湿度对肉鸡健康的影响及应对措施

随着肉鸡养殖集约化的发展,环境对肉鸡健康的影响越来越突出。湿度是肉鸡舍环境的重要指标之一,然而在肉鸡饲养生产过程中常常忽略对湿度的管理。低湿或高湿都不利于肉鸡的健康生长。加强对肉鸡舍湿度的监测及研究湿度对肉鸡健康的影响对指导鸡舍湿度的合理调控和健康养殖的发展具有重要意义。作者通过总结和分析舍内湿度对肉鸡热调节、生长性能、繁殖性能、血液指标、肉品质及呼吸道等方面的影响及舍内湿度的监测和管理方法,为深入研究湿度对肉鸡健康影响的作用机制及合理调控肉鸡舍湿度提供参考。     

氨气对肉鸡健康的影响及应对措施

氨气是鸡舍内危害最大的气体,长期氨气应激不利于肉鸡的健康生长。加强对肉鸡舍氨气浓度的监测,研究氨气对肉鸡健康的影响以及减排措施对指导鸡舍氨气浓度的合理调控和健康养殖的发展具有重要意义。本文主要通过综述舍内氨气的来源,氨气对肉鸡生长性能、屠宰性能和肉品质、免疫功能、呼吸道、繁殖性能、福利等方面的影响以及舍内氨气的监测和减排措施,为深入研究氨气对肉鸡健康影响的作用机制以及合理调控肉鸡舍内氨气浓度提供参考。     

夏季层叠式笼养肉鸡舍环境参数变化及其相关性分析

为研究夏季大型立体笼养肉鸡舍养殖环境参数变化规律,确立大型肉鸡舍的最佳环境管理模式,选取山西省晋中地区单栋饲养量为41 280只的密闭式肉鸡舍一栋,进行温度、湿度、CO2浓度、O2含量、风速等环境参数的分点多次检测与统计分析。结果显示:不同笼列位置,温度前端和末端与其它位置差异显著(P<0.05),位置L2、L21和L40差异不显著,温差在0.8℃左右;各位置湿度差异不显著(P>0.05),CO2浓度前端、L2和末端与L21、L40差异显著(P<0.05),O2含量末端与其它位置差异显著(P<0.05),风速差异显著(P<0.05)。不同笼层,温度、湿度和O2含量差异不显著(P>0.05);CO2浓度上层和下层差异显著(P<0.05),随着笼层增高浓度逐渐降低;风速上层显著高于中层和下层(P<0.05),随着笼层增高呈递增趋势。研究表明:炎热夏季该模式鸡舍内随着风速加大(减少),可以增加(降低)舍温和舍内氧气含量,降低(升高)CO2浓度和相对湿度,舍内环境参数适宜肉鸡生长。     

A questionnaire-based,retrospective field study of persistence of Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Typhimurium in Danish broiler houses

A questionnaire-based, retrospective field study was conducted in 78 Danish broiler houses (analytical units) on 42 farms. In spring 1997, all these broiler houses had been infected with Salmonella Enteritidis, phage type 8, and/or Salmonella Typhimurium, definitive-type 66, by day-old chicks delivered from the same hatchery. Because these two salmonella types had not been detected in the Danish broiler sector before and the broiler houses were infected in a period of low salmonella prevalence, the study could focus on farm-related factors, without being distorted by other salmonella infections.

The same person visited all 78 broiler houses, and farm-related factors were listed both from personal observations and by interrogating the person in charge of attending to the broilers. Additional factors (noted at the visits) were recorded in a later telephone interview. Altogether, 187 variables were analyzed.

Broiler houses were divided into single-infection houses (which had one or both of the salmonella types in only one crop), and multiple-infection houses (where infection occurred in multiple crops). This was done both generally and separately for each of the salmonella types.

Factors associated with house status—but that were beyond the control of the farmer—were the salmonella type and the percentage of salmonella positive samples in the first crop. Factors which could be controlled by the farmer and which were associated with reduced prevalence of multiple-infection houses included antiseptic soap and water for washing hands in the anteroom, hygiene barriers when removing dead broilers, gravel alongside the broiler house, systematic checks of indoor rodent-bait depots, and combined surface and pulse-fogging disinfection.     

