昆明地区试验猴常见疾病的调查分析

调查分析试验猴常见疾病,对掌握疾病的流行病学,并制定一套科学、合理的疾病综合防制措施,提高试验猴的数量、质量及保证动物试验结果的准确性具有重要意义。通过对2014年昆明地区某规模化试验猴养殖基地患病及死亡试验猴进行调查,根据试验猴主要病症进行分类,并对各种疾病按照成年和未成年试验猴进行归类统计,利用Office Excel 2010软件进行数据分析。结果显示,昆明地区试验猴常见疾病种类包括消化系统疾病、呼吸系统疾病、创伤、生殖系统疾病和运动系统疾病,比例分别为47.45%、13.06%、12.10%、11.46%和8.92%;常见疾病包括腹泻、软组织损伤、流产、大叶性肺炎、痢疾、关节炎、肠积气、慢性结肠炎和营养极度不良,分别占总发病数的18.47%、11.15%、8.91%、8.28%、8.28%、7.96%、5.10%、5.10%和5.09%。综合分析试验猴常发疾病及其病发的可能原因,提示只有不断提高科学的饲养管理水平,不断加强兽医工作人员的业务能力,掌握深厚的理论知识及科学的诊断方法,才能为科学研究提供更优质的试验猴。     

Who--or what--are the rats (and mice) in the laboratory.

This paper explores the many meanings attached to the designation, "the rodent in the laboratory" (rat or mouse). Generations of selective breeding have created these rodents. They now differ markedly from their wild progenitors, nonhuman animals associated with carrying all kinds of diseases. Through selective breeding, they have moved from the rats of the sewers to become standardized laboratory tools and (metaphorically) saviors of humans in the fight against disease. This paper sketches two intertwined strands of metaphors associated with laboratory rodents. The first focuses on the idea of medical/scientific progress; in this context, the paper looks at laboratory rodents often depicted (in advertising for laboratory products) as epitomizing medical triumph or serving as helpers or saviors. The second strand concerns the ambiguous status of the laboratory rodent who is both an animal (bites) and not an animal (data). The paper argues that, partly because of these ambiguous and multiple meanings, the rodent in the laboratory is doubly "othered"--first in the way that animals so often are made other to ourselves and then other in the relationship of the animal in the laboratory to other animals.     

人工养殖下金钱龟常见疾病及防治模式

在金钱龟的人工养殖过程中,观察到部分个体发生了腐皮、肺炎、腹泻等疾病。通过对细菌的实验室诊断和生化特性鉴定,发现引起金钱龟腐皮和腹泻的病原体为嗜水气单胞菌,而肺炎则是由温度突变引起的感冒造成。因此,进一步研究了人工养殖条件下金钱龟的常见疾病与一些环境因子的关系。研究表明,温度差异对金钱龟的生理机能有显著的影响,而水质条件和养殖密度的调控也关系到金钱龟的健康生长,这也为金钱龟防治疾病及健康养殖模式提供一些参考依据。     

广州地区气候条件下灵长类实验动物饲养的季节管理初探

历年的数据表明,剖检病变出现频率最高的组织器官是肺脏32.05%、其次是肠道16.29%、胃部4.4%、肠道寄生虫2.19%,预示腹泻（痢疾）、肺炎是灵长类的高发病。广州地区的肠道病变集中于春夏季,肺脏病变则呈全年性高发,可能与继发性感染有关。灵长类疾病主要高峰发生于3～4月、9月下旬至12月2个时期,这与恒河猴及食蟹猴的发情、产仔高峰季节相重叠,为提高饲养水平,作者试图对调整季节饲养管理措施进行了探讨。     

华亭市奶牛养殖生产中存在的问题及应对措施

通过对华亭市奶牛业发展现状、疫病防控现状、存在问题等的实际调研后,结合生产实际、存在问题进行科学的分析研究,提出加快品种的改良与选育步伐,提高品种的品质;加强科学的饲养管理,不断提升标准化饲养管理水平;建立科学的疫病防控体系,不断净化奶牛养殖环境;加大资金的投入力度,进一步完善牛舍、挤奶设备等的设施建设;严格奶牛养殖准入许可标准,强化执法监督检查,确保生产安全等几项应对措施,为政府部门制定相关配套政策和措施提供依据。     

