌。乳腺炎的发生以单一病原感染为主,占84.96%(192/226);混合感染较少,占15.04%(34/226)。     

奶牛乳腺炎病原菌的分离鉴定及耐药性分析

2 0 0 2～ 2 0 0 3年采集上海地区 32个规模化奶牛场 433份奶样 ,共分离 2 54株细菌。其中包括金黄色葡萄球菌 48/2 54 (1 8 9% )、表皮葡萄球菌 34/2 54 (1 3 4% )、大肠杆菌 2 8/2 54 (1 1 0 % )、肺炎 /溶血巴氏杆菌 1 1 /2 54 (4 3 % )、无乳链球菌 2 5/2 54 (9 8% )、停乳链球菌 1 6/2 54(6 3 % )、乳房链球菌 1 5/2 54 (5 9% )及酵母菌 8/2 54 (5 9% )。表明葡萄球菌性乳腺炎仍占主导地位。药敏试验结果表明 ,分离菌株对临床常用的多种抗菌药物都产生了耐药性 ,耐药菌株的出现和抗生素的残留给乳腺炎的防治及食品安全带来了隐患     

The reproductive history of cows slaughtered in north-west Nigeria,as indicated by examination of their ovaries

Summary Both ovaries were collected from each of43 cows slaughtered during October, November and December in one town in north-western Nigeria. Macroscopic examination of serial sections of these organs showed that63 per cent of the cows from which they were taken had been undergoing active oestrous cycles at the time of slaughter. Eighty-four per cent of the group had had at least one calf, the mean calving rate lying between three and four calves per cow. The highest number of calves to one cow was seven. No correlation was found between horn rings and numbers of calvings. It is suggested that the examination of ovaries from slaughtered cattle is a valuable means of obtaining objective information on the herds of nomadic and other non-record keeping cattle owners in the developing countries.

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Résumé Les deux ovaires de quarante trois vaches abattues au cours des mois octobre, novembre et de décembre dans un abattoir d'une ville du Nigeria du Nord ont été collectées. L'examen macroscopique de sections en séries de ces organes a montré que chez 63 p. 100 de vaches en question en état de pré-oestrus au moment de leur abattage. 90 p. 100 de ces vaches avaient eu au moins un veau et que la moyenne des vêlages se situait en général entre 3 et 4 veaux par vache. Le nombre de plus élevé de veaux constaté chez une seule vache, a été de 7 produits. Aucune corrélation n'a pu être mise en êvidence entre le nombre d'anneaux des cornes et celui des vêlages. Il est suggéré que l'examen des ovaires du bétail d'abattoir peut constituer en moyen valable pour obtenir une information objective sur la reproduction dans les troupeaux de nomades ainsi que chez les propriétaires d'animaux qui ne conservent aucune archive sur la reproduction de leur bétail dans les contrées en voie de développement.

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Sumario Se colectaron ambos ovarios de 43 vacas sacrificadas durante Octubre, Noviembre y Diciembre en un pueblo al noreste de Nigeria. El exámen macroscópico de secciones seriadas de estos órganos mostraron que el 63 por ciento de las vacas sacrificadas habían estado menstruando activamente. El ochenta y cuatro por ciento del grupo había tenido como mínimo un ternero, la rata media de crías era entre tres y cuatro terneros por vaca. El número más alto de crías en una vaca fueron siete. No se encontró relación alguna entre los anillos de los cuernos y el número de crías. Se sugiere que el exámen de los ovarios de vacas sacrificadas, es un medio valioso para obtener información objectiva de las manadas nómadas y bovinos sin registro de países en evolución.

     

连翘酯苷在体外与体内的抑菌效果研究

本文提取制备了连翘酯苷,并对其进行了体内和体外的抑菌试验。试验结果表明,连翘酯苷在体外和体内对引发奶牛乳房炎的主要致病菌金黄色葡萄球菌、停乳链球菌、无乳链球菌均有较好的抑制作用。     