湿度对奶山羊健康与生产性能的影响及应对措施

环境对于家畜养殖非常重要,奶山羊对环境湿度较为敏感,羊舍湿度过高、过低,均不利于奶山羊的生长发育,会危害奶山羊的健康,导致奶山羊生产性能下降,对疾病的抵抗力降低.因此,加强对羊舍环境湿度的监测和调控,能够更好地发挥奶山羊的生产性能,提高养殖经济效益.本文综述了湿度对奶山羊健康和生产性能的影响以及除湿措施,为羊舍防潮除湿...     

Factors influencing environmental temperature and humidity in intensive broiler houses during the post‐brooding period

Details are given of the environmental temperature and humidity conditions which occurred in 15 commercial houses containing broilers weighing between 1.4 and 1.8 kg.

The relative humidity of these houses was related to climatic relative humidity. House relative humidity levels which were reduced by increased standards of thermal insulation, by background heating and by correct floor construction, did not fluctuate as widely when temperature and ventilation were controlled by thermostatically operated extraction fans as when the fans were manually controlled. The condition of the litter was correlated with house relative humidity; mean weekly relative humidity levels higher than 72 per cent saturated were associated with caking of the litter surface.

During winter, house temperatures higher than 15° C. were achieved when the outside temperature fell to 0°C. or below only where the ventilation was automatically controlled and where the insulation contained an infill of at least 2.5 cm. thickness of mineral wool. In more poorly insulated buildings, similar temperatures were rarely achieved, even when background heating was provided throughout rearing.

Studies of temperature gradients at floor level in broiler houses showed that these were partly due to large and non‐baffled air inlets whose air throughputs were affected by variations in wind speed and direction. Data of house temperatures in relation to windspeed suggest that air velocities through baffled inlets should be at least 150 m./min. at the point of greatest restriction to air flow. However, if air inlet velocities of this magnitude are used, careful design is necessary in order to prevent draughts at bird level.

Observations are also presented on the incidence, causes and effects of structural condensation in broiler houses.     

混饮低剂量ChIFN-α对健康肉鸡免疫功能及生产性能的影响

试验选取50只雏肉鸡饲养至14日龄,随机分为5组,每组10只, 14～42日龄期间试验Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组每日分别混饮0.1、1.0、10 U/mL剂量ChIFN-α（鸡干扰素-α）,Ⅰ组设为空白组,混饮自来水。Ⅴ组设为阳性对照,混饮50 mg/L盐酸左旋咪唑,研究混饮ChIFN-α后对肉鸡免疫功能及生产性能的影响。结果显示,混饮ChIFN-α后可提高肉鸡外周血白细胞总数、淋巴细胞百分比和嗜碱性粒细胞百分比,降低嗜中性粒细胞百分比和单核细胞百分比;提高肉鸡脾脏指数及血清总蛋白(TP)、血清白蛋白(ALB)、血清球蛋白(GLO)的浓度及ALB/GLO比值;不影响肉鸡的生长发育。因此,混饮低剂量的ChIFN-α可提高肉鸡的免疫功能,对健康肉鸡的生长无显著的影响。     

复合芽孢杆菌制剂对肉鸡福利的影响

试验旨在探讨饲喂或鸡舍喷洒复合芽孢杆菌制剂对肉鸡福利状况的影响。选取健康、体重相近的1日龄AA肉鸡300只,随机分在3个处理中,每个处理4个重复,每个重复25只鸡,网上平养。处理1为对照组,饲喂玉米一豆粕基础日粮;处理2为饲喂组,在基础日粮中添加复合芽孢杆菌制剂200mg／kg;处理3为喷洒组,在鸡舍空气中喷洒复合芽孢杆菌喷剂。41日龄时对各处理肉鸡的福利状况进行评估。结果表明,饲喂组和喷洒组肉鸡试验期没有出现死亡,而对照组的死亡率为3％,各组间肉鸡死亡率差异不显著（P〉0．05）;肉鸡羽毛清洁度与步态评分结果优劣次序为：喷洒组〉饲喂组〉对照组;饲喂或喷洒芽孢杆菌的肉鸡脚垫评分都优于对照组;从跗关节损伤度来看,各处理组评分结果优劣程度为：对照组优于喷洒组,喷洒组优于饲喂组。试验结果显示,在AA肉鸡日粮中添加复合芽孢杆菌制剂或在鸡舍中喷洒复合芽孢杆菌制剂可以在一定程度上改善肉鸡的福利状况。     

