夏、冬两季猪源葡萄球菌耐药情况比较

本研究旨在比较夏、冬两季某规模化养猪场猪源葡萄球菌的耐药情况。分别在夏、冬两季对猪场同一猪采集其直肠肛拭子样和鼻腔鼻拭子样,采用微量肉汤稀释法对分离出的葡萄球菌进行临床9种常用抗菌药物的药敏试验。结果显示,夏季鼻腔分离的葡萄球菌对阿米卡星、氟苯尼考、氧氟沙星、苯唑西林和克林霉素5种抗菌药物的耐药率均高于冬季分离的鼻腔菌。夏季直肠分离的葡萄球菌对阿莫西林/克拉维酸、苯唑西林、庆大霉素、氧氟沙星、四环素、克林霉素和利福平7种抗菌药物的耐药率低于冬季分离的直肠菌。且夏、冬两季鼻腔分离的葡萄球菌多药耐药种数在0~9耐均有分布,夏、冬两季直肠分离的葡萄球菌多药耐药种数在1~9均耐有分布。冬季鼻腔分离的葡萄球菌6耐的多药百分率显著高于夏季分离菌的多药百分率（P＜0.05）,冬季直肠分离的葡萄球菌8耐的多药百分率显著高于夏季分离菌的多药百分率（P＜0.05）。结果表明,夏、冬两季猪不同部位分离的葡萄球菌对大多数被检抗菌药物的耐药率情况不同,其耐药率与养殖场季节性用药呈现相关性。     

宁夏部分地区腹泻羔羊源大肠埃希菌的分离鉴定与药敏试验

为掌握宁夏地区羔羊腹泻源大肠埃希菌的耐药性,采集腹泻羔羊肛拭子90份,开展大肠埃希菌的分离鉴定及药敏试验。结果分离到78株大肠埃希菌,对头孢类、氨基糖苷类、喹诺酮类、氟苯尼考、青霉素类、四环素等抗菌药物有较高的敏感性,对万古霉素、复方新诺明、克林霉素耐药(耐药率78.21%~94.87%)。结果表明,宁夏地区羔羊腹泻源大肠埃希菌对抗菌药物保持较高的敏感率,耐药现象并不严重。     

广东省宠物源伪中间型葡萄球菌的耐药性调查研究

为调查广东省宠物源伪中间型葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus pseudintermedius)的携带和耐药情况,从小动物临床采集皮肤、耳部和鼻腔等部位的样品,分离鉴定伪中间型葡萄球菌,并采用琼脂稀释法和纸片扩散法对伪中间型葡萄球菌进行抗菌药物敏感性检测,采用PCR方法检测mecA基因。结果表明,从898个样品中共分离到144株伪中间型葡萄球菌,检出率为16.0%,皮肤、耳部和鼻腔的伪中间型葡萄球菌检出率分别为20%(64/319)、17.8%(64/359)和7.5%(3/40)。抗菌药物敏感性检测和mecA基因检测结果显示有89株(61.8%)为耐甲氧西林伪中间型葡萄球菌(MRSP)。伪中间型葡萄球菌对氨苄西林、红霉素、阿奇霉素、克林霉素和四环素的耐药率均在80%以上,对利福平和阿米卡星的耐药率低于8%,对万古霉素、利奈唑胺、喹奴普汀/达福普汀和替考拉宁均敏感。大部分(>69%)MRSP对红霉素、克林霉素、泰乐菌素、阿奇霉素、复方新诺明、四环素、环丙沙星和恩诺沙星等抗菌药物表现耐药。本研究结果表明宠物源伪中间型葡萄球菌的耐药情况严重且MRSP的检出率高,应高度重视宠物源细菌耐药问题。     

宁夏地区奶牛乳房炎金黄色葡萄球菌耐药性分析

为了解宁夏地区奶牛乳房炎金黄色葡萄球菌的耐药情况,采用药敏纸片扩散法,测定了50株奶牛乳房炎金黄色葡萄球菌对常用的17种抗茵药物的耐药性.同时采用产色头孢菌素法进行β-内酰胺酶的检测,并采用苯唑西林纸片法进行耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)的检测.结果表明,所有菌株除了对利福平、万古霉素100％敏感以外,对其他15...     

