麻疯树籽提油工艺优化及籽粕中粗蛋白质含量分析

试验旨在优化麻疯树籽提油工艺并分析其籽粕中粗蛋白质含量,以提油率、提油后籽粕中粗蛋白质含量为优化指标,探讨料液比、温度、时间3个因素对麻疯树籽提油率及籽粕中粗蛋白质含量的影响,并结合正交试验获得麻疯树籽提油的最佳工艺参数。单因素试验结果表明,料液比为1∶18、温度为40℃、提取时间30 min时,提油率达到最高,分别为38.22%、32.21%及34.13%。方差分析结果表明,各因素影响提油率的主次顺序为温度 > 料液比 > 提取时间,其中温度和料液比对提油率的影响极显著（P < 0.01）,提取时间对提油率无显著影响（P > 0.05）;影响籽粕粗蛋白质的主次顺序为温度 > 提取时间 > 料液比,其中温度对籽粕粗蛋白质含量的影响极显著（P < 0.01）,提取时间对籽粕粗蛋白质含量的影响显著（P < 0.05）。正交试验结果表明,麻疯树籽最佳提油工艺组合为A₃B₃C₃,即在料液比为1∶22、温度为50℃、时间为50 min的最佳工艺条件下,提油率为39.41%,籽粕粗蛋白质为24.13%。本研究为麻疯树籽提油及提油后籽粕的开发应用提供了理论依据。     

新型蛋白质饲料资源——麻疯树籽实的研究进展

麻疯树是一种高产量的油料植物.目前,麻疯树饼粕蛋白质的研究已成为麻疯树研究领域的热点问题.麻疯树脱脂脱毒后的种仁粕蛋白质高达60%,是一种优质的植物蛋白质饲料,开发其资源对养殖业发展具有重大的意义.本文主要介绍麻疯树资源特点,营养价值及其对动物毒性和饲养试验的研究进展.     

利用体外产气法评定麻疯树种仁粕的营养价值

麻疯树籽实是一种很有潜力的蛋白饲料资源,脱毒麻疯树种仁干物质中的粗蛋白含量高达60%。试验采用西门塔尔×鲁西黄牛杂交肉牛为瘤胃液固定供给动物,分别采用常规分析法和利用短期人工瘤胃发酵结合持续动态累积产气量记录技术评定麻疯树种仁粕的营养价值,为开发利用麻疯树资源作为蛋白质饲料提供参考。     

Evaluations of the nutritional value of Jatropha curcas protein isolate in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)

Jatropha curcas seeds are rich in oil and protein. The oil is used for biodiesel production. Jatropha seed cake (JSC) obtained after oil extraction is rich in protein; however, it is toxic (phorbol esters content 1.3 mg/g) and consists of 50–60% shells, which are indigestible. The principle of isoelectric precipitation was used to obtain Jatropha protein isolate (JPI) from JSC and it was detoxified (DJPI). Carp (n = 45, 20.3 ± 0.13 g) were randomly distributed into five groups with three replicates and for 12‐week fed iso‐nitrogenous diets (crude protein 38%): Control [fishmeal (FM)‐based protein]; J₅₀ and J₇₅ (50% and 75% of FM protein replaced by DJPI); S₅₀ and S₇₅ (50% and 75% of FM protein replaced by soy protein isolate). Growth performance and nutrient utilisation parameters were highest in S₇₅ group and not significantly different to those in J₅₀ and S₅₀ groups but were significantly higher than those for all other groups. Similar trend was observed for protein and energy digestibilities of experimental diets, whereas opposite trend was observed for the feed to gain ratio. Activities of intestinal digestive enzymes did not different significantly between the five groups. In conclusion, DJPI is a good quality protein source for carp.     