电子信息技术在智慧养殖业中的应用

智慧养殖业是指运用电子信息技术和先进管理理念,对养殖生产全过程进行智能化管理和优化,以提高养殖效益和产品质量。智慧养殖业中应用到的电子信息技术有以下几种。（1）物联网（IoT）技术：通过在养殖场安装传感器和监控设备,实时收集养殖场的环境数据,实时监测动物的生长状况、行为习惯等,为养殖场提供精准的数据支持。（2）大数据分析技术：通过数据分析发现养殖动物的生长规律、疫病预防和控制要点等,从而提高养殖效益。（3）人工智能（AI）技术：对养殖数据进行智能分析,实现对养殖场的自动化管理;通过人工智能技术进行疫病诊断,自动识别患病动物并采取相应措施,降低疫病传播风险。（4）移动互联网技术：实现养殖场信息的实时传递和共享,方便养殖户、兽医、专家等各方进行沟通交流,为养殖户提供智能服务。（5）云计算技术：将养殖场的数据存储在云端,实现数据的集中管理和高效利用;以为养殖场提供强大的计算能力,支持复杂的数据分析和模拟。（6）3S 技术（遥感技术、地理信息系统、全球定位系统）：对养殖场的地形、地貌、土壤等进行全面调查,为养殖场选址、规划和管理提供科学依据。总之,电子信息技术在智慧养殖业中的应用,有助于提高养殖生产效率,降低生产成本,并保障养殖产品的质量安全。     

Cerebrospinal fluid analysis and magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of neurologic disease in dogs: a retrospective study

BACKGROUND: Diagnosis of central nervous system (CNS) abnormalities in dogs can be challenging antemortem. Historically, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis has been used for routine diagnostic evaluation of animals with suspected neurologic disease; however, with increasing availability of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, the need for concurrent CSF analysis may be questioned. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to retrospectively assess and compare the diagnostic information contributed from MR imaging and CSF analysis in a population of dogs presenting with neurologic disease. METHODS: Results of concurrent MR imaging and CSF analysis were evaluated in dogs presented for neurologic diseases. Based on clinical diagnosis, the sensitivity of CSF analysis and MR imaging for detecting a nervous system abnormality was calculated. Dogs with diagnoses confirmed by other diagnostic modalities were also evaluated separately. RESULTS: A total of 256 dogs were included in the study. For clinical diagnoses in which abnormalities were expected, MR imaging abnormalities were found in 89% and CSF abnormalities in 75% of dogs; CSF abnormalities were more common than MR imaging abnormalities only in inflammatory CNS disease. The majority of CSF abnormalities were nonspecific; an etiologic diagnosis was determined in only 2% of CSF samples. MR imaging excelled in detecting structural disorders, revealing 98% of vertebral abnormalities. In confirmed cases (n = 55), 76% of MR images and 9% of CSF samples were diagnostic. When intervertebral disk disease (IVDD) and vertebral malformation were excluded from analysis (n = 16 remaining), 25% of MR images and 6% of CSF cytology results were highly indicative of the confirmed diagnoses; CSF titer results provided the diagnosis in 25% of these cases. CONCLUSION: CSF analysis may not be necessary when MR findings of IVDD or vertebral malformation/instability are obvious; however, when the cause of neurologic disorder is uncertain, concurrent MR imaging and CSF analysis provides the greatest assistance in establishing a clinical diagnosis.     

Diseases in pet degus: a retrospective study in 300 animals

Introduction : Degus are commonly used as laboratory animals; however, over the past few years, they have become increasingly popular as pets. Objectives : The aim of this article was to present disease prevalence in 300 pet degus divided in two age groups (under and above two years). Methods : Medical records of degus (Octodon degus), which were presented to the author’s clinic in the period from January 2007 to December 2009, were reviewed. Results : The most common diseases in degus were (1) acquired dental disease (60·0%) with significantly higher prevalence in older animals (P<0.001), (2) skin alopecia due to fur chewing (13·33%) and (3) lens cataracts (13·33%). Other common disorders included traumatic injuries to soft tissues (bite wounds and tail slip), traumatic fractures and dietary diarrhoea. Reproductive disorders were most commonly associated with dystocia and pathological changes in the post‐natal period. Only 38 degus in a total of 300 animals were healthy. Clinical Significance : This is the first study to describe the disease prevalence in two age groups of pet degus. The majority of diseases were caused by improper diet, self‐mutilation and improper handling; as such client education is necessary to avoid such a high disease prevalence.     