92株猪腹泻大肠杆菌的耐药性分析

分析92株猪腹泻大肠杆菌的耐药性,为临床合理用药提供理论依据。采集腹泻病猪直肠拭子,分离、鉴定大肠杆菌,采用微量稀释法测定分离菌对17种抗菌药物的敏感性。结果表明,从92份腹泻直肠拭子样品中共分离鉴定出92株大肠杆菌,对17种抗菌药物的耐药率从高到低依次为磺胺甲噁唑（100%）、甲氧苄啶（100%）、卡那霉素（89%）、庆大霉素（80%）、氯霉素（78%）、链霉素（76%）、新霉素（76%）、四环素（73%）、大观霉素（72%）、恩诺沙星（66%）、氨苄西林（50%）、阿米卡星（45%）、氟苯尼考（32%）、安普霉素（27%）、利福平（23%）、头孢唑啉（22%）、头孢噻呋（0%）;所有菌株均为多重耐药菌株,92株菌的耐药谱型为81种,菌株最多对14种药物耐药,最少对3种药物耐药。研究结果表明,92株猪腹泻大肠杆菌耐药谱广,耐药率高。     

犊牛源雷氏普罗威登斯菌的分离鉴定及药物敏感性试验

[目的] 确定内蒙古呼伦贝尔市新巴尔虎右旗家庭牧场犊牛腹泻的原因,并为该牧场犊牛腹泻的治疗提供药物选择方案。[方法] 无菌采集发病犊牛肛拭子进行细菌培养鉴定及体外药物敏感性试验。[结果] 从腹泻犊牛肛拭子样本分离到1株细菌,经培养后菌落形态一致,通过革兰染色鉴定、生理生化鉴定及16S rDNA鉴定确定该菌为雷氏普罗威登斯菌;该菌对氨曲南、头孢他啶、头孢噻肟、头孢吡肟、头孢曲松、四环素、氯霉素、呋喃妥因8种药物表现为耐药;对氨苄西林、庆大霉素2种药物表现为中度敏感;对头孢西丁、链霉素、哌拉西林、阿米卡星、氧氟沙星、诺氟沙星、左氧氟沙星7种药物表现为敏感。[结论] 该养殖场的犊牛腹泻是由雷氏普罗威登斯菌所致,临床治疗过程中可使用链霉素。     

Antimicrobial susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus pseudintermedius isolated from various animals

This study characterized the antimicrobial susceptibility of 221 Staphylococcus aureus isolated from various species, and 60 canine Staphylococcus pseudintermedius isolated from 1986 through 2000 at the Western College of Veterinary Medicine (WCVM). Resistance of S. aureus was most common to penicillin (31%) and tetracycline (14%); resistance of S. pseudintermedius to penicillin was present in 8% and to tetracycline in 34% of isolates. Resistance to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole was only seen among S. pseudintermedius, and there was no resistance to amoxicillin/clavulanate, ampicillin/sulbactam, cephalothin, amikacin, gentamicin, enrofloxacin, chloramphenicol, or rifampin among any isolate. Inducible clindamycin resistance was found in both S. aureus and S. pseudintermedius, highlighting the need for careful interpretation of culture and susceptibility test results. There were significant differences in the minimum inhibitory concentrations of penicillin, ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, clindamycin, erythromycin, chloramphenicol, and tetracycline between avian, bovine, equine, and porcine isolates.     

Identification and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of bacteria causing otitis externa in dogs

Bacterial agents are considered important pathogens causing external otitis in dogs. It is essential to carry out bacterial culture and antimicrobial susceptibility test in the case of otitis externa, particularly for chronic or recurring cases. Sterile swab samples were obtained from terminal part of vertical ear canals of 74 dogs with otitis externa for cytology, bacterial culture and antimicrobial susceptibility test. Cytologic smears were stained using Gram and Giemsa staining methods. Aerobic bacterial culture performed on blood agar and MacConkey agar. Among total number of 92 isolated bacteria, 68 were Staphylococcus intermedius. Other isolated bacteria included: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis, Escherichia coli, Pasteurella canis, and six other species of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus. Antimicrobial susceptibility test were performed for all isolated bacteria using 14 antibiotics. Based on the results of this study, all isolated Staphylococcus spp. were sensitive to amikacin, enrofloxacin, and rifampin, and had low resistance to gentamicin, cephalothin and ceftriaxone. More than half of gram-positive isolates were resistant to penicillin and ampicillin. Generally, all isolated gram-negative bacteria, were sensitive to amikacin and enrofloxacin, and had low resistance to ceftriaxone and gentamicin. They were highly resistant to penicillin, eythromycin, and cephalothin. Regarding the results of this study, in cases of uncomplicated otitis externa, it is possible to select antimicrobial drugs merely based on cytology, but it is recommended to perform bacterial culture and antimicrobial susceptibility test. However, in complicated or refractory cases, antimicrobials should be selected based on bacterial culture and antimicrobial susceptibility test.     