Reduced incidence of Clostridium perfringens-associated lesions and improved performance in broiler chickens treated with normal intestinal bacteria from adult fowl

The dosing of young chicks with cultures of normal gut flora has been termed "competitive exclusion" (CE). This study was undertaken to examine, under field conditions, the effect of CE treatment on counts of intestinal Clostridium perfringens (CP) and on the occurrence of CP-associated disease in broiler chickens. A farm having recurrent CP-associated health problems was selected as study site. The study comprised four broiler houses, with one treated and one untreated flock per house. Treated birds were sprayed with the CE product Broilact upon arrival at the farm. All flocks were offered feed containing the ionophorous anticoccidial agent narasin. The feed did not contain growth promoters. Treatment was associated with positive but statistically nonsignificant effects on gut health. Delayed intestinal proliferation of CP and delayed appearance of CP-associated gut lesions were found in CE-treated flocks. This delay was associated with improved production performance at slaughter.     

二色胡枝子提取物对肉仔鸡生产性能及抗氧化指标的影响

探讨日粮中添加二色胡枝子提取物(Extractive of Lespedeza bicolor,LBE)对肉仔鸡生产性能及抗氧化作用的影响。试验选用500只健康1日龄商品代艾维茵肉仔鸡随机分为10组,每组5个重复,试验期42d。对照组(CK)饲喂基础日粮,试验1～3组饲喂基础日粮加二色胡枝子粗提物90,100和110mg/kg;试验4～6组饲喂基础日粮加二色胡枝子乙酸乙酯萃取物60,70和80mg/kg;试验7～9组饲喂基础日粮加二色胡枝子正丁醇萃取物60,70和80mg/kg。试验结果表明:日粮中添加二色胡枝子乙酸乙酯萃取物、正丁醇萃取物对肉仔鸡生产性能有促进作用,可提高肉仔鸡的抗氧化功能。     

37℃持续热应激对肉鸡动脉压的影响

80羽25日龄商品代雄性AA肉鸡随机分为对照组(21℃~24℃,相对湿度50%±5%)和试验组(37℃±0.5℃,相对湿度70%±5%),动态监测各组肉鸡的股动脉压(FAP)和生产性能等指标。热暴露使肉鸡平均股动脉压、股动脉收缩压和股动脉舒张压极显著下降(P<0.01);平均股动脉压与呼吸频率、体温呈极显著负相关(P<0.01)。结果表明,37℃持续热应激使肉鸡的股动脉压极显著下降,股动脉压的变化与肉鸡对热暴露的反应和适应过程密切相关。     

迁移式鸡舍对肉鸡生长性能及舍内环境的影响

试验选取880羽21日龄岭南三黄鸡,随机分成2组,每组4个重复。其中对照组在传统的固定鸡舍内饲养,试验组在迁移式鸡舍组内饲养。旨在研究迁移式鸡舍对肉鸡生长性能及空气指标的影响。结果表明:迁移鸡舍组和传统鸡舍组平均日增重分别为28.05 g和27.84 g(P>0.05),饲料增重比分别为3.10和3.13(P>0.05)。在舍内空气环境指标方面,迁移式、传统鸡舍内日平均温度分别为11.22、9.96℃;隔日测定氨气浓度分别平均为2.98、2.70μg/mL,均未超过规定的安全浓度(5～20μg/mL)。因此迁移式鸡舍能够替代传统的固定鸡合并推广。     

早期限饲对肉鸡补偿性生长的影响

试验观察了几种早期限饲措施对肉鸡补偿性生长和消化器官发育的影响。结果显示,各种早期限饲处理均可明显降低肉鸡早期的生长速度和体重;恢复自由采食后肉鸡获得了补偿性生长,适当的早期限饲并不影响肉鸡的最终上市体重;早期限饲改善了饲料效率;限饲鸡胰脏相对重量和肌胃 腺胃相对重量显著高于非限饲鸡,提示早期限饲诱发肉鸡补偿性生长可能与限饲促进消化器官发育、提高消化能力有关。     

