氮素营养对春小麦抗旱适应性及水分利用的影响

本文研究了氮素营养和水分胁迫对春小麦水分状况，气孔导度、渗透调节和净光合速率的影响，并对不同氮素和水分水平下的叶面积，耗水量、根系生长，根冠比、水分利用效率和产量变异进行了分析。     

施肥和密度对春小麦产量根系及水分利用的影响

春小麦是宁夏半干旱区的主要粮食作物,增施肥料和合理密植是提高春小麦产量的主要因素。该基研究是为了探索合理施肥量和种植密度,试验结果表明：合理密植和施肥可有效地达到２２５０ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２产量水平,需施Ｎ９０ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２,Ｐ２Ｏ５１３５ｋｇ／ｈｍ６２,密度５００粒／,＾２;合理施肥可改善作物性状;     

旱地施肥对春小麦根系生长、代谢的影响及促进水分有效利用的机理

本文采用田间可微区试验的方法,研究了施肥对旱地春小麦根系生长、根系活力的影响和根系特征量与土壤含水量的关系。结果表明:不同施肥处理使小麦根系的长度、重量、体积、表面积均有不同程度的增长,并使小麦根系活力增加。尤以N、P配合施用效果更好。施肥对小麦根系生长的促进作用可持续到小麦生育后期。施肥在促进小麦根系生长和代谢活力的基础上加大了小麦对深层土壤水分的利用;而且小麦根系总长度、总体积、总表面积及总的根系活力与该期土壤含水量呈极显著负相关,揭示了“以肥调水”的机理。     

氮肥缓解苗期干旱对小麦根系形态建成及生理特性的影响

为揭示氮肥缓解苗期干旱对小麦根系生长的影响,以高产高蛋白品种Spitfire(S)和抗旱品种Drysdale(D)为材料,采用沙培方式研究了不同氮素处理(180和22.5 kg·hm^-2)和水分处理(干旱和正常浇水)对苗期小麦根系形态建成和生理生长的影响。结果表明,苗期干旱下增施氮肥减小了2个品种小麦根系总根长、根系表面积、总根体积、根尖数和分枝数,显著增加了根系直径和根系活力,S品种根系干重减小7.0%,而D品种根系干重增加12.0%。施高氮还降低了干旱下2个品种小麦根系可溶性糖含量,并提高了游离氨基酸含量,且耐旱性品种D变化幅度较大,2个品种根系可溶性蛋白含量的变化均不明显。此外,增施氮肥能促进根系对氮素的吸收,提高根系硝酸还原酶(NR)活性和含氮量。综上,在苗期干旱下增施氮肥能够促进小麦根系生长,提高根系活力和NR活性,以增强根系对氮素的吸收同化能力,促进氮代谢水平,从而提高小麦的抗旱性,但不同耐旱品种对干旱下增施氮肥的响应程度存在差异。本研究结果为通过增施氮肥有效缓解干旱进而提高小麦产量提供了理论依据。     

氮肥用量和水分淋溶对土壤和小麦氮素平衡的影响

:利用标记15N尿素研究不同施肥量和淋溶对小麦生长的影响 ,结果表明水分淋溶对小麦生长的影响不明显 ;地上部生物产量与肥料利用率成正相关 .小麦根系越发达 ,收集到的淋溶液越少 ,损失的肥料N越少 .施用相同量的氮肥 ,淋溶处理的氮肥利用率略低于正常浇水的处理     

旱地施肥对春小麦根系生长、代谢的影响及促进水分有效利用的机理

本文采用田间可微区试验的方法,研究了施肥对旱地春小麦根系生长、根系活力的影响和根系特征量与土壤含水量的关系。结果表明:不同施肥处理使小麦根系的长度、重量、体积、表面积均有不同程度的增长,并使小麦根系活力增加。尤以N、P配合施用效果更好。施肥对小麦根系生长的促进作用可持续到小麦生育后期。施肥在促进小麦根系生长和代谢活力的基础上加大了小麦对深层土壤水分的利用;而且小麦根系总长度、总体积、总表面积及总的根系活力与该期土壤含水量呈极显著负相关,揭示了以肥调水的机理。     