Growth performance and metabolic efficiency in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.) fed on a diet containing Jatropha platyphylla kernel meal as a protein source

Jatropha platyphylla is available on the pacific coast from Sinaloa to Michoacán including the Nayarit and Jalisco states in Mexico. The seeds of J. platyphylla are rich in oil and protein, and the kernel meal (JPKM) prepared after oil extraction contains 70-75% crude protein (CP). Contents of essential amino acids (except lysine) are higher in JPKM than in soybean meal (SBM). Phorbol-esters, the main toxin present in most Jatropha species is absent in J. platyphylla. Heat-treated JPKM (H-JPKM) was evaluated as a protein supplement in tilapia feed and compared with that of SBM and fish meal (FM). Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.) fingerlings (15 fish; av. body mass 13.9 ± 0.17 g) were randomly distributed in three groups with five replicates each. A 12-week experiment was conducted in a respirometer system to evaluate the growth performance, nutrient utilization and energy budget. Nile tilapia fingerlings were fed three iso-nitrogenous diets (36% CP): Control containing FM, and Jatropha and Soybean diets in which 62.5% of FM protein was replaced by H-JPKM and SBM respectively. The growth performance, feed conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio, apparent lipid conversion and energy retention did not differ significantly among the three groups. Higher protein productive value was observed in plant protein fed groups. Average metabolic rate, energy expenditure per g protein fed and retained in the body did not differ significantly among the three groups. Conclusively, Nile tilapia fed plant protein (heated JPKM and SBM) and FM protein-based diets exhibited equal average metabolic rate which indicate that JPKM can be used as a protein source in aqua feed.     

Jatropha platyphylla kernel meal as feed ingredient for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.): growth, nutrient utilization and blood parameters

Jatropha platyphylla is a multipurpose and drought-resistant shrub, available in Mexico, locally known as 'sangregrado' and belonging to the family Euphorbiaceae. Its seeds are rich in oil and protein and do not contain the main toxin, phorbol esters present in other Jatropha species. Jatropha platyphylla kernel meal (JPKM) obtained after oil extraction contained 70-75% crude protein (CP); however, it contained phytate, lectin and trypsin-inhibitor. The levels of essential amino acids (except lysine) were higher in JPKM than in soybean meal (SBM). Using Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings a 12-week experiment was conducted to evaluate the nutritional quality of the heated JPKM and compare with that of SBM and fishmeal. Fingerlings (15 fish; average weight 13.7 ± 0.21g) were randomly distributed in three treatment groups with five replicates. Fish were fed three isonitrogenous diets (CP 36%): control diet containing fishmeal-based protein and two other diets replacing 62.5% fishmeal protein with JPKM (Jatropha group) and SBM (Soybean group). The growth performance, feed conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio, protein productive and energy retention did not differ significantly among the three groups. A lower apparent lipid conversion was observed in the plant protein-fed group than in the control group. RBC count, haematocrit and blood glucose contents were higher in plant-protein fed groups than control group. Other haematological parameters (WBC count, haemoglobin, mean cell volume: calcium and sodium ions, total bilirubin and urea-nitrogen in the blood) and metabolic enzymes (alkaline phosphatase and alanine transaminase) activities in blood did not differ significantly among the three groups. The results from the present study established that JPKM is a promising and good quality protein source for Nile tilapia feed.     

不同处理对麻疯树籽仁粕蛋白质营养价值的影响

试验旨在研究不同处理对麻疯树籽仁粕（Jatropha curcas kernel meal,JCKM）蛋白质营养价值的影响。选择脱油后的JCKM为研究对象,对其分别进行干热、湿热、热化学和微生物发酵处理,通过测定其营养成分、蛋白质溶解度（PS）、粗蛋白质体外消化率（IVCPD）等指标,以未处理的JCKM为对照,评价不同处理对JCKM蛋白质营养价值的影响。结果显示：微生物发酵处理组粗蛋白质（CP）含量显著高于其他组（P < 0.05）;微生物发酵处理组粗纤维（CF）含量显著低于热化学处理组（P < 0.05）,其他各组间差异不显著（P > 0.05）;各处理组间钙（Ca）含量差异不显著（P > 0.05）;微生物发酵处理组总磷（TP）含量最高,显著高于其他组（P < 0.05）。微生物发酵处理组Gly、Arg、Cys、Val、Ile含量高于其他组。干热处理、微生物发酵处理及对照组PS显著高于湿热处理和热化学处理组（P < 0.05）;微生物发酵处理组IVCPD显著高于其他组（P < 0.05）。综上所述,微生物处理JCKM后CP含量升高,氨基酸组成较为均衡,是一种有效的处理方法。     