日粮中添加酸制剂对肉仔鸡生长性能及肠道健康的影响

为了研究酸制剂在肉仔鸡日粮中的添加效果,试验选用126只1日龄健康AA肉仔鸡,随机分为对照组(不添加酸制剂组)和试验组(添加酸制剂),对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组在基础日粮中添加酸制剂,试验期为49 d,分为前、中、后期(1～21、22～42和43～49日龄)。结果表明,在肉仔鸡的生产前期1～21日龄添加酸制剂有降低平均日采食量,增加平均日增重,提高21日龄末体重,降低料重比的趋势,但对22～49日龄肉仔鸡生长性能没有显著影响。添加酸制剂有提高49日龄回肠食糜中有益挥发性脂肪酸(乙酸)含量,降低有害挥发性盐基氮的趋势。因此,酸制剂能够改善肉仔鸡的肠道健康,且在肉仔鸡前期日粮中添加酸制剂对肉仔鸡生长性能的效果要优于在后期日粮中的添加效果。     

Effect of dietary supplemental ascorbic acid and folic acid on the growth performance,redox status,and immune status of broiler chickens under heat stress

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary supplemental L-ascorbic acid (AA) and folic acid (FA) on broiler chickens under heat stress (HS) conditions when supplemented either alone or in combination. For this aim, the effect of these supplements on the broilers’ growth performance, some blood parameters, antioxidant, and immune status were evaluated. Hatchling Cobb-500 broilers (total = 240) were fed either corn and soybean meal-based diet (control group) or basal diet supplemented with 200 mg AA/kg diet, 1.5 mg FA/kg diet, or 200 mg AA plus 1.5 mg FA/kg diet, for 35 days during the summer months (n = 6 replicates/group, 10 birds/replicate). The minimum and maximum average temperatures ranged from 84.5 to 96.2 °F, and the relative humidity ranged from 68.5 to 76.5%. Supplemented vitamins either alone and (or) in combination increased (P < 0.01) broilers’ growth performance, thyroid hormones levels, insulin growth factor1, blood hemoglobin, total protein, albumin, globulin, heat shock protein70, total antioxidant capacity, catalase enzyme activity, superoxide dismutase enzyme activity, antibody titer against Newcastle disease virus, and decreased (P < 0.01) heterophil/lymphocytes. The effects (P < 0.01) of the supplemented vitamins on the analyzed parameters were better when they were added in combination. In conclusion, the combination of AA and FA at 200 and 1.5 mg/kg, respectively, increased the broilers’ antioxidant status with coordinated improvement in the growth performance and health status under HS.

     

浅析光照信息对肉鸡免疫功能的作用

光照信息是自然界中最重要的环境因素之一,它通过对动物的视觉系统和昼夜节律生物钟系统的调控,进而影响着生物体的多种生理功能。肉鸡属于光敏感动物,其视网膜和松果体上存在着不同的光感受器以及昼夜节律生物钟,通过位于其上的光受体接受外界环境的光信息（光照波长、光照周期和光照强度）,再把不同光信息处理后转化为特定的生物信号,从而影响机体的生长发育、生产性能和免疫功能。作者综述了不同的光照信息：光照周期、光照强度及光照波长对肉鸡免疫功能的增强或抑制作用并重点讲述了褪黑激素通过其受体途径和非受体途径（抗氧化作用）介导着不同光照波长（光色）对肉鸡免疫功能的调控,以期为现代化肉鸡养殖过程中合理运用光照信息提供理论依据。     

Growth performance of fast-growing broilers reared under different types of production systems with outdoor access: Implications for organic and alternative production systems

