肥料种类对不同采收期‘黄金梨’糖酸含量和风味的影响

【目的】为优化肥料类型组合和用量、确定果实品质最佳的采收期,【方法】以5年生‘黄金梨’为材料,应用田间试验方法,研究了5种肥料类型对不同采收期‘黄金梨’果实糖、有机酸组分含量和风味的影响。【结果】结果表明,施用堆肥+叶片喷施氨基酸肥或腐熟动物废弃料可显著提高果实总糖、蔗糖、果糖和葡萄糖含量,降低总酸及苹果酸、酒石酸含量,而施用鸡粪+草炭或堆肥+生物菌肥与单施农家堆肥相比效果不明显。采样期间(9月14日—10月10日),不同肥料类型处理‘黄金梨’果实总糖和果糖、蔗糖、葡萄糖含量及风味指数均先增加后降低,总酸和苹果酸、酒石酸含量则先降低后增加,9月28日采样时总糖及各糖分含量最高,总酸及有机酸组分含量最低,糖酸比和风味指数最大,且以堆肥+叶片喷施氨基酸肥或腐熟动物废弃料两个处理效果最好。【结论】综合分析,‘黄金梨’施用堆肥+叶片喷施氨基酸肥或腐熟动物废弃料有利于提高果实内在品质和风味;9月28日左右是北京地区黄金梨果实采收的最适时期。     

不同肥料种类对黄金梨果实内在品质及风味的影响

应用田间试验方法。研究了不同肥料类型对黄金梨果实硬度、可溶性固形物含量和不同种类糖、酸含量的影响。结果表明,堆肥＋叶片喷施氨基酸肥和腐熟动物废弃料处理当年和第2年的果实可溶性固形物含量均显著高于单一施用堆肥（对照）;不同类型肥料施用后,显著提高了当年果实总糖、果糖含量,堆肥＋叶片喷施氨基酸肥和腐熟动物废弃料处理还能提高...     

Yield of greenhouse-grown tomato in substrates containing coir and parboiled rice or burnt rice hulls

Substrate components produced in the sub-tropics or tropics were combined in various proportions as substrates for the greenhouse production of ‘Big Beef’ tomato. Coir was mixed with parboiled rice hulls (PBH) or burnt rice hulls (BRH) at 0, 25, 50, 75, or 100% volume. Fruit fresh weights at equal proportions of BRH or PBH in coir were similar, with the greatest fruit yields achieved with 50 to 100% coir (0 to 50% PBH or BRH). Compared to 100% coir, PBH in coir decreased substrate container capacity and increased air porosity, while BRH in coir increased container capacity and decreased the air porosity. Pre-plant fertilisation of the PBH + coir substrates (superphosphate, gypsum, trace elements, calcium nitrate, and surfactant) increased fruit yield significantly. Substrates containing 50 to 100% coir with BRH or PBH yielded greater fruit fresh weights than was achieved in in 70% BRH + 30% gravel (a typical substrate used in the Dominican Republic), and reusing the 70% BRH + 30% gravel led to a 36% increase in fruit fresh weight. Fruit fresh weights in 100% coir or 75% coir plus 25% PBH or BRH were similar to those achieved in a commercial peat-lite. Herein we report on substrates made from tropical components that perform similarly to a peat-based substrate in the production of greenhouse-grown tomatoes.     

农业有机废料发酵对有机栽培基质的效果研究

以玉米秸秆、菇渣、鸡粪、苜蓿、牛粪、稻壳等农业废弃物为有机栽培基质的主要发酵原料,在发酵中期及发酵结束后分别测定基质的容重、总孔隙度、有机质、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾的含量.结果表明:有机发酵栽培基质配方中含一定比例鸡粪、牛粪等材料的基质发酵速度较快,具有较为适宜的pH、EC、C/N比、容重和总孔隙度,有机质、速效养分的含量也相对较高.在9种基质配方中,T1、T2、T3、T5和T6配方处理在发酵结束后,各项指标相对更加适宜作物栽培,可直接应用于生产.     

Evaluation and correction of nutrient availability to Gerbera jamesonii H. Bolus in various compost-based growing media

Nutrient deficiencies usually constrain the use of some composted materials as peat-substitute growing media even if some fertilizer is applied to the media. In this work, we assessed the suitability of various composted materials as such or mixed with peat for potted plant production, with special emphasis on their effects on nutrient availability to plants. Further, we examined the effect of vivianite [Fe₃(PO₄)₂·8H₂O] as a fertilizer and its mixture with humic substances (HS) on these growing media (particularly their effectiveness in preventing Fe deficiency chlorosis in alkaline substrates). A completely randomized experiment design was developed involving the growth of gerber (Gerbera jamesonii H. Bolus) and two factors, namely (i) the growing medium, specifically composted cork residue (C), compost obtained from a mixture of olive husk and cotton gin trash mixed with rice hulls and peat in a 1:1:1 volume proportion (OH), composted grape marc (GM), Sphagnum peat mixed with spent mushroom compost (M), coconut fibre (CF), and Sphagnum peat; and (ii) the Fe source (control without Fe, Fe-EDDHA, vivianite and vivianite + HS in a weight ratio of 10:1).     