Traumatic Temporal Lobe Syndrome in the Dog with Atypical Encephalitis

Abstract—The clinical, electrophysiological and histological findings in a young dog showing unusual neurological symptoms are reported. EEG recordings showed slow wave activity predominantly over the right side of the brain, while in the left fore and hind limbs constant myoclonic twitches were observed. Exploratory craniotomy disclosed no gross anomaly, but surface electrodes revealed the slow wave activity to be localized in the right temporal region. Histologic examination showed that there was a severe traumatic lesion on the right temporal lobe, accompanied by neuronal degeneration. Bacteria were found throughout the CNS and on culture were identified as Streptococcus faecalis. Résuxné—Les découvertes cliniques, électrophysiologiques et histologiques chez un jenue chien indiquant des symptǒmes neurologiques peu usuels y sont décrites. Des enregistrements EEG ont indiqué une lente activité d'onde surtout manifeste du cǒté droit du cerveau tan& que des mouve-ments convulsifs myocliniques constants se sont vérifiés sur les membres avant et arrière gauches. Une étude craniotomique n'a révélé aucune anomalie générale, mais des électrodes en surface ont indiqué que l'activité lente d'onde était localisée dans la région temporale droite. L'examen histo-logique a révélé qu'il y avait une léion traumatique sévère sur le lobe temporal de droite, accom-pagnée d'une dégénération de cellules nerveuses. L'existence de bactéries a été vérifiée à travers la CNS et mises en culture elks ont été identifiées comme étant Streptococcus faecalir. Zusammedassung—Die klinischen, elektrophysiologischen und histologischen Beobachtungen en einem jungen Hunde mit ungewöhnlichen neurologischen Symptomen werden berichtet. EEG Aufzeichnungen zeigten langsame Wellenaktivität, in der Hauptsache über der rechten Gehirnseite, während im linken Vorder- und Hinterbein konstante myoklonische Zuckungen beobachtet wurden. Diagnostische Craniotomie ergab keine wesentliche Anomalie, aber Oberflächen-elektroden zeigten an, dass die langsame Wellenaktivität in der rechten Temporalgegend lokalisiert war. Histologkche Untersuchung ergab eine schwere traumatische Veränderung des rechten Lobus temporalis mit Neuron Degeneration. Bakterien wurden im ganzen Zentralnervensystem gefunden. Deren Kultur ergab Streptococcus faecalis.     

Occurrence of clinical and sub-clinical mastitis in dairy herds in the West Littoral Region in Uruguay

Twenty-nine dairy farms were selected to determine the incidence of clinical mastitis, prevalence of sub-clinical mastitis and bacterial aetiology in the West Littoral Region of Uruguay. In samples taken by the owner and frozen at -20 degrees C during a week the incidence rate of clinical mastitis was determined as 1.2 cases per 100 cow-months at risk. Staphylococcus aureus was the most common isolated pathogen in 37.5% of 40 milk samples from clinical cases obtained in 1 month. No bacteria grew in the 32.5% of the total samples. A sub-sample including 1077 dairy cows from randomly selected farms was used to determine the prevalence of sub-clinical mastitis. These samples were taken on one visit to each farm. The prevalence was 52.4% on a cow basis and 26.7% on an udder quarter basis. In 55.1% of the quarters of the selected animals with more than 300,000 cells/ml there was no growth. The isolated pathogens from sub-clinical cases and their relative frequencies were: Staphylococcus aureus 62.8%, Streptococcus agalactiae 11.3%, Enterococcus sp. 8%, coagulase-negative staphylococci 7.4%, Streptococus uberis 6.4%, Streptococcus dysgalactiae 1.8%, Escherichia coli 1.5% and Staphylococcus hyicus coagulase-positive 0.6%.     

Anti-microbial susceptibility of Streptococcus spp. isolated from bovine mastitis in Argentina

The in vitro susceptibility to penicillin G, erythromycin and clindamycin was determined by the disc diffusion test and by E-test for a total of 47 streptococcal strains (three Streptococcus uberis, 36 Streptococcus agalactiae, eight Streptococcus dysgalactiae spp. dysgalactiae) isolated from bovine intramammary infections in Argentina. Moreover, resistance phenotypes of erythromycin-resistant streptococcal isolates was characterized. MIC90 of penicillin G, erythromycin and clindamycin for S. agalactiae were 0.75, 8.0 and 12.0 microg/ml respectively. Resistance to erythromycin and clindamycin was detected in 13 (27.6%) and 12 (25.5%) isolates respectively. No isolate was resistant to penicillin G. Resistance against macrolides, lincosamides and streptogramin B (MLS(B)) represented by the constitutive MLS(B) phenotype was present in 11 (23.4%) erythromycin-resistant isolates and two isolates (4.3%) expressed the M phenotype. The inducible MLS(B) phenotype was not identified. Results suggest that beta-lactams are the first-line antibiotics when treating streptococcal udder infections; however, the continuous monitoring of the antibiotic resistance is essential, as the emergence of resistant strains has become a growing concern on the therapy of bovine mastitis.     

Role of complement S protein (vitronectin) in adherence of Streptococcus dysgalactiae to bovine epithelial cells.

The binding of bovine complement S protein (vitronectin) to Streptococcus dysgalactiae isolates from cattle with mastitis and the S protein's role in streptococcal adherence to bovine epithelial cells were investigated. All 25 clinical isolates of S dysgalactiae interacted with bovine S protein. None of the other streptococcal species tested bound to bovine S protein. The S protein-binding sites were saturable and highly sensitive to trypsin. The binding of bovine S protein to S dysgalactiae isolates was specific and could not be inhibited by other plasma proteins, such as fibronectin, albumin, fibrinogen, alpha 2-macroglobulin, or IgG. Similarly, streptococcal binding of bovine S protein was not influenced by the synthetic peptide Gly-Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser, which constituted the host cell attachment sequence of S protein. In adherence experiments, prior binding of bovine S protein to S dysgalactiae enhanced streptococcal adherence to bovine epithelial cells. The enhancing effects by bovine S protein were abolished when the respective binding sites on the streptococci were digested by trypsin. Thus, bovine S protein could be an important mediator of adherence of S dysgalactiae to bovine epithelial cells.