重庆地区肉牛呼吸道疾病的发病原因及综合防治措施

近年来,重庆地区大批肉牛暴发呼吸道疾病,由于病因分析不清、防治措施不当,造成患牛死亡率不断上升。结合重庆地区养牛实际情况,详细阐述了肉牛呼吸道疾病的发病原因,提出了控制该病的综合防治措施,以期为广大养殖工作者提供有益参考。     

Brucellosis: A re-emerging zoonosis

Brucellosis, especially caused by Brucella melitensis, remains one of the most common zoonotic diseases worldwide with more than 500,000 human cases reported annually. The bacterial pathogen is classified by the CDC as a category (B) pathogen that has potential for development as a bio-weapon. Brucella spp. are considered as the most common laboratory-acquired pathogens. The geographical distribution of brucellosis is constantly changing with new foci emerging or re-emerging. The disease occurs worldwide in both animals and humans, except in those countries where bovine brucellosis has been eradicated. The worldwide economic losses due to brucellosis are extensive not only in animal production but also in human health. Although a number of successful vaccines are being used for immunization of animals, no satisfactory vaccine against human brucellosis is available. When the incidence of brucellosis is controlled in the animal reservoirs, there is a corresponding and significant decline in the incidence in humans.     

实验猕猴和食蟹猴规模化饲养管理

灵长类动物是现代生物医学研究中重要的实验动物,随着生物医学的不断发展,科研工作者对实验猕猴和食蟹猴的数量和质量要求不断提高。中国猕猴和食蟹猴饲养仍处于初级阶段,正在向规模化饲养发展。规模化饲赛妻求饲养场的选址、场内布局和猴舍建设合理,科学地进行饲养繁殖,详细做好个体标记和档案管理,并做好常见疾病如传染病、寄生虫病、外伤和腹泻等疾病防治工作。     

Ocular disease in the guinea pig (Cavia porcellus): a survey of 1000 animals

Objective Anecdotal evidence has suggested that guinea pigs have a high prevalence of ocular lesions. Here we undertook a survey of 1000 guinea pigs from populations of animals kept as laboratory animals, breeding show cavies, animals kept as pets and those from rescue and rehoming centers. Each animal was examined to assess for ocular abnormalities. Procedures A full ophthalmic examination was performed on each animal with direct and indirect ophthalmoscopy and with slit lamp biomicroscopy. Measurement of tear production using the Schirmer tear test 1 and intraocular pressure using the Tonopen applanation tonometer after topical anesthesia was undertaken in selected animals. Results Forty‐five percent of animals examined had some ocular abnormality. The majority were lens lesions including 17% with cataract and 21% with subclinical lens abnormalities such as nuclear sclerosis. Other abnormalities included conjunctivitis in 4.7% and keratitis in 3.6%. Lipid deposition in conjunctiva was observed in 2.3% of guinea pigs and ciliary body heterotopic bone formation in 0.8% of animals. Conclusions This study shows a high proportion of eyes with some degree of abnormality in animals otherwise considered healthy. Information on diseases of the guinea pig eye is important given the use of the species as a laboratory rodent and also the number kept as pets and show animals.     

Cerebrospinal fluid findings in cattle with central nervous system disorders: a retrospective study of 102 cases (1990–2008)

Background: Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis is routinely used to aid in the diagnosis of central nervous system (CNS) disease in animals. There is little comprehensive information available on the diagnostic utility of CSF analysis in cattle. Objectives: The purpose of this retrospective study was to review the characteristic CSF findings of specific CNS diseases in cattle. Methods: Medical records of cattle in which CSF analysis had been performed between 1990 and 2008 were reviewed. Cattle were included in the study if they had a confirmed diagnosis of CNS disease (based on clinical signs, laboratory testing, and/or histopathologic results). Cattle were categorized as having infectious or noninfectious causes of CNS disease and subgrouped based on specific disease diagnosis. CSF results were summarized and compared using nonparametric statistical tests. Results: Data from 102 cattle, mostly female Holsteins, were included in the study. Bacterial infections, particularly listeriosis and neonatal meningitis, were the most common cause of CNS disease. Neonatal meningitis was characterized by a marked, predominantly neutrophilic, pleocytosis. Mild mononuclear pleocytosis was typical of listeriosis, but was also seen with abscesses, viral infections, salt poisoning, and trauma. Variable CSF results were seen in cattle with otitis‐related meningitis and thromboembolic meningoencephalitis. CSF results were usually normal with toxic, metabolic, degenerative, and neoplastic disorders. Conclusions: CSF analysis is a useful adjunctive test for the diagnosis of CNS diseases in cattle. When interpreted together with signalment and clinical signs, CSF results can assist clinicians in the antemortem diagnosis of specific bovine CNS disorders.     