我国牛源金黄色葡萄球菌耐药现状及药敏检测方法探讨

为调查我国牛源金黄色葡萄球菌的临床耐药现状,对2009年以来新疆、浙江、山东、内蒙古和上海五省区不同地方分离的120株金黄色葡萄球菌用纸片扩散法进行临床药敏试验。结果显示,新疆分离株对红霉素、克林霉素、青霉素、复方新诺明、多西环素、四环素耐药,22%的菌株对头孢西丁耐药,43%的对氯霉素耐药,64%的对环丙沙星耐药,58%的对庆大霉素耐药;其它4地区分离株耐药情况更为严重,除头孢西丁以外,对其它9种抗生素均耐药。对菌株的多重耐药情况分析发现,新疆分离株中对5种以上抗生素耐药的占86.1%,对10种抗生素完全耐药的占17.4%;而内地分离株的数据为100%和38.2%。此外,在试验中鉴定出33株耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌,新疆19株,占新疆菌株的22.1%,内地四地区14株,占内地分离株的41.2%。结合2005~2009年间发表的相关耐药数据的分析结果,研究显示,我国牛源金黄色葡萄球菌呈现多重耐药,且出现了耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌,并在不同地区分离株中占有一定的比例;研究还发现,新疆分离株与浙江、山东、内蒙古和上海四地分离株的耐药情况有较大差异。此外,在整理药敏试验资料时,发现在金黄色葡萄球菌药敏试验中,药物的选择没有遵循选药规则,试验操作不规范和试验结果的报告不规范等问题,对此提出一些探讨性建议,供试验人员参考。     

Prevalence of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP) from skin and carriage sites of dogs after treatment of their meticillin-resistant or meticillin-sensitive staphylococcal pyoderma

Background – Meticillin‐resistant staphylococci are significant pathogens in veterinary dermatology, yet longitudinal studies of the impact of routine antimicrobial therapy on emergence or resolution of resistance are lacking. Objectives – To determine the prevalence of meticillin‐resistant staphylococci on skin and carriage sites in dogs with bacterial pyoderma and evaluate the prevalence of meticillin‐resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP) colonization after successful treatment of pyoderma. Animals – One hundred and seventy‐three dogs that presented to a dermatology referral service with pyoderma and 41 healthy control dogs. Methods – Skin, nasal and rectal swabs for bacterial culture were collected at the time of referral and after clinical resolution of the pyoderma. Meticillin resistance was confirmed by demonstration of penicillin binding protein 2a antigen. Results – Initially, skin cultures yielded MRSP in 70 (40.5%) dogs, meticillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in three (1.7%) and meticillin‐resistant Staphylococcus schleiferi ssp. coagulans (MRSScoag) in five (2.9%). Samples collected from the nose and rectum (carriage sites) yielded MRSP in 59 (34.1%) dogs, MRSA in 11 (6.4%) and MRSScoag in seven (4.0%). One hundred and two dogs were available for follow‐up cultures after clinical cure. Of 42 dogs initially diagnosed with MRSP pyoderma, MRSP was isolated at follow‐up from skin in 19 (45.2%) and carriage sites in 20 (47.6%). Of 60 dogs that did not have MRSP pyoderma initially, MRSP was isolated post‐treatment from the skin in 17 (28.3%), and MRSP from carriage sites increased from 7.8% (initially) to 26.7% (P = 0.0022). Conclusions and clinical importance – Colonization by MRSP often persists after resolution of MRSP pyoderma. Acquisition of MRSP during treatment appears to be common.     