不同处理对大豆浓缩蛋白（SPC）粗蛋白含量及提取率的影响

分别用超声波处理不同粉碎粒度的高温脱脂豆粕,然后采用醇法浸提工艺提取其中的大豆浓缩蛋白（SPC）。结果显示：40目、60目及80目豆粕提取的大豆浓缩蛋白中粗蛋白含量分别为51．85％、55．50％和54．32％（P〈0．05）。提取率分别为97．65％、97．51％和95．80％（P〈0．05）;超声波处理之后提取的大豆浓缩蛋白中粗蛋白含量分别为55．44％、55．11％和58．77％（P〈0．05）,提取率分别为97．50％、96．78％和95．65％（P〈0．05）。不同的粉碎粒度对大豆浓缩蛋白中粗蛋白的含量及提取率有显著影响,粒度越小,粗蛋白含量越高,提取率越低;在相同的粉碎粒度下,超声波处理能提高大豆浓缩蛋白中粗蛋白的含量,但是对其提取率无显著影响。     

Influences of incorporating detoxified Jatropha curcas kernel meal in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) diet on the expression of growth hormone‐ and insulin‐like growth factor‐1‐encoding genes

Jatropha curcas is a drought‐resistant shrub or small tree widespread all over the tropics and subtropics. The use of J. curcas (L) kernel meal in fish feed is limited owing to the presence of toxic and antinutritional constituents. In this study, it was detoxified using heat treatment and organic solvent extraction method. The detoxification process was carried out for 60 min to obtain the detoxified meal. Cyprinus carpio L. fingerlings (n = 180; avg. wt. 3.2 ± 0.07 g) were randomly distributed in five treatment groups with four replicates and fed isonitrogenous diets (crude protein 38%) for 8 weeks. The inclusion levels of the detoxified Jatropha kernel meal (DJKM) and soybean meal (SBM) were as follows: control diet was prepared with fish meal (FM) and wheat meal, without any DJKM and SBM; diets S₅₀ and J₅₀: 50% of FM protein replaced by SBM and DJKM respectively; diets S₇₅ and J₇₅: 75% of FM protein replaced by SBM and DJKM respectively. Highest body mass gain and insulin‐like growth factor‐1 (IGF‐1) gene expression in brain, liver and muscle were observed for the control group, which were statistically similar to those for J₅₀ group and significantly (p < 0.05) higher than for all other groups, whereas growth hormone gene expression in brain, liver and muscle exhibited opposite trend. Insulin‐like growth factor‐1 concentration in plasma did not differ significantly among the five groups. Conclusively, growth performance was in parallel with IGF‐1 gene expression and exhibited negative trend with GH gene expression.     

“青大1号”紫花苜蓿叶蛋白提取条件优化

为了开发新的食用蛋白质资源,本试验以“青大1号”紫花苜蓿新品系青干草为原料,采用酸化加热法配合加盐法提取叶蛋白.单因素试验设计,分别考察料水比、加盐量、絮凝时间、pH、预浸时间、絮凝温度6个因素对粗蛋白质提取率的影响,并以单因素试验结果为依据,采用四因素（料水比、加盐量、絮凝时间、pH）三水平L9（34）正交试验设计进行提取工艺优化.试验结果表明：影响粗蛋白质提取率的因素,从大到小依次为料液比、絮凝时间、pH、加盐量.当絮凝温度为70℃、料液比为1∶10、加盐量1％、絮凝时间5min、pH为4时是叶蛋白提取的最优提取条件.     

