Ethical stockmanship

The objective of this review is to consider the ethics of stockmanship, particularly from the perspective of the nature and extent of the duties of stockpeople to their farm animals. It will consider what science tells us about the impact of stockmanship on the animal, particularly the welfare of the farm animal. The effects of human-animal interactions on the stockperson will also be considered, since these interactions affect the work performance and job satisfaction of the stockperson and thus indirectly affect animal welfare. Animal ethics is broader than animal welfare and includes economic as well as philosophical, social, cultural and religious aspects. This paper is predicated on the view that farm animals can suffer, and that animal suffering is a key consideration in our moral obligations to animals. Housing and husbandry practices affect farm animal welfare and thus farmers and stockpeople have a responsibility to provide, at minimum, community-acceptable animal housing and husbandry standards for their animals. The farmer's or stockperson's attitudes and behaviour can directly affect the animal's welfare and thus they also have a responsibility to provide specific standards of stockmanship for these animals. However, research suggests that the behaviour of some stockpeople is not as correct as it might be. Such situations exemplify the inevitably unequal human - domestic animal relationship, and this inequality should be considered in analysing the boundary between right and wrong behaviour of humans. Thus ethical discussion, using science and other considerations and involving stockpeople, livestock industries, government and the general public, should be used to establish and assure acceptable stockperson competencies across the livestock industries. Training programs targeting the key attitudes and behaviour of stockpeople presently offer the livestock industries good opportunities to improve human-animal interactions.     

性别控制技术的研究与应用进展

性别控制指通过人为干预使动物的繁育按照人们所希望的性别繁殖后代的技术。随着畜牧业生产智能化的迅速发展,高效准确的性别调控技术成为提高畜禽生产经济效益的重要研究方向。本文主要综述了性别分化调控、性别反转和X、Y精子分离技术,以期促进畜牧业养殖性别控制技术的发展和应用。     

生物活性纳米硒在畜牧业的应用研究进展

硒是动物必需的微量元素,在机体的抗氧化、防御、免疫、维持动物正常生长发育和繁殖方面起着重要作用。纳米硒以其低毒性、高生物活性、环境污染小等优点,在畜牧业生产中具有广阔的应用前景。旨在探究纳米硒作为一种全新硒源在畜牧业方面的应用进展,对纳米硒的概况、功能、在畜牧业生产上的应用以及局限性进行系统性综述,以期为纳米硒在畜牧业方面的应用提供参考。     

中短链脂肪酸在无抗饲料中的应用

在现代畜牧业中,为了预防动物疾病和提高生产性能,普遍在饲料中使用抗生素。由于抗生素在畜牧业中的过度使用导致细菌耐药性的产生和抗生素的残留,严重影响到人类和畜禽的健康。因此,迫切地需要制定策略来替代抗生素用于生产食品的动物,特别是畜禽。中短链脂肪酸作为安全高效的添加剂已经畜牧生产中得到广泛的应用,文章以无抗饲料为背景,论述了中短链脂肪酸的研究进展和展望,为无抗饲料开发及使用提供参考。     

青海省海北州畜牧业现状与发展思路

从2007年起青海省海北州继续以农牧业增效、农牧民增收为目标,认真组织实施各项畜牧业生产措施,使全州畜牧业生产保持了又好又快的发展。为了进一步推进海北州畜牧业的健康、可持续发展,建议该地区继续推进国家级和省级产业园、科技示范园创建工作,推动藏羊、牦牛、饲草产业化进程;突出抓好藏羊、牦牛、饲草等特色产业,做大做强“名优特”新品牌;深化大数据在畜牧业生产、经营、管理和服务等方面的创新应用;加强与科研院校产学研合作,重点做好“草、畜、种”等领域科技成果转化及推广工作：抓好疫病防控和产品质量安全。     

Annual meeting keynote address: Animal agriculture and emerging social ethics for animals