兔支气管败血波氏杆菌的分离鉴定及耐药基因检测

本试验旨在了解近年来浙江省兔支气管败血波氏杆菌的感染情况及耐药状况,指导合理用药,检测细菌的耐药基因,探究其耐药机理.根据细菌形态、培养特性、生化试验,结合PCR法对分离菌株进行鉴定;K-B纸片扩散法检测细菌对18种常用抗生素的耐药率;设计耐药基因特异性引物,PCR法扩增耐药基因,并进行测序分析.结果显示,分离鉴定出2012-2014年22株兔支气管败血波氏杆菌;药敏结果显示,分离菌对青霉素G、头孢拉定、链霉素、林可霉素、克林霉素、甲氧嘧啶耐药严重,对多黏菌素B、左氟沙星、强力霉素、四环素等药物敏感,耐β-内酰胺类药物的细菌中检测到耐药基因bla_TEM.结果表明,兔支气管败血波氏杆菌是引起兔呼吸道疾病的主要病原菌,分离菌多重耐药,耐药率较高,检测到的耐药基因与耐药表型相符.     

新疆、内蒙古部分地区乳房炎奶样中金黄色葡萄球菌的流行性与耐药性分析

为确定患乳房炎奶牛乳中金黄色葡萄球菌的流行性和耐药性状况,试验自2018年4月至2018年5月采集了新疆地区70例和内蒙古地区50例患乳房炎奶牛生鲜乳样。通过对奶样中金黄色葡萄球菌进行增菌培养、分离纯化,KB纸片扩散法药敏试验及PCR耐药基因检测发现,新疆和内蒙古地区奶样中金黄色葡萄球菌分离率分别为28.6%和54.0%;新疆地区分离的金黄色葡萄球菌菌株对青霉素G的耐药性最高(75.0%),其次是磺胺异噁唑(60.0%)、林可霉素(55.0%);内蒙古地区的金黄色葡萄球菌菌株同样对青霉素G高度耐受,耐药率为70.4%,其次为林可霉素(63.0%)、克林霉素(51.9%);两地区所分离菌株中,88.9%以上携带多种耐药基因,呈现多重耐药性;两地区所检出的高频耐药基因分别是新疆地区的ermA(30.0%)、dfrS1(30.0%)基因和内蒙古地区的lnuA(46.2%)基因。     

石河子地区某规模化奶牛场肺炎克雷伯菌的分离鉴定及耐药性分析

为了阐明引起石河子地区某规模化奶牛场犊牛呼吸道症状的主要细菌性病原体及其生物学特性，本研究采集2~6月龄犊牛鼻拭子与肛拭子各39份，通过细菌分离培养、形态学观察、生化分析、PCR扩增16S rRNA基因和溶血酵素（khe）基因、药敏试验和小鼠致病性试验等方法对分离菌株的生物学特性进行分析。结果显示，分离菌株中有3株在MIAC平板上形成紫红色带有沉淀环的菌落（鼻拭子1株，肛拭子2株），且镜检为革兰氏阴性短杆菌，疑为肺炎克雷伯菌。全自动微生物分析系统显示，分离株与肺炎克雷伯菌相似性均为96%；PCR扩增16S rRNA基因测序结果显示，分离株与GenBank数据库中肺炎克雷伯菌核苷酸相似性在96.5%~99.8%之间，肺炎克雷伯菌特异性基因khe阳性且相似性达99%以上；药敏结果显示，分离菌株对青霉素类、头孢菌素类、一代和二代氨基糖苷类、四环素类、一代大环内酯类、磺胺类、多烯类、林可酰胺类抗菌药呈现出不同程度的耐药；对三代氨基糖苷类、二代大环内酯类、氯霉素类、多肽类、喹诺酮类抗菌药敏感，且呈现不同程度的多重耐药性；致病性试验结果表明，分离菌株均可不同程度导致小鼠死亡且以鼻拭子分离株致病性较强。本研究成功分离鉴定石河子地区规模化奶牛场引起犊牛呼吸道症状的肺炎克雷伯菌3株，并阐明分离菌的部分生物学特性，为新疆地区牛源肺炎克雷伯菌病的检测、诊断及临床治疗提供技术支撑。     