肠渣提取饲用蛋白质工艺的研究

以碱液为提取剂从肠渣中提取蛋白质,为现代畜牧业的发展提供充足的蛋白质饲料,主要研究了碱液浓度、提取时间、提取温度、料液比对蛋白质提取率的影响。结果表明,在提取温度60℃、提取时间2 h、料液比(g/ml)为1:15、碱液浓度是0.5%的条件下,蛋白质的最大提取率为34.10%。     

菊科植物茼蒿有效成分提取工艺条件筛选

试验采用回流提取法,以乙醇作为提取溶剂,按4因素3水平设计正交试验,筛选菊科植物茼蒿有效成分的最佳提取工艺条件。通过分析极差R值表明,乙醇浓度、萃取温度、萃取时间及固液比对得率影响的主次顺序是：乙醇浓度〉萃取温度〉固液比〉萃取时间。最终确定菊科植物茼蒿有效成分最佳提取工艺条件是：乙醇浓度为55%,萃取温度为95℃,萃取时间为2h,固液比为1∶8时得率最高。     

产朊假丝酵母改善麻疯树提油饼粕营养效价的研究

利用产朊假丝酵母作为发酵菌株,采用固态发酵方式改善麻疯树提油饼粕的营养效价。试验结果表明,控制培养基湿度为100%(w/w)条件下恒温发酵4d,麻疯树提油饼粕中的粗蛋白含量达到最大值。统计分析结果表明,向培养基中添加碳源后,发酵饼粕的粗蛋白增长率、粗蛋白体外消化率、氨基氮含量和蛋白酶活力都比未添加碳源组有显著提高(P<0.05)。与未发酵麻疯树提油饼粕相比,添加10%(w/w)葡萄糖的发酵饼粕中粗蛋白含量、粗蛋白体外消化率和氨基氮含量分别提高了0.48、15.6和37倍,蛋白酶活力达到2100U/g,其营养效价得到明显提高。     

麻疯树叶提取物对鸡大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌的体外抑菌作用

本试验研究了麻疯树叶的乙醇提取物对鸡常见致病性菌:大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌的体外抑菌活性。结果显示:该提取物对鸡大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球茵均有抑制作用,对大肠杆菌的抑菌作用优于对金黄色葡萄球菌。细菌接种量对麻疯树叶提取物抑制鸡大肠杆菌的作用无明显影响,但接种量升至107cfu／mL,使其对金黄色葡萄球菌的MIC增加1倍。碱性条件可增强其抗菌活性。     

茶叶总黄酮的提取工艺研究

黄酮类物质是茶叶的重要组成成分。本试验采用乙醇热提法提取茶叶中黄酮,结合正交试验设计研究时间、温度、乙醇浓度以及固液比4个因素对茶叶黄酮提取得率的影响。结果表明:各个因素对茶叶黄酮提取得率影响的主次顺序为乙醇浓度>固液比>温度>时间,茶叶黄酮的最佳提取条件为提取时间1h、提取温度80℃、乙醇浓度70%、固液比(g/ml)1:20。     

饲料原料蛋白质二级结构对奶牛瘤胃降解特性的影响

试验通过尼龙袋法研究豆粕、棉粕、菜粕、DDGS和玉米5种饲料在奶牛瘤胃内粗蛋白的降解特性,并通过傅里叶红外光谱法测定了5种饲料的蛋白质二级结构,研究主要饲料原料蛋白质二级结构对奶牛瘤胃降解特性的影响。结果表明:在5种饲料中,α螺旋最高的为豆粕30.52%,最低的为DDGS 18.77%。β折叠最高的为玉米35.89%,最低的为棉粕28.36%。饲料蛋白质二级结构α螺旋与β折叠比值与有效降解率呈显著强度正相关(r=0.952 8,P=0.012 2),与蛋白质慢速降解组分呈强度正相关(r=0.798 7,P=0.105 1),与非降解组分呈高度负相关,相关性趋于显著(r=-0.866 7,P=0.057 2)。     