镉胁迫下小麦根系的生理生态变化

本文通过水培和砂培两种方法 ,研究了镉胁迫下小麦 (TriticumaestivmL .)根系的生理生态变化。通过研究镉对小麦根系生长发育状况 ,根系活力 ,根系对矿质元素的吸收 ,探讨镉胁迫下植物根系的生理生态效应。研究结果表明 :镉影响根系的长度、生物量、体积和根系活力。Cd2 + 在低浓度 (处理浓度低于 5mg/L)作用下 ,随处理浓度的升高 ,刺激小麦根系的长度、生物量、体积相应地升高 ;当处理浓度高于相应浓度时 ,根长度、生物量、体积相应随浓度升高而降低。镉胁迫下根系活力受到抑制。水培和砂培中 ,镉对根系的影响趋势一致 ,但是影响幅度有差异。砂培好于水培。镉影响小麦根对矿质元素的吸收 ,Ca、Cu、Fe、K、Mg、Mn、Na、Zn吸收情况不太一致。Ca、Cu、Fe、Mg、Mn、Na的吸收量随Cd2 + 浓度升高而增加 ,K、Zn的吸收量随Cd2 + 浓度升高而减少     

水分胁迫后复水冬小麦根系吸水的恢复

温室盆栽试验结果表明，水分胁迫使冬小麦根系吸水功能受到抑制，复水不能使之恢复到对照水平。水分胁迫后复水根系吸水功能的恢复与胁迫时期、胁迫持续时间及胁迫程度有关，在相同水分胁迫程度下早期比中后期水分胁迫后复水根系吸水功能恢复的程度低；水分胁迫持续时间的延长使根系吸水功能恢复程度进一步降低。水分胁迫程度的加重在不同水分胁迫时期对根系吸水的影响不同，起始于三叶期的重度水分胁迫后复水其根系吸水恢复程度可超过相应中度水分胁迫，说明早期水分胁迫程度的加重不会加剧对根系功能的不利影响。其他时期水分胁迫后复水，胁迫程度的加重对根系吸水恢复有负面影响。冬小麦最大根重与最大根系吸水强度的对比显示，中度水分胁迫下根系吸水功能的恢复主要依赖于复水对原有根系活性的激发，而重度水分胁迫下主要取决于新根的增加，胁迫后复水根系吸水功能的不可恢复是冬小麦产量降低的重要因素。     

水分胁迫对巴西香蕉幼苗水分状况、质膜透性和根系活力的影响

在盆栽试验条件下,以巴西香蕉幼苗为试材,设置7个水平土壤含水量处理,分别为100％～91％、90％～81％、80％～71％、70％～61％、60％～51％、50％～41％和40％～0,测定叶片相对含水量、组织含水量、自由水、束缚水含量、质膜透性和根系活力。研究结果表明,随着水分胁迫的加剧,叶片相对含水量、组织含水量、自由水含量和根系活力均随土壤相对含水量的下降而减少;而水分饱和亏缺、束缚水含量和质膜透性则随土壤相对含水量的下降而升高。综合不同处理下巴西香蕉幼苗水分状况、质膜透性和根系活力可知,香蕉幼苗生长最适宜的土壤水分含量是田间持水量的71％～80％。     

控释氮肥对杂交水稻生育后期根系形态生理特征和衰老的影响

采用微区和小区试验的方法,研究了控释氮肥对杂交水稻生育后期根系形态生理特征及对根系衰老过程中膜脂过氧化产物和活性氧清除酶活性的影响。研究表明,施用控释氮肥,明显地增加杂交水稻生育后期的根干重、根长和根长密度,而根半径减小;提高根系活力和吸收面积,使杂交水稻生育后期根系中MDA含量降低和SOD、POD和CAT的活性提高。控释氮肥中,氮的逐渐释放,可减少具有强烈伤害的活性氧产物速率及其累积数量,提高活性氧清除酶的活性,在很大程度上延缓了杂交水稻生育后期根系的衰老和吸氮能力的衰退。     