猪肉和牛奶源葡萄球菌耐药性调查

2010年从贵州省猪肉和牛奶样品中分离鉴定出73株葡萄球菌,其中金黄色葡萄球菌50株,凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌23株。采用琼脂稀释法检测其对18种抗菌药物的敏感性,运用统计学方法比较分析金黄色葡萄球菌与凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌的耐药性差异。结果显示,动物性食品源葡萄球菌耐药较严重,对临床上常用药物耐药率较高,且为多重耐药,其中乳源葡萄球菌的多重耐药现象较猪肉源葡萄球菌严重;猪肉源金黄色葡萄球菌主要对青霉素类、四环素和大环内酯类耐药,乳源金黄色葡萄球菌主要对青霉素类、头孢菌素类、大环内酯类、四环素、克林霉素、泰妙菌素及利福平耐药;猪肉源凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌主要对氨苄西林、苯唑西林和泰妙菌素耐药,乳源凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌的耐药谱与乳源金黄色葡萄球菌类似。     

内蒙古锡林郭勒盟犊牛腹泻大肠杆菌的分离鉴定及药物敏感性试验

[目的] 确定内蒙古锡林郭勒盟多伦县某养殖场犊牛腹泻的致病菌,为选择敏感药物治疗该病提供依据。[方法] 无菌采集腹泻犊牛肛拭子进行细菌培养鉴定、致病性试验及体外药物敏感试验。[结果] 肛拭子经培养后的菌落形态一致,经表型鉴定、生理生化鉴定及16S rDNA鉴定确定分离菌为大肠杆菌;大肠杆菌分型引物鉴定分离菌株为ETEC型;且分离菌株可致小鼠死亡;分离菌株对氨苄西林、氨曲南、头孢唑啉、四环素、氧氟沙星、左氧氟沙星、复方新诺明等21种药物表现为耐药,对头孢哌酮、头孢曲松、克林霉素、多黏菌素B、米诺环素等10种药物表现为中度敏感,对头孢西丁、万古霉素、环丙沙星及呋喃妥因4种药物表现为敏感。[结论] 该养殖场的犊牛腹泻是由大肠杆菌ETEC型所致,临床治疗过程中可使用环丙沙星。     

上海地区奶牛的乳房炎金黄色葡萄球菌耐药性

为调查上海地区奶牛乳房炎金黄色葡萄球菌的耐药性,采集上海地区乳房炎患病乳样60 份,进行金黄色葡萄球菌的分离鉴定及药敏实验。结果表明：经分离鉴定,共检出8 株金黄色葡萄球菌,分离率为13.33%;药敏实验结果表明,分离得到的金黄色葡萄球菌对青霉素G和氨苄西林的耐药率最高,均为100.00%,对磺胺甲恶唑的耐药率次之,为50.00%,对头孢克洛、头孢唑肟、洛美沙星、诺氟沙星、四环素、庆大霉素、红霉素、克林霉素和氯霉素的耐药率均为37.50%,对环丙沙星和氧氟沙星的耐药率均为25.00%,对头孢噻肟、头孢他啶     

宠物源菌株的分离鉴定及耐药性分析

为了解河南郑州市常见宠物携带菌株组成以及耐药情况,本试验采集了郑州地区不同宠物医院患病及健康犬、猫共计76个样本的肛拭子、眼拭子、耳拭子。试验通过细菌分离培养、形态学观察、生化试验、16s rRNA基因测序完成细菌鉴定,确定分离菌株种类,采用微量肉汤稀释法测定分离菌株耐药表型。结果共分离得到大肠杆菌50株、肠球菌27株、奇异变形杆菌24株、葡萄球菌46株、绿脓杆菌4株。奇异变形杆菌耐药最为严重,对多西环素、替米考星两种药物耐药率高于90.0%;大肠杆菌对替米考星的耐药率高达94.0%,对阿莫西林耐药率为62.0%,对多西环素、多粘菌素E、庆大霉素、环丙沙星、恩诺沙星、头孢噻呋的耐药率在4.0%~24.0%之间。肠球菌对多西环素、庆大霉素、头孢噻呋三种药物的耐药率在29.6%~40.7%之间;对阿莫西林、恩诺沙星、环丙沙星三种药物的耐药率在7.4%~14.8%之间,对替米考星的耐药率为66.7%。葡萄球菌对替米考星的耐药率为39.1%,对阿莫西林、多西环素、庆大霉素、环丙沙星、恩诺沙星、头孢噻呋的耐药率均低于20.0%。上述试验结果表明:大肠杆菌和葡萄球菌在宠物菌群组成中占比较大;大肠杆菌和奇异变形杆菌的耐药情况较为严重。     

Bacterial flora of the conjunctiva and nasal cavity in normal and diseased captive bustards.