正交优化苜蓿叶蛋白提取工艺条件研究

文章在单因素试验的基础上,采用L9(33)正交试验对苜蓿叶蛋白提取工艺进行研究。结果表明,最佳工艺条件组合为:料液比1∶20、加盐量4%、pH为5,在此条件下可溶性蛋白的提取率可以达到19.62%。影响可溶性蛋白提取率的因素依次为:料液比加盐量pH,絮凝温度在60℃、时间为15min时效果最好。     

枯草芽孢杆菌固体发酵豆粕条件的优化

本试验采用枯草芽孢杆菌对豆粕进行固体发酵,通过正交试验探讨不同碳源组合、发酵时间、培养温度、水分比例、接种菌量等因素对发酵豆粕粗蛋白质增加率和蛋白质水解度的影响。结果表明,影响枯草芽孢杆菌固体发酵豆粕粗蛋白质增加率的条件因素的主次顺序为玉米粉比例>培养时间>温度>麸皮比例>水分比例>次粉比例>接种菌量,表观分析固体发酵条件最佳组合为A₃B₁C₃D₃E₂F₂G₁,粗蛋白质增加率达到28.05%;影响发酵豆粕蛋白质水解率的条件因素的主次顺序为温度>培养时间>玉米粉比例>接种菌量>麸皮比例>次粉比例>水分比例,表观分析固体发酵条件最佳组合为A₂B₃C₁D₃E₃F₃G₁,蛋白质水解度达到46.46%。枯草芽孢杆菌固体发酵豆粕的粗蛋白质增加率与蛋白质水解率存在明显的正相关(R²=0.556)。     

桑叶粗多糖最佳提取工艺研究

为探究桑叶粗多糖最佳提取工艺,利用正交试验设计对桑叶粗多糖的提取工艺进行优化。以桑叶粗多糖得率为评价指标,以加水倍数、煎煮时间、煎煮次数为考察因素,设计3因素3水平正交试验,采用苯酚一硫酸比色法进行桑叶粗多糖含量测定,比较得出桑叶水提物的最佳制备工艺,并在此基础上考察不同浓度乙醇对桑叶粗多糖提取的影响。结果显示,煎煮次数对桑叶粗多糖提取率影响最大,当加水倍数为25倍,煎煮时间为2 h,煎煮2次时桑叶水提物中桑叶粗多糖提取率最高,为4.94%。但结合影响因素分析,最终确定桑叶水提物的最佳提取工艺为加25倍水,煎煮2 h,煎煮3次。乙醇浓度对桑叶粗多糖的含量及得率影响很大,70%乙醇醇沉所得水提物中桑叶粗多糖质量最大,40%乙醇醇沉所得桑叶粗多糖含量最高,平均含量达41.5%,显著高于其他乙醇浓度（P < 0.05）,提示乙醇浓度越高,桑叶粗多糖含量越低,但得率越高。桑叶粗多糖最佳提取工艺为：加水倍数为25倍,煎煮时间2 h,煎煮3次,采用70%乙醇醇沉。     

用有机溶剂提取栗蚕蛹油的工艺条件优化及蛹油成分分析

为高效开发利用栗蚕(Dictyoploca japonica)资源,以栗蚕蛹为原料,采用有机溶剂浸提法提取栗蚕蛹油,分析有机溶剂种类、原料粒度、原料质量浓度、提取温度、提取时间对提取得率的影响,确定了以石油醚为提取剂,原料粒度40目、原料质量浓度50 g/L、提取温度40℃、提取时间2.5 h为栗蚕蛹油提取的最佳条件。此条件下提取的栗蚕蛹油为淡黄色粘稠状液体,蛹油提取得率为26.01%。对抽提蛹油成分及其质量分数的检测结果为:水分0.52%,灰分0.64%,蛋白质0.40%,脂肪91.67%,粗纤维0.46%。