Outdoor access is an important part of organic and free-range poultry production, yet limited information exists on the effect of various housing and production systems on growth performance and colonization of food-borne pathogens. Therefore, the primary purpose of the current study was to evaluate the influence of different housing systems, particularly fixed versus small, portable houses, with and without outdoor access to pasture, on seasonal growth performance, leg quality, and presence of bacterial food-borne pathogens. In the current study, we used fast-growing broilers, as many small producers use commercial broilers due to their carcass conformation and high breast yield compared with slow-growing hybrids or standard heritage breeds. Although interest in alternative genetics exists because they may be more adapted to outdoor production, they require longer growing periods, with accompanying labor and cost. A pasture containing a mixture of forages was used to simulate the conditions common for small farms in the local region. The experiment had 4 treatment groups: (1) small, portable hoop houses with access to pasture, (2) small, portable hoop houses without access to pasture, (3) a fixed house with access to the outdoors, and (4) a fixed house without access to the outdoors. The present study was repeated at different times of the year to determine if a seasonal effect on the consumption of pasture and carcass quality was present. Overall, raising birds in hoop houses resulted in a reduced growth rate compared with birds raised in the fixed house. None of the production systems altered bone strength or feed conversion. Food-borne pathogens commonly associated with poultry were not found in any of the environments tested. Seasonal production was an issue in the small hoop house birds, as extreme heat in the summer resulted in early termination of that trial. Expanding on forage choice in pastures and customizing hoop houses to deal with weather fluctuations, especially in regions where extreme heat may affect production, are important considerations for these systems.     

饲粮中色氨酸对0～3周龄肉仔鸡生长性能及血液生化指标的影响

试验旨在研究探讨在玉米-豆粕型饲粮中添加不同水平色氨酸对0～3周龄AA肉仔鸡生长性能和血液生化指标的影响。试验采用单因素完全随机分组设计,选择1日龄AA肉仔鸡180只,随机分为5个处理组,每个处理6个重复。试验期间各组饲粮中色氨酸添加水平分别为0、0.03%、0.06%、0.09%、0.12%。试验结果表明:①色氨酸添加水平为0.06%时,可显著增加仔鸡平均日采食量和平均日增重(P0.05),但料重比变化不显著(P0.05);②肉仔鸡的血液生化指标,各试验组大部分数据和对照组比较差异显著(P0.05),其中III组的总蛋白含量最高,总胆固醇、尿素氮、葡萄糖的含量最低;IV组的甘油三酯含量最低。综合分析,在0～3周龄肉仔鸡玉米-豆粕型日粮中添加0.06%水平的色氨酸为宜。     

Efficiency of effect of high ambient temperatures on food utilisation in male broilers

The effect of ambient temperatures above 28 degrees C on the efficiency of food utilisation were studied in 7 consecutive flocks of male broilers, grown in a cross-ventilated controlled environment poultry house. The best correlation between the food:gain ratio and temperature was obtained when the latter was expressed as degrees-h (Th), that is, the aggregate of the differences between the ambient temperature and 28 degrees C, measured hourly. The equation: Food:gain ratio = 2072 + 0.125 X Th, demonstrates clearly the negative effect of high temperatures on food:gain ratio in broilers. It might be helpful for the broiler industry when evaluating the need for and planning of cooling devices for poultry houses.     

模拟条件下鸡舍氨气浓度对肉鸡生长性能和日常行为的影响

本试验旨在研究不同氨气浓度对肉鸡生长性能和日常行为的影响。试验在4个人工气候环境控制舱中进行,氨气浓度分别控制在(0±5)mg/kg、(25±5)mg/kg、(50±5)mg/kg和(80±5)mg/kg。选取21日龄、体重相近[(579.2±6.2)g]和健康的爱拔益加(Arbor Acres)雄性肉鸡480只,随机分在4个组中,每组设4个重复,每个重复30只鸡,笼养,自由采食和饮水,试验期为4周。在试验第21、22和23天,用录像设备记录试验鸡的日常行为;试验结束当天,所有试验鸡空腹称重,计算试验期平均日增重、平均日采食量和料重比。试验结果显示:1)在0～50 mg/kg氨气浓度范围内,肉鸡的平均日增重和平均日采食量无显著差异(P>0.05);当氨气浓度达到80 mg/kg时,试验组肉鸡的平均日增重和平均日采食量显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。2)在0～80 mg/kg氨气浓度范围内,肉鸡的料重比无显著差异(P>0.05)。3)当氨气浓度达到50 mg/kg时,肉鸡趴卧持续时间显著减少(P<0.05);当氨气浓度达到80 mg/kg时,肉鸡趴卧持续时间极显著减少(P<0.01),而站立的次数和持续时间及走动的次数均显著增加(P<0.05)。以上结果表明,鸡舍内氨气的大量聚集会抑制肉鸡的生长,并对肉鸡日常行为的正常表达产生一定的影响,从而影响肉鸡的健康与福利。