氮磷营养对小麦水分关系的影响

比较研究了氮磷营养对春小麦水分关系影响的差异。结果表明 ,土壤干旱情况下 ,氮磷营养虽然皆增强了春小麦的渗透调节能力 ,但由于氮磷营养对作物地上地下部生长的不同进促作用而对作物的水分状况产生了完全相反的影响。氮营养增强了作物对干旱的敏感性 ,使其水势和相对含水量大幅度下降 ,蒸腾失水减少 ,自由水含量增加而束缚水含量减少 ,并使膜稳定性降低 ;而磷营养则明显改善了植株的水分状况 ,增大了气孔导度 ,降低了其对干旱的敏感性 ,增加了束缚水含量 ,并使膜稳定性增强     

Winter wheat response to water and nitrogen in the North American Great Plains

A unique, identical experiment was conducted at 5 locations in the North American Great Plains, from Alberta, Canada to Texas, U.S.A., in 1985 and 1986, to investigate the response of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to water and nitrogen fertility treatments under these climatic regimes. The experimental design consisted of 4 nitrogen levels, 3 irrigation regimes, 2 cultivars, with 4 replications. One cultivar, Colt, was common to all locations. Crop response throughout the growing season was monitored by intensive plant sampling, measuring spectral reflectance, evaluating canopy temperature, and by detailed measurements of the microclimate and of soil water content. This paper discusses the procedures common to all locations. The papers which follow in this issue present the results of these experiments, each paper treating a different aspect of the experiment across locations.     

水氮调控对冬小麦根冠比和水分利用效率的影响研究

通过田间和桶栽试验研究了水、氮调控对冬小麦根冠比和水分利用效率的影响。田间试验结果显示,土壤水分条件对冬小麦根冠生长影响显著。当冬小麦生育期60 cm土层土壤水分维持在田间持水量的60%以上时,根冠比维持稳定状态,不随灌溉次数的增加而变化;当冬小T麦生育期60 cm土层土壤水分低于田间持水量的60%时,土壤越干旱,根冠比越大。桶栽试验结果显示,氮素水平对冬小麦根冠比影响显著,而水氮互作效应对根冠比影响不显著。在所有水分处理条件下,随着施氮量增加,冬小麦根量减少。施氮对冬小麦地上部分和地下部分的影响不同。在水分亏缺条件下,随着氮用量增加,冬小麦经济产量呈增加趋势,水分利用效率与施氮量存在明显正相关关系;而在充分灌溉条件下,产量随着施氮量的增加表现出先增加后降低的趋势,存在一个氮肥用量阈值。因此,水氮通过调控地上地下干物质分配而影响作物产量和水分利用效率,在水分供应受限制条件下,增施氮肥会降低根冠比,更利于地上干物质的积累和经济产量形成。田间试验和桶栽试验均表明,冬小麦根冠比与水分利用效率呈负相关,根冠比大不利于地上部分干物质的积累和作物产量的形成,导致水分利用效率降低。     

Nitrogen and genotype effects on root growth and root survivorship of spring wheat

The nitrogen (N) fertilization of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is important for stable and high grain yield. However, the effect of N on root growth and survivorship is poorly understood. The objectives of this study were (1) to determine the effect of varying N availability on the growth and survivorship of roots and (2) to determine whether genotypic variation in N‐related traits are linked to root growth and survivorship. In a two‐year study, two spring wheat cultivars (Albis and Toronit) and an experimental line (L94491) were grown under low (20 kg N ha^–1) and high N supply (270 kg N ha^–1) in lysimeters equipped with minirhizotrons. The genotypes showed significant differences in N‐related traits: total shoot N content, grain N yield, N harvest index, and rate of decline in flag‐leaf greenness. However, there were relatively weak and inconsistent genotypic effects on the time course of root density, root growth during grain filling, and root survivorship. The level of N supply was the factor that most influenced the establishment, growth, and survivorship of roots; the high N supply, depending on the year and genotype, increased growth and survivorship of roots from 0% to 68% and 24% to 34%, respectively.     