Businesses and professions must stay in accord with social ethics, or risk losing their autonomy. A major social ethical issue that has emerged in the past three decades is the treatment of animals in various areas of human use. This point can be illustrated with numerous examples across all areas of animal use. These examples reflect society's moral concern having outgrown the traditional ethic of animal cruelty that began in biblical times and is encoded in the laws of all civilized societies. There are five major reasons for this new social concern, most importantly, the replacement of husbandry-based agriculture with industrial agriculture. This loss of husbandry to industry has threatened the traditional fair contract between humans and animals, and resulted in significant amounts of animal suffering arising on four different fronts. Because such suffering is not occasioned by cruelty, a new ethic for animals was required to express social concerns. Since ethics proceed from preexisting ethics rather than ex nihilo, society has looked to its ethic for humans, appropriately modified, to find moral categories applicable to animals. This concept of legally encoded rights for animals has emerged as a plausible vehicle for reform. The meaning of this ethical movement for animal agriculture is examined. Animal agriculture should explore ways to replace the animal husbandry lost to industrialization.     

畜禽良种繁育技术及其应用的经济学思考

畜禽良种在畜牧产业发展中发挥核心作用,是区域畜牧业发展的物质基础,也是各国畜牧业科技竞争的焦点。现代畜禽良种繁育技术是由一系列技术组成的技术群,在畜牧业生产中的应用有助于提升优质种畜禽使用效率,加快区域畜禽养殖的良种化进程,提高畜禽生产性能。介绍了主要畜禽良种繁育技术及在我国的应用现状,分析了现代畜禽良种繁育技术对畜禽群体饲草料转化效率及良种选育效率的影响,从经济学视角探讨了现代畜禽良种繁育技术与养殖场投入及产出的关系,以期为我国建立现代畜禽良种繁育体系提供参考。     

碳中和背景下畜牧业种养结合发展路径研究

随着我国养殖业规模化、集约化发展,畜禽养殖已成为农业面源污染的主要来源之一。畜禽粪污的资源化利用,既是保障畜牧业健康可持续发展的关键,也是实现生态文明建设及人类命运共同体可持续发展长期目标的重要举措。种养结合农业生产模式为实现畜禽污染控制与经济发展的协调统一提供了可行性。通过对畜牧业生产、加工、消费过程中的温室气体来源的分析,总结归纳畜禽养殖源头减量、过程控制、末端处理的一般性解决方案,为具有类似特点的农户、养殖企业和地方政府提供参考,以期提高畜禽粪便的资源利用效率,推进畜牧业碳中和。     

Constraints and challenges of meeting the water requirements of livestock in Ethiopia: cases of Lume and Siraro districts

Compared to the total water use in livestock production systems, water for livestock drinking is small in amount but is an important requirement for health and productivity of animals. This study was carried out to assess constraints and challenges of meeting drinking water requirements of livestock in rural mixed smallholder crop–livestock farming districts in the Ethiopian Rift Valley area. Data was collected by individual interviews with randomly selected respondents and farmer group discussions. Farmers ranked feed and water scarcity as the two most important constraints for livestock husbandry, although the ranking order differed between districts and villages. Poor quality water was a concern for the communities in proximity to urban settlements or industrial establishments. Water provision for livestock was challenging during the dry season, since alternative water sources dried up or were polluted. Though rainwater harvesting by dugout constructions was practiced to cope with water scarcity, farmers indicated that mismanagement of the harvested water was posing health risks on both livestock and people. A sustainable water provision for livestock in the area, thus, depends on use of different water sources (intermittent or perennial) that should be properly managed. Industrial establishments should adopt an environment-friendly production to minimize pollution of water resources used for livestock consumption. Technical support to farmers is required in proper design and use of existing rainwater harvesting systems. Further investigations are recommended on effect of poor quality water (perceived by farmers) on performance of livestock.     