A survey was carried out to describe the normal aerobic bacterial flora of the conjunctiva and nasal cavity of captive houbara bustards (Chlamydotis undulata), kori bustards (Ardeotis kori), and white-bellied bustards (Eupodotis senegalensis) maintained at the National Avian Research Center, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. A total of 58 samples were examined from the nasal cavity and 55 samples from the conjunctiva of healthy bustards. There was no bacterial growth in 45% of conjunctival samples. Bacteria isolated from the conjunctiva of healthy birds included Micrococcus spp., Staphylococcus auricularis, Staphylococcus xylosus, Staphylococcus capitis, Staphylococcus warneri, Bacillus spp., and Enterobacter amigenus. Bacteria isolated from the nasal cavity of healthy birds included Bacillus spp., Micrococcus spp., S. auricularis, S. xylosus, Staphylococcus simulans, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Staphylococcus hyicus, Staphylococcus cohnii, Staphylococcus sciuri, Aerococcus spp., and Providencia rettgeri. These findings were compared with bacterial isolates from bustards with clinical signs of ocular or upper respiratory tract diseases. Mycoplasma spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas stutzeri, Proteus mirabilis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Aeromonas hydrophila, and Staphylococcus aureus were the pathogenic bacteria isolated from the conjunctiva of 34.3% bustards with ocular discharges. Mycoplasma spp., P. aeruginosa, Pseudomonas spp., P. mirabilis, E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and S. aureus were the pathogenic bacteria isolated from the nasal cavity of 74% bustards with upper respiratory tract diseases.     

Retrospective detection of methicillin resistant and susceptible Staphylococcus aureus ST398 in Danish slaughter pigs

This retrospective study documents the first detection in Danish pigs of methicillin resistant and susceptible variants of the Staphylococcus aureus lineage ST398, which was previously described among pigs, pig farmers and veterinary staff in The Netherlands as well as in human patients and infected animals in Europe. Ten out of 100 pigs tested were shown to carry ST398 in the nasal cavity and two out of three farms tested were positive. The 10 porcine ST398 isolates had spa type t034 (n=9) and t1793 (n=1), and were resistant to erythromycin, clindamycin and tetracycline in addition to penicillin. The detection of ST398 in Danish pigs suggests that this new emerging zoonotic bacterium is rapidly spreading in the pig population in Europe.     

Prevalence of and resistance to anti-microbial drugs in selected microbial species isolated from bulk milk samples

The prevalence of strains of Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative (CN) staphylococci, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, E. faecium and Bacillus cereus, was investigated in 111 bulk milk samples. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from 38 samples, CN staphylococci from 63 samples, E. coli from 49 samples, E. faecalis or E. faecium from 107 samples, and L. monocytogenes from two samples. Bacillus cereus was not found in any of the samples and three samples were free of any of the selected species. Sensitivity to the anti-microbial drugs amikacin, ampicillin, ampicillin + sulbactam, cephalothin (CLT), cephotaxime, clindamycin, chloramphenicol (CMP), co-trimoxazole, erythromycin (ERY), gentamicin, neomycin, norfloxacin, oxacillin, penicillin, streptomycin (STR), tetracycline (TTC) and vancomycin was tested using the standard dilution technique. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) characteristics (MIC50, MIC90, MIC range) were determined for each microbial species. Resistance against one or more anti-microbial drugs was found in 93% of S. aureus, 40% of CN staphylococci, 73% of E. coli, 88% of E.faecalis, 55% of E.faecium, and one L. monocytogenes strain. Most of the strains, particularly enterococci, were resistant to STR, TTC, and ERY (MIC50 4 microg/ml). A high percentage of staphylococci were resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics. High resistance to CLT was found in 11 strains of E. coli (MIC 256 microg/ml) and strains resistant to CMP (MIC90 16 microg/ml) were detected. The highest numbers of resistance phenotypes were found in E. coil (16) and CN staphylococci (12). Eighteen identical resistance phenotypes were demonstrated in indicator bacteria (E. coli, E. faecalis, E. faecium) and pathogens (S. aureus, CN staphylococci) isolated from the same bulk milk sample. The obtained resistance data were matched against the herd owners' information on therapeutic use of the drugs. This confrontation could not explain the findings of strains resistant to ERY or CMP. Our findings are evidence of selection of resistant strains among not only pathogenic agents, but also among indicator bacteria which can become significant carriers of transmissible resistance genes.