玉米免耕留膜可减少后茬轮作春小麦水氮用量

【目的】河西绿洲灌区玉米普遍采用地膜覆盖措施,其收获后地膜的完整率仍高达70%。研究后茬小麦继续利用该地膜条件下相适应的水氮耦合管理,以期最大化发挥农资的效益,提高小麦产量和氮肥利用率。【方法】2016—2017年度,在甘肃河西绿洲灌区玉米–小麦轮作田进行三因素裂区田间试验。选择头茬玉米进行免耕 (NT) 和传统耕作 (CT) 的田块,在后茬小麦播种时,保留免耕玉米的覆盖地膜,免耕进行小麦播种,而在传统耕作玉米地块,清理残膜,粉碎后翻入土壤中。在两种耕作处理方式下,设传统灌水减量20% (1920 m3/hm2,I1) 和传统灌水量2400 m3/hm2 (I2) 两个灌溉处理,传统施氮减量40% (135 kg/hm2,N1)、传统施氮减量20% (180 kg/hm2,N2) 与传统施氮225 kg/hm2 (N3) 三个施氮水平,组成12个处理。从春小麦出苗20 d后,每15 d采集植株样,测定各器官含氮量,计算营养器官的氮素转运量、转运率、营养器官氮素转运对籽粒贡献率及氮素收获指数。【结果】与传统耕作相比,免耕留膜各处理显著提高了春小麦地上部氮素累积量,两年提高10.9%～14.2%。灌水减量20%+施氮减量20%处理提高了春小麦地上部氮素累积量,较传统耕作、灌水与施氮处理提高4.3%～6.1%。免耕较传统耕作提高了春小麦叶、茎营养器官氮素向穗部的转运量、转运率及对籽粒的贡献率,以免耕同步集成减量20%灌水+减量20%施氮 (NTI1N2) 处理提高幅度较大,较灌水减量20%+施氮减量40% (CTI1N3) 处理叶、茎氮素向穗部的转运量分别提高31.9%～45.7%与54.5%～61.5%,转运率分别提高15.5%～16.3%与20.8%～23.1%,对籽粒的贡献率分别提高13.3%～29.0%与26.4%～36.7%。NTI1N2处理可获得较高籽粒产量与氮素收获指数,较CTI2N3处理分别提高15.2%～22.0%与7.6%～10.0%。【结论】在玉米–小麦轮作体系下,前茬免耕玉米覆盖的地膜对后茬小麦生长依然有显著效果。而且,此时减少20%的常规灌水量和常规施氮量,可以获得更高的产量和氮肥利用率。因此,在河西绿洲灌区小麦–玉米轮作体系中,应推广玉米收获后采用免耕,并在后茬小麦继续使用覆盖的地膜,同时减少20%的灌水量和氮肥施用量。     

Seedbed tilth and nitrogen response of wheat

The effects of seedbed tilth (coarse and fine) and different levels of nitrogen application (0–150 kg/ha N) on wheat response were studied in loam and sandy loam alluvial soils (Typic Camborthids) at three sites under irrigated conditions. The percentage of dry aggregates > 4 mm was 36.7 and 50.8 at site 2 and > 10 mm was 44.3 and 70.2 at site 3 under fine- and coarse-tilth treatments, respectively. The variations in soil tilth were obtained either by use of different types of tillage implements, their combinations and sequence, or by variation in soil moisture content at the time of cultivation. Crop growth was better and grain yields under coarse-tilth were from 0.3 (0 N) to 1.2 t/ha (150 N) higher than under fine-tilth. Total mineral nitrogen (NO₃-N and NH₄-N) content was larger in coarse-tilth treatments than in fine-tilth treatments.     

Response of spring wheat to boron-coated urea and its effect on nitrogen use efficiency

A field study was conducted at the ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, to study the response of spring wheat to boron applied as boron-coated urea (BCU) and the effect of boron (B) coating on the use efficiency of applied fertilizer urea nitrogen. The BCU (0.5% B) significantlyrecorded the highest increase in leaf area index (30.2%), spike length (12.5%), number of spikes (10.9%), filled grains (15.7%) and grain weight (16.3%) per spike in spring wheat than uncoated prilled urea (PU). Furthermore, the application of 0.5% BCU enhanced the grain and straw yields of spring wheat by 11% and 10.6% over uncoated PU. The BCU (0.5% B) also significantly increased the N concentration and N uptake both in wheat grain and straw. The BCU (0.5% B) recorded 24.8% higher recovery efficiency of applied nitrogen and an increase of 3.6 kg grain kg^?1 N applied in agronomic efficiency compared to uncoated PU. The net returns (USD915.1 ha^?1) and benefit:cost ratio (1.40) werealso the highest with 0.5% BCU, significantly higher than uncoated PU. Therefore, 0.5% boron coating onto PU is recommended for increased productivity and enhanced efficiency of applied fertilizer nitrogen for spring wheat in Indo-Gangetic plains of India.     