Aspects of animal welfare in livestock production

The modern consumer is increasingly concerned about the welfare of farm animals which are kept in intensive systems on specialised farms where the health and well-being is almost completely dependent on the will, ability and care of the farmer. Further demands related to animal production are consumer health (quality and safety of food products), the protection of the environment and cheap food. The currently used husbandry systems are man made and emphasise automation which requires permanent critical observation of the welfare of the animals. Ethological indicators are equally important as health and performance to evaluate keeping systems. Future animal farming will be influenced by new technologies such as electronic animal identification and milking robots, and more important by biotechnology and genome analysis. Veterinary surgeons and farmers have to co-operate on the basis of scientifically sound animal welfare schemes which help to protect our farm animals in modern and intensive livestock production systems.     

草原生态载畜量测算核定方法研究

合理确定草地载畜量对有效保护草地资源并高效利用有重要的指导意义,传统方法计算的载畜量只表明了核定时段内的平均载畜量,没有明确载畜量核定的具体时间,开展载畜量核定容易引起混淆和争执,核查工作量大,耗时长,实际操作难度大。为此,本文综合近年来草地载畜量的相关研究结果、结合草原生态气候变化和草牧业的发展趋势,提出了以秋末入冬为载畜量核定时间,以能繁母畜数量作为核定主要指标的新草地生态载畜量计算方法,并提出了加强畜牧业基础设施和人工草地建设,加大牲畜出栏,开展划区轮牧和春季草地禁牧试点示范,合理利用牲畜补偿代谢特点,利用牧草再生特点提高牧草产量和贮备等技术措施,以期为提高草地载畜能力,增加牧民经济收入,实现草原畜牧业的可持续发展提供参考。     

我国畜牧业可持续发展战略之深思

随着畜牧业集约化的快速发展,畜产品数量得到了大幅度的提高,特别是猪、鸡肉的生产总量跃居世界前两位,从而很好的满足了人们对畜产品数量上的需求,但同时也给我们留下一系列的问题,如自然资源、环境保护、动物疫病控制、畜产品安全、地方畜禽品种资源保护等.我们应该保持清醒的头脑,认清今后的科研和工作任务,较好的解决以上问题,保证我国畜牧业快速持续健康的发展.本文就我国畜牧业发展现状及所需要解决的问题进行了简单地阐述.     

RFID技术在畜牧业中的应用探析

无线射频识别(Radio Frequency Identification,RFID)作为物联网的核心技术,以强大优势和应用前景,改变传统的畜牧管理工作,实现畜牧生产信息化管理,对动物生长环境智能化控制,监测畜禽生长状态,实现精细喂养,对疫情实行实时监测和控制,对畜禽产品有效溯源,实现畜禽生产高效精准的智能化管理。论文对RFID技术原理予以剖析,阐述其技术优势,并对RFID技术在畜禽业中的应用进行了综述,以期为畜禽环境控制和智能化信息采集提供参考。     

酒泉市畜禽粪污资源化利用现状调查报告

近年来,酒泉市全力打造草食畜牧产业集群,推进畜牧业规模化、标准化发展,畜牧业综合生产能力显著增强,畜禽粪污产生量随之增加。本文通过调查畜禽粪污资源化利用现状与存在的问题,提出对策建议,为酒泉市防治畜禽污染提供参考。     

Production of transgenic livestock: promise fulfilled

The introduction of specific genes into the genome of farm animals and its stable incorporation into the germ line has been a major technological advance in agriculture. Transgenic technology provides a method to rapidly introduce "new" genes into cattle, swine, sheep, and goats without crossbreeding. It is a more extreme methodology, but in essence, not really different from crossbreeding or genetic selection in its result. Methods to produce transgenic animals have been available for more than 20 yr, yet recently lines of transgenic livestock have been developed that have the potential to improve animal agriculture and benefit producers and/or consumers. There are a number of methods that can be used to produce transgenic animals. However, the primary method to date has been the microinjection of genes into the pronuclei of zygotes. This method is one of an array of rapidly developing transgenic methodologies. Another method that has enjoyed recent success is that of nuclear transfer or "cloning." The use of this technique to produce transgenic livestock will profoundly affect the use of transgenic technology in livestock production. Cell-based, nuclear transfer or cloning strategies have several distinct advantages for use in the production of transgenic livestock that cannot be attained using pronuclear injection of DNA. Practical applications of transgenesis in livestock production include enhanced prolificacy and reproductive performance, increased feed utilization and growth rate, improved carcass composition, improved milk production and/or composition, and increased disease resistance. One practical application of transgenics in swine production is to improve milk production and/or composition. To address the problem of low milk production, transgenic swine over-expressing the milk protein bovine alpha-lactalbumin were developed and characterized. The outcomes assessed were milk composition, milk yield, and piglet growth. Our results indicate that transgenic overexpression of milk proteins may provide a means to improve swine lactation performance.     

