基于目标规划的马饲料配方研究

中国马业正处在由传统向现代转型的初级阶段,科学的饲料配方对现代马业发展具有重要意义。作者通过对马每日的营养需求和饲料配方模型要素的分析和研究,构建了基于目标规划的马饲料配方模型。该配方模型对马需要的各项营养物质,包括干物质、消化能、粗蛋白质、钙、磷等进行优化,保证马每日对营养物质的数量、质量及其相互比例的需要,同时兼顾饲料成本;作者以速度赛用马和休闲骑乘马两种类型马为例说明基于不同饲养标准的马饲料配方的设计过程,进一步验证了该饲料配方模型的有效性。本研究对马饲料配方模型的研究具有一定的参考价值。     

草业科学在现代马业发展中的研究现状

马是人类社会发展的重要组成部分,人类种草养马历史悠久,但人们对马用饲草的认识和研究还不足,致使现代马业和草业科学发展存在严重脱节现象,影响了两者的可持续发展。因此,结合现代马业发展趋势及其对饲草的利用特点,综述了草地放牧、青干草、青贮及半干青贮饲草等在现代马业发展中的研究与实践现状,并提出了现代马业发展中草业科学存在的问题及建议,以期为保障现代马业的可持续发展提供理论指导,为拓展我国现代草业科学与技术发展空间提供参考。     

Dermatitis in a horse associated with the poultry mite (Dermanyssus gallinae)

This is the first documented case report of dermatitis associated with the poultry mite (Dermanyssus gallinae) in a horse. It occurred in a 16-year-old horse that was in contact with domestic hens. Clinical signs consisted of severe pruritus, with self-induced hair loss mainly on the head. Despite the multiple skin scrapings performed during both day- and nighttime, mites were only isolated from the in-contact poultry and from the horse's environment, and not the horse. The animal was treated using a 2% permethrin solution, sprayed on the entire body once a week for 4 weeks, and by decontamination of the horse's immediate environment. Although eradication of the mites and elimination of further contact between the horse and the poultry were not achievable, recurrence of dermatitis was prevented by regular applications of permethrin on the horse and biannual decontamination of the horse's stable.     

Survey of Feeding Practices, Supplement Use, and Knowledge of Equine Nutrition among a Subpopulation of Horse Owners in New England

Nutrition is a critical component of equine health. Horse owners' knowledge of nutrition is likely to affect their feeding practices. The aim of this study was to survey feeding practices, dietary supplement use, and knowledge about equine nutrition in New England by surveying a subpopulation of horse owners (67/337 or 19.8%) who brought their horses to the Large Animal Hospital at the Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University between July and September 2008. All owners reported feeding hay, with the majority feeding grass or timothy hay. Most owners (96%) reported feeding a concentrate in addition to hay. Approximately 84% of owners reported including at least one dietary supplement in their horse's daily feeding. The most commonly used supplements were chondroprotectives, electrolytes, and multivitamins. Survey questions designed to assess the owner's knowledge of nutrition suggested that many owners may not have a basic understanding of principles of equine nutrition; less than 50% knew the daily water and hay requirements for a horse, and 69% lacked knowledge about the proper use of concentrates in a diet. Most of the surveyed owners consulted multiple sources of information concerning equine nutrition, including veterinarians (n = 36), trainers (n = 27), feed stores (n = 10), and the internet (n = 7). Although the major source of information was the veterinarian, it appears that the communication between horse owners and their veterinarian about optimal feeding practices could be enhanced. This survey demonstrated areas in the veterinarian–client dialog that need to be addressed when evaluating the health and well-being of the horse.     

高寒牧区育肥牛饲料配方筛选试验及效益分析

[目的]高寒牧区肉牛育肥对饲料的要求与其他地区存在着明显的差异,环境因素、气候条件、饲草料现状都是制约肉牛育肥产业发展的瓶颈。因此选择适宜的饲料配方对高寒牧区肉牛育肥产业的发展显得极为重要。[方法]本饲料配方筛选试验通过组间对比选择,筛选出适宜高寒牧区肉牛育肥的试验配方。在实际应用中取得了较好的效果。[结果]表明:筛选出适合本地育肥牛的1号料和3号料,饲喂1号料的A组比饲喂2号料的B组和4号料的D组,头均日增重高84g和142g(P0.01)差异极显著,头均多获利81.80元和147.18元;饲喂3号饲料的C组比饲喂2号料的B组和4号料的D组,头均日增重高64g和122g(P0.01)差异极显著。[结论]头均多获69元和133.84元。     

Protein, energy and dry matter consumption by racing standardbreds: A field survey

A field survey involving 112 Standardbred race horses in 14 stables at a Detroit racetrack was conducted to determine feeding practices of the Standardbred trainers, to estimate crude protein (CP), digestible energy (DE), and dry matter (DM) consumption by racing Standardbreds, and to compare those intakes with 1989 recommendations of the National Research Council (NRC), “Nutrient Requirements of Horses.” Trainers were interviewed regarding: 1) the age and sex of the horses; 2) their feeding practices, and 3) the horse's training and racing schedule. Only adult horses which were actively racing and continuously stabled at the track were included.