冬小麦根系对施肥深度的生物学响应研究

施肥深度对冬小麦根系分布及后期衰老影响的根管栽培试验结果表明,施肥深度可改变不同土体中小麦根重及根系活性,较深层次(50～100cm)施肥有利于小麦根长增加和下层土壤中根重及根系活性的提高,同时可增加旗叶叶面积和净光合率,并使小麦根系SOD和POD活性保持较高水平,抑制过氧化产物MDA的产生,延缓根系及旗叶衰老,明显提高小麦产量。施肥过深(150cm)虽能诱导根系下扎,但小麦总根重和产量却均有所下降。     

Carbon and nitrogen transformations during wheat straw and root decomposition

C and N transformations were followed during the decomposition of winter wheat (Triticum aestirum L.) straw and roots in a sand and nutrient solution mixture. The samples were divided into water soluble, 6 n H₂SO₄ hydrolyzable, and 6 n H₂SO₄ residue C and N fractions. Changes in microbial biomass and residue composition (by proximate analysis) were followed for 192 days.Decomposition defined as the breakdown of original plant material showed little net difference between straw and root samples although their decomposition patterns were different. On the basis of percentage of original total C. more CO₂₋C evolved from the straw than the roots, and the difference was nearly equal to the difference in their respective water-soluble C fractions. Lower CO₂ evolution from the roots was related to the smaller microbial biomass which developed during root decomposition. A larger proportion of the root material was ash and lignin, some of which was water extractable but was not microbially utilized. Under nonlimiting nutrient conditions differences in decomposition between different plant parts reflected the differences in residue composition at the initiation of decomposition.Most of the N immobilized during decomposition appeared in the 6 n H₂SO₄ hydrolyzable N fraction. Nitrogen immobilized in this fraction was used to estimate changes in microbial biomass. There was an increase in water-soluble N with time but mineral N remained constant.The proportions of plant constituents removed from fresh undecomposed straw by the 6 n H₂SO₄ hydrolysis were comparable to those removed during 192 days of decomposition as determined by proximate analysis. Cumulative CO₂-C evolved during the 192-day study was comparable to the sum of initial water-soluble and acid-hydrolyzable C.     

适宜播期提高农牧交错带春小麦产量和水氮利用效率

为了明确农牧交错带播种期对春小麦的产量、生育期和资源利用效率的影响,从2011年到2012年在内蒙古进行了小麦分期播种试验。试验共设置了5个播种期,从4月26日开始至6月5日结束,每播期间隔10 d。结果表明,随着播期的推迟,5月6日之后播种的各处理小麦产量显著降低,最后播种的小麦产量相比4月26日播种的减产63.3%~72.3%,对应的收获指数和千粒质量也大幅下降,主要是由于小麦晚播后抽穗至成熟阶段日平均温度降低所致。播期导致各生育阶段所需要的天数特别是播种到出苗期产生差异,但全生育期所需要的生理发育时间(发育最低温度Tb为0,最适温度To为20℃)在不同年份和播种期处理下均没有显著差异,稳定为95.3个生理日数(当每日平均温度均为最适温度时所需要的发育天数)。水分利用效率随着播期推迟呈现明显降低的趋势,与4月26日播种处理相比,最后播种处理的水分利用效率降低了68.8%~74.3%,主要是晚播小麦麦穗干物质质量占地上部干物质质量的比例降低,营养体生长过旺,增加了各生育期内的日耗水量。不同播期下,春小麦地上部植株氮素累积吸收量为14.0~17.0 g/m2。播种期对春小麦氮素累积吸收量没有显著影响。但由于早播处理小麦的收获指数和产量较高,所以氮素的吸收转化利用效率显著高于晚播处理。在农牧交错带适时早播春小麦不但可提高产量,而且还能大幅度提高水氮资源的吸收利用效率,这对该区域实现春小麦高产和稳产有着实际指导意义。