WTO与海南畜牧业的发展

本文在对海南省畜牧业的自然资源及生产现状进行考察的基础上，分析了加入WTO对海南畜牧业发展的有利影响和不利因素。作者认为：加入WTO对海南畜牧业的发展是机遇和挑战并存。海南畜牧业的发展应合理配置现有畜牧业资源，利用自身的自然资源及区位优势，从以下需求方面突破①发展生态畜牧业，促进畜牧业的可持续发展②调整的产业结构，创立海南自身的畜产品品牌③树立质量意识，提高畜产品的竞争力。④大力发展特色畜产品加工，推进畜牧业的产业化进程⑤深化贸易体制改革，加强对畜牧业的保护。     

甜高粱饲用价值及饲喂奶牛技术

近年来我国畜牧业发展迅速,奶牛存栏数量呈现逐年增加的趋势,与此同时,人们对各类奶制品需求量的逐渐增加,进一步带动了以奶牛业为核心的畜牧业发展。目前一些大型畜牧场将玉米(Zea mays)饲草作为畜禽的主要饲料,远不能解决畜牧业快速发展导致的饲草不足问题。甜高粱(Sorghum bicolor)是一种仅次于青贮玉米的优良饲草作物,耐干旱,耐贫瘠,生物产量高,籽粒可以用作配合饲料,茎叶和秸秆可进行青饲、青贮等。本文从甜高粱的刈割、甜高粱不同预处理方式及甜高粱的多功能用途等方面进行综述,对甜高粱饲喂奶牛的效果进行综合对比,并提出饲用应注意事项等,旨在为今后使用甜高粱饲喂奶牛提供一些技术参考。     

不断发展的中国草原畜牧业

总结了新中国成立60年来我国草原畜牧业的发展情况,指出我国已经探索出一条适合中国特色的草原畜牧业发展道路。草原畜牧业生产水平在不断提高,如牧区每年向农区提供育肥用牛羊达到3 000多万头;草原畜牧业生产结构不断优化;经营模式不断转变,产、加、销一体化格局正在加快形成;草原畜牧业发展基础日益牢固,仅2000年以来,国家对草原保护建设的投入已超过200亿元;草原畜牧业对生态安全和经济发展发挥了重要作用,局部地区生态环境已得到明显改善。但是,受草原生态安全问题,生猪型畜牧业生产特点和草原地区自身发展能力等因素的制约,草原畜牧业发展还面临许多突出矛盾和艰巨挑战。因此,应该积极应对客观矛盾和问题,牢牢把握当前发展的有利机遇,进一步推进草原畜牧业发展。     

我国西南岩溶地区发展畜牧业的战略设想

我国西南岩溶地区草地资源丰富 ,有适宜发展饲用植物的生物气候资源 ,有一定的家畜基础和技术储备 ,有社会发展的需求 ,因此有建成畜牧产业带的基础。现阶段虽然起点低 ,但潜力巨大 ,可以发展以林业为主的水土保持畜牧业、农耕地区的畜牧业、景观农业中的畜牧业、城郊畜牧业和山地畜牧业。畜牧业产业化应遵守 5项原则 ,并具备 8个方面的特色 ,可以考虑建立 1个产业中心群 ,2个产业带的设想。最后提出国家设立专项畜牧产业带的发展基金、组建省际协调组织、大力发展每个畜牧产业带的龙头企业和企业集团、建立完善的投资管理系统和技术支持系统等 5条具体建议