Body weights (BW) estimated using a chest girth measurement resulted in an overall mean BW of 449 kg. Body condition scores were established for each horse with an overall mean score of 5.7 which indicated average body condition for a racing Standardbred at this track. Typical rations from each stable were weighed, and feed samples of hays and concentrates were analyzed at a commercial laboratory to determine CP, DM, acid detergent fiber (ADF), and estimated energy density. A computer program calculated CP, DE, and DM values for each horse's ration based on amounts fed. The software program included with the 1989 NRC publication was used to compare estimated nutrient intakes with current NRC recommendations for a horse of a given BW.

All trainers fed a variety of hays and commercial grain mixes, and five trainers fed oats separately. The mean total intake of feed for all horses on an “as fed” basis was 16.1 kg. The estimated mean DM intake for all horses was 14.4 kg vs. NRC recommended 10.6 kg. The mean percentage of rough-age in the ration for all stables was 64% vs. a NRC recommendation of 35%. The mean CP% on a DM basis for all stables' rations was 14.5% vs. the NRC recommendation of 11.4%. The mean daily CP and estimated DE intakes for all horses were 2113 g and 37.6 Meal, respectively, in contrast to current NRC recommendations of 1189 g CP and 29.7 Meal DE. These data indicate that estimated CP, DE, and DM consumption are above the recommendations of NRC in 1989.     

Effect of Feed Segregation on the Commercial Hen and Egg Quality

Mash feed preparation is the widely practiced method of preparing and presenting feed to laying hens in the egg industry due to its economics, flexibility, and simplicity. However, this form of feed presents a wide range of particle sizes that are likely to segregate (i.e., large particles may separate from the small particles during feed delivery through either auger or drag-chain delivery systems). Two predominant segregation patterns were observed, including sieving and side-to-side segregation, during feed delivery. These segregation patterns promoted ingredient selection activities by the hens (mainly larger particles) that modified the nutrients in the feed and influenced the hens’ ability to meet their daily nutrient requirements. This observation was quantified through a systematic study of the relationship of feed nutrients, feed particle size distribution, and hen performance, including BW and egg quality analysis. To minimize the feed segregation effect on hen performance and egg quality, 3 recommendations are proposed to improve feed fabrication and the feed delivery system.     

Podiatry

Palmar heel pain can be divided into 5 groups, depending on the clinical signs and based on the horse's response to diagnostic analgesia. These groups include navicular pain; solar third phalanx, including the insertion of the deep flexor tendon; distal interphalangeal arthrosis, mixed pain (multiple structures), and palmar pain. Depending on the region of pain, different strategies can be used to treat the horse. Primary among these are reestablishing the biomechanics of the hoof and modifying the pain response of the horse.     

Viability of split-thickness skin grafts attached with fibrin glue.

Full-thickness, circular, cutaneous wounds (4 cm diameter) were created on metacarpi and metatarsi of 5 horses. On day 6, all 4 wounds on each horse received a stored autogenous split-thickness sheet graft. Grafts were obtained from the horse's ventrolateral thorax with a pneumatic dermatome at the time the cutaneous wounds were created. Grafts were coapted to the granulation bed of 2 wounds of each horse with fibrin glue. Grafts were coapted to the cutaneous margin of all 4 wounds of each horse with cyanoacrylate glue. Bandages were changed daily until the study ended at 14 d. When the bandages were changed, ointment containing neomycin, polymyxin B, and bacitracin was applied to all wounds. The viable area of graft was measured on post-grafting d 14 and calculated with a micro-processor. Split-thickness sheet-grafts attached to granulation beds on the metacarpi and metatarsi with fibrin glue had no greater survival than did grafts attached without fibrin glue (P > 0.05).     