Hydatid echinococcosis (Echinococcus granulosus) in a laboratory colony of pig-tailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina)

Several cases of hydatid echinococcosis were diagnosed in a laboratory colony of 19 pig-tailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina) at the Paul Ehrlich Institute, Germany. Three hydatid cysts were found in the liver of an euthanized animal. The diagnosis of an Echinococcus granulosus infection was confirmed by histopathology and the results of a specific polymerase chain reaction. The serum of five of 14 other monkeys tested for Echinococcus antibodies using a genus-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was positive or weakly positive; none of the animals, however, showed specific reactions in a E. multilocularis-specific ELISA. On ultrasonographic examination, alterations in the liver were found in four of the serologically positive monkeys, and two animals showed clinical signs such as progressive anorexia, apathy and icterus. The monkeys had most probably acquired the E. granulosus infection in their breeding colony in Slovenia.     

布鲁氏菌病的研究进展

布病,尤其是由羊种布鲁氏菌引起的布病,目前是世界上最常见的一种人兽共患传染病,全世界每年报道的布病病例超过500万。布鲁氏菌已经被CDC列为B类病原体,成为潜在的生物武器。布鲁氏菌也是最常见的实验室源性病原体。布病的流行地域在不断变化,每年都有新发地和复发地的报道。除了那些牛布病已经根除的国家,布病仍然在许多国家的人和动物中存在。全世界由于布病给动物产品及公共卫生安全而带来的经济损失是巨大的。虽然许多有效的疫苗正在用于动物免疫,但是还没有理想的人用疫苗可以使用。动物布病的控制将显著降低人布病的发生。     

Prioritizing Zoonotic Diseases: Differences in Perspectives Between Human and Animal Health Professionals in North America

Zoonoses pose a significant burden of illness in North America. Zoonoses represent an additional threat to public health because the natural reservoirs are often animals, particularly wildlife, thus eluding control efforts such as quarantine, vaccination and social distancing. As there are limited resources available, it is necessary to prioritize diseases in order to allocate resources to those posing the greatest public health threat. Many studies have attempted to prioritize zoonoses, but challenges exist. This study uses a quantitative approach, conjoint analysis (CA), to overcome some limitations of traditional disease prioritization exercises. We used CA to conduct a zoonoses prioritization study involving a range of human and animal health professionals across North America; these included epidemiologists, public health practitioners, research scientists, physicians, veterinarians, laboratory technicians and nurses. A total of 699 human health professionals (HHP) and 585 animal health professionals (AHP) participated in this study. We used CA to prioritize 62 zoonotic diseases using 21 criteria. Our findings suggest CA can be used to produce reasonable criteria scores for disease prioritization. The fitted models were satisfactory for both groups with a slightly better fit for AHP compared to HHP (84.4% certainty fit versus 83.6%). Human‐related criteria were more influential for HHP in their decision to prioritize zoonoses, while animal‐related criteria were more influential for AHP resulting in different disease priority lists. While the differences were not statistically significant, a difference of one or two ranks could be considered important for some individuals. A potential solution to address the varying opinions is discussed. The scientific framework for disease prioritization presented can be revised on a regular basis by updating disease criteria to reflect diseases as they evolve over time; such a framework is of value allowing diseases of highest impact to be identified routinely for resource allocation.     