Effects of dietary protein levels on digestibility of nutrients and growth rate in young female mink (Mustela vison)

This study investigated digestibilities of nutrients and feed efficiency in female mink at the different dietary protein levels during the mink growth period. Effects of dietary protein on growth performance of minks were also measured. Sixty 45‐day‐old healthy female minks were randomly assigned to 6 treatment groups with 10 animals in each group. Animals were fed diets varying in protein levels: 28% (Group I), 30% (Group II), 32% (Group III), 34% (Group IV), 36% (Group V) and 38% (Group VI), respectively. The digestibilities of key nutrients were determined on Day 14 after initiating the experiment and the last 3 days. From the beginning of the study, body weight and feed intake were weighed and recorded every other week in order to calculate the average daily bodyweight gain and the feed efficiency. The trial had demonstrated that nitrogen intake was greatly significantly different, which was affected by dietary protein levels (p < 0.001). Growth performance of minks was impaired when dietary protein level was at 28%. When dietary protein level was at 34%, minks had the best daily gains, feed efficiency, and digestibilities of some key nutrients.     

断奶仔猪饲喂流食与颗粒料对比研究

研究流食与颗粒料不同方式对断奶仔猪增重和采食量,选择杜长大三元杂种28日龄仔猪,随机区组设计,共六个区组,每窝一个区组,每个区组四头猪,分为处理组2头和对照组2头。28日龄体重:试验组7.19±0.027 Kg,对照组7.19±0.031 Kg。处理组和对照组均自由采食,自由饮水,35日龄晨称个体重,结果给予流食比使用颗粒料提高仔猪采食量33g/d(P<0.05)和日增重17.6g/d(P<0.05)。仔猪早期断乳是提高母猪生产力和规模化养猪业中的关键技术之一,现代规模养猪业已把乳猪断奶日龄提至21~28 d。     

现代饲料企业物流管理的网络化研究

随着经济的快速发展,人们生活水平的日益提高,各行各业的需求与被需求都在逐渐扩大,饲料企业作为畜牧业养殖业的供给行业,随着养殖规模的扩大,畜牧业发展势头越发迅猛,饲料缺口也越来越大,对饲料企业自身产品的供给方式、供给手段提出了更高的要求,能否在短时间内保证产品质量的前提下,将更多的饲料产品送往各个养殖机构,决定了饲料企业能否在新形势下将自身企业做强做大,本文在现代新经济模式下,探讨了饲料企业物流管理的网络化可行性研究。     

马性格行为的测试方法及相关候选基因研究进展

以运动型马为需求的马品种改良工作推进了现代马品种的培育与发展。在现代马训练中,驯马师和骑手与马的和谐配合至关重要,是马术精彩表演和取得优异成绩的技术保障。对马性格行为测试方法及候选基因研究进展进行综述,旨在为现代马业蓬勃发展提供借鉴。     

A Comparison of Actual and Suggested Digestible Energy Intakes of Miniature Horses Derived from Different Feeding Recommendations

Despite being largely studied as models of equine nutrition, few published data exist on actual nutritional requirements of Miniature horses. Small equines are particularly prone to obesity, insulin resistance, and the metabolic disorders for which these are risk factors. Improper feed rationing, overfeeding in particular, puts horses at risk for these metabolic problems. Feed manufacturers, however, generally supply feeding recommendations for horses weighing ≥360 kg, whereas the average Miniature horse weighs around 100 kg. Lack of nutritional guidelines for small equines makes it difficult for owners to properly estimate the amount of hay and grain to feed their Miniature horse. The purpose of this study was to determine whether feeding recommendations provided by feed manufacturers for average-sized horses could be linearly extrapolated to Miniature horses. This study surveyed nutritional management of 12 mature Miniature horses that represented the ideal body condition of the breed. Each horse’s hay, grain, and pasture intake was recorded and the average daily digestible energy (DE) intake was calculated from those data. The daily DE intake of the surveyed horses was compared with the extrapolated recommendations published by several different sources. When linearly extrapolated to fit the body weight of a Miniature horse, recommendations significantly (P < .002) misestimated the amount of daily DE that the surveyed horses were consuming. The majority of recommendations overestimated the DE consumed by the Miniature horses per day. However, one source that was designed specifically for Miniature horses, severely (P < .001) underestimated their required DE.     