Sexual Precocity of Nellore Bulls that are Offspring of Super Precocious,Precocious and Normal Cows in Extensive Farming Conditions

The objective of this work was to verify that mothers classified as super precocious (M1) and precocious (M2) produce more precocious bulls than females classified as normal (M3). This study included 21 186 animals with an average age of 21.29 ± 1.77 months that underwent a breeding soundness evaluation from 1999 to 2008. Of these animals, 2019, 6059 and 13 108 were offspring of M1, M2 and M3 females, respectively. In the breeding soundness examination, the animals were classified as sound for reproduction, sound under a natural mating regime, unsound for reproduction and discarded. To compare the averages obtained for each category of mother within the individual breeding soundness classes, a chi‐square test with a 5% error probability was used, considering the effects of year and month of birth and farm. For the three classes of mothers (M1, M2 and M3), 67.26, 67.22 and 64.16% of bull calves were considered sound for reproduction and 19.71, 19.46 and 21.90% were considered unsound for reproduction, respectively. There was no difference in the frequency of animals that were sound for reproduction under the natural breeding regime between the three classes of mothers (8.87, 9.31 and 9.19%, respectively). There was a difference between the numbers of precocious and normal females that were discarded, with frequencies of 4.01 and 4.75%, respectively (p < 0.05). There were differences in year and month of birth and farm between super precocious and precocious cows in relation to the breeding soundness classification of the animals. It was concluded that the bull offspring of super precocious and precocious cows presented a higher percentage of approval in the breeding soundness examination than the bull offspring of normal cows, demonstrating that the selection for precocity of females has contributed to an increase in the sexual precocity of the herd in relation to the sexual maturity of bulls.     

Prevalence of antibodies to five selected zoonosis agents in monkeys.

The prevalence of antibodies against 5 zoonosis agents was determined in serum samples of 443 breeding monkeys. Of the monkeys, 296 were bred or kept for a long time at R institute, and the remaining 147 were newly imported from the Philippines and kept at S institute for quarantine. Antibodies to simian virus 40 were highly prevalent at 89.1% among monkeys of R institute, whereas no antibody could be detected in those of S institute. Antibodies to Chlamydia psittaci and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis were detected in 14.4 and 11.6% at R institute, and in 9.0 and 3.5% at S institute, respectively, evidencing a significant difference (P less than 0.05) between those of the two institutes for both agents. Antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii and Leptospira interrogans were found in 3.6 and 2.9% of the overall, respectively, showing no difference in positive rates in relation to breeding place. Even in cases positive to the latter 4 zoonosis agents, the antibody titers were low. The results obtained suggest that all zoonoses tested do not seem to be so serious diseases among monkeys at the present time except simian virus 40 infection, which is highly prevalent among breeding monkeys in Japan.     

集约化种猪场猪伪狂犬病诊断与净化方法

集约化是近年养猪行业的主要养殖模式,具有许多显而易见的优势。但是集约化的种猪养殖方式也存在一些弊端,当猪群出现疾病时,会迅速传染,疾病的传染速度和传染率都很高。伪狂犬病是种猪养殖中最为常见的重大传染病之一。该文对集约化种猪场猪伪狂犬病的诊断与净化方法进行深入分析,并提出有效的诊断和净化措施。     

Retrospective evaluation of partial parenteral nutrition in dogs and cats

The purpose of this retrospective study was to evaluate the use of partial parenteral nutrition (PPN) in dogs and cats. The medical records of all dogs and cats receiving PPN between 1994 and 1999 were reviewed to determine signalment, reasons for use of PPN, duration of PPN administration, duration of hospitalization, complications, and mortality. Complications were classified as metabolic, mechanical, or septic. One hundred twenty-seven animals (80 dogs and 47 cats) were included in the study, accounting for 443 patient days of PPN. The most common underlying diseases were pancreatitis (n = 41), gastrointestinal disease (n = 33), and hepatic disease (n = 23). Median time of hospitalization before initiation of PPN was 2.8 days (range, 0.2-10.7 days). Median duration of PPN administration was 3.0 days (range, 0.3-8.8 days). Median duration of hospitalization was 7 days (range, 2-20 days). In the 127 animals receiving PPN, 72 complications occurred. These included metabolic (n = 43), mechanical (n = 25), and septic (n = 4) complications. The most common metabolic complication was hyperglycemia (n = 19), followed by lipemia (n = 17) and hyperbilirubinemia (n = 6). Most complications were mild and did not require discontinuation of PPN. Ninety-three (73.2%) of the 127 patients were discharged. All 4 animals with septic complications were discharged from the hospital. The presence, type, and number of complications did not impact the duration of hospitalization or outcome. However, animals that received supplemental enteral nutrition survived more often than those receiving PPN exclusively. Although PPN seems to be a relatively safe method of providing nutritional support, future studies are warranted to determine its efficacy.