调质对饲料营养价值影响的研究进展

调质是饲料加工过程中的重要工段,饲料调质效果直接影响饲料产品加工质量,进而影响畜禽对营养物质的消化吸收及生长性能。调质温度、蒸汽类型等是影响调质效果的主要因素,但调质过程中原料特性及结构变化同样对调质效果有较大程度影响。了解调质过程中饲料原料成分结构的变化对提高颗粒饲料加工质量及畜禽生长性能具有十分重要的意义;控制好调质参数将提高饲料配方中热敏性饲料原料的保留率,为热敏性抗生素替代产品在日粮中的应用提供技术支撑。本文综述了饲料调质过程中淀粉及蛋白质的变化对颗粒饲料加工质量的影响,以期为调质过程中的自动化控制提供思路。     

苍术等中草药复方添加剂对断奶仔猪生长性能的影响

本试验旨在研究中草药复方添加剂对断奶仔猪生长性能的影响.试验选用126头28±2日龄体重为7.27±0.18kg断奶长白×约克夏仔猪,按照单因素完全随机化设计随机分为7个处理组.中药复方制剂是分水煎剂和散剂两种剂型添加的,1组为对照组,2、3、4组为水煎剂添加组,添加量分别为0.05％、0.10％、0.15％,5、6、7组为散剂组,添加量分别为0.05％、0.10％、0.15％.试验期21d,仔猪断奶后7d、14 d、21d测定其生长性能.结果表明:随添加量的升高水煎剂和散剂的日增重和日采食量均显著提高(P＜0.05);中草药各组料肉比差异显著(P＜0.05).中草药复方最适添加量为散剂0.15％.     

Comparative study of three feeding methods for draught horses of the Swiss army

Three feeding methods were compared in 36 4- to 6-year-old Franche-Montagne horses during the military school of St-Luzisteig (GR) of Spring 1992. The horses were separated into 3 groups: a group with the traditional oats-hay ration (OH), a group with a pelleted feed and hay ration (PFH), and a group with the complete diet (CD). Feed analyses were performed and food consumption, eating behavior and digestibility were studied. The horses received their daily amount of feed in 3 portions covering the requirements for a medium work: OH = 8 kg hay and 3 kg oats, PFH = 8 kg hay and 3 kg pelleted feed and CD = 10 kg of the complete diet. For the 3 rations, the amount of digestible crude protein for horses was higher than the reference value for the requirement of a 600 kg horse with a medium work. In the 3 diets, the calcium content was higher than the required 32 g per day (g/d). Not enough sodium (OH: 1.2 g/d; PFH: 7.3 g/d; CD: 9.6 g/d) and too much potassium (OH: 140.3 g/d; PFH 153.0 g/d; CD: 167.5 g/d) were present in the diets, both without consequences for the blood parameters. In 3 meals of 60 minutes, the horses of the group OH, PFH and CD ingested 82%, 89% and 92%, respectively, of the daily ration. The complete diet was ingested more quickly than the hay. The number of mastications per minute was smaller for the complete diet than for the hay. Ingestion times were similar for oats and pelleted feed. However, the number of mastications per minute was smaller for the pelleted feed. The digestibility of nutrients was not influenced by the method of feeding. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that the 3 types of ration studied here are adequate for the swiss army horses if sodium is added to the diet. However, despite the fact that both PFH and CD correct excessive supply or deficiencies of nutrients and despite the fact that these two feeding methods offer nutrients in amounts that are closer to the requirements of the horse, the method PFH was introduced in 1994.     

Treatment for a severe reaction to intravenous administration of diatrizoate in an anesthetized horse

A mature horse developed acute signs of bronchoconstriction causing hypoxemia and hypercapnia during anesthesia for computerized tomography of the maxillary sinus after i.v. administration of diatrizoate contrast medium. The horse was treated with aerosolized albuterol, atropine, and oxygen insufflation and recovered uneventfully despite severe hypoxemia and low hemoglobin saturation. The horse's condition continued to improve after treatment, and the horse was discharged with no further complications. Caution is advised with the use of contrast media in anesthetized horses.     

天然牧草型全混合日粮颗粒饲料配方筛选研究

[目的] 筛选以天然牧草为基础的育肥肉羊日粮颗粒饲料配方。[方法] 以天然牧草为粗饲料,玉米面、豆饼和小麦麸皮为精料,食盐、添加剂预混料为饲料添加剂,参考《肉羊饲养标准》（NY/T 816—2004）设定天然干草占采食量的50%（配方1）、60%（配方2）和70%（配方3）3个比例的全混合日粮配方,制成全混合日粮颗粒。通过分析不同配方全混合日粮颗粒饲料的营养成分和体外干物质消化率（IVDMD）,筛选以天然牧草为基础的育肥肉羊日粮颗粒饲料配方。[结果] 配方2和配方3的CP含量显著（P<0.05）高于配方1;配方2与配方3的NDF和ADF含量显著（P<0.05）低于配方1;配方2的IVDMD显著（P<0.05）高于配方1和配方3。[结论] 对于体重为25 kg、日增重为0.45 kg的育肥羊,天然干草占采食量60%（配方2）的全混合日粮颗粒饲料最佳。