福戈散粒剂防治甘蔗害虫试验初报

试验结果表明：在甘蔗下种和大培土时、667m^2施用40％福戈水分散粒剂40g,对甘蔗叶面害虫、蔗茎害虫和地下害虫有较好的防治效果,与对照相比,对甘蔗蚜虫、蓟马、金龟子、台湾稻螟、黄螟蛀根和螟虫蛀茎有较好的防控作用,防效分别达到100％、97．4％、55．0％、78-7％、76．7％和70％以上。     

中大茎高产甘蔗新品种闽糖96—6016的选育

闽糖96—6016系福建省农业科学院甘蔗研究所从闽糖70—611×闽选703（C01001）组合中选育出的一个甘蔗新品种。多年多点试验结果表明,闽糖96—6016平均蔗茎产量133．19t／hm^2,分别比对照种闽糖70—611（CK1）、新台糖10号（CK2）、新台糖16号（CK3）增产12．5％、42．1％和22．6％;11-1月份平均蔗糖分（绝对值）14．10％;公顷含糖量18．768t．分别比对照种闽糖70—611、新台糖10号、新台糖16号增糖15．7％、42．1％、14．4％。闽糖96—6016是一个中大茎、丰产高糖、农艺性状优良、适应性广的甘蔗新良种。     

不同施肥对深州蜜桃品质及产量的影响

研究了沼渣、化肥、农家肥不同复配施肥方式对深州蜜桃品质及产量的影响。结果表明:对蜜桃单果重及产量影响较大的施肥方式是:沼渣+化肥(农家肥+化肥(沼渣(农家肥,说明沼渣配施化肥可提高蜜桃的产量;对蜜桃着色度、糖酸比、可溶性固形物、总糖、还原糖及VC含量影响较小的施肥方式是:沼渣+化肥(农家肥+化肥(沼渣(农家肥,说明沼渣与化肥配施降低了蜜桃的品质。     

金耳代料栽培技术研究

采用优良的金耳(Tremella aurantialba)菌株,对以稻草、棉籽壳、硬杂木屑、中药渣、阔叶树木屑为主的培养料及配比进行了栽培实验。实验结果显示,除稻草栽培未能出菇,其它材料均可用于金耳代料栽培,其中89.8%中药渣,8%玉米粉,1%蔗糖,1%石膏粉,0.2%磷酸二氢钾配方的基质栽培生物学效率达55%。     

大球盖菇菌渣原位还田对土壤有机质、酶活力及细菌多样性的影响

大球盖菇(Stropharia rugosoannulata)具有高效转化稻秸秆的能力,可以将秸秆转化为植物和土壤微生物可利用的营养物质.为了深入研究大球盖菇菌渣原位还田的作用,在利用稻秸秆栽培大球盖菇后,菌渣就地还田,考察其对土壤有机质、土壤中几种重要酶的酶活和土壤细菌多样性影响的变化规律.结果 表明:大球盖菇菌渣原...     

桂糖32号在合浦种性表现及其对蔗糖成本价格影响

2008-2009年广西甘蔗品种区域试验合浦试点结果表明：桂糖32号的出苗率较高,宿根发株率最高,有效茎数较多。早熟。两新一宿平均甘蔗蔗糖分为15．41％,比新台糖22增加2．29个百分点。其中11月份蔗糖分为14．74％．比新台糖22增加3．02个百分点。公顷含糖量较高。平均每生产It白糖需要桂糖32号原料蔗成本及运费合计为3772．84元,比新台糖22减少658．52元,减14．86％。其中在榨季前期的11月份每生产It白糖需要桂糖32号原料蔗成本及运费合计为3944．34元。比新台糖22减少1016．37元,减幅达20．09％。     

新旧基质不同配比对秋黄瓜产量的影响

对新旧基质不同配比对秋黄瓜产量的影响进行了研究,试验结果表明,与对照相比,100%新基质栽培的黄瓜产量极显著增加,75%新基质 25%旧基质产量显著增加;而在旧基质中加入新基质的比例为25%～50%时,对黄瓜的产量没有显著影响。     

Einfluss organischer N-Dünger auf die Ertrags- und Wuchsleistung der Apfelsorte ‘Jonagold’

In the organic production of fruits there are 30% lower yields than in the conventional or integrated production. Changes concerning plant protection, weed control and N-fertilization are discussed to be possible causes. In the presented trials the influence of organic N-fertilizers on growth and yield of the apple-variety ‘Jonagold’ is investigated. The organic fertilizers “Vinasse” (product resulting from the converting of sugar-beet molasses), “Haarmehlpellets” (pellets of grounded pig bristles), “Rizinusschrot” (grist of the seed of Ricinius communis), “Rapsschrot” (coarse colza meal), “Phytopearls” (residue of maize converting), “Maltaflor” (malt germs and “Vinasse”) and manure were proved. Also the mineral N-fertilizers calcium-ammonium-nitrate and compost were used. The tests were made both in an orchard with integrated production (location Osnabrück) and in an orchard with organic production (location Jork). All tested fertilizers had no influence on the growth and yield of the apple variety ‘Jonagold’. The annual N-uptake of apple-trees in their years of highest yield adds up to 90 and 100?kg?N/ha. This consumption was met by the N-supply of the soil (N_min in Feb./March + N-mineralisation) on both locations. To prevent a possible temporary N-deficit in the first half of the vegetation period a fertilization (30?kg?N/ha) is suggested with organic fertilizers, which release a high N-amount at the latest from the second year of utilization.     

高效低毒农药防治甘蔗害虫试验

通过大田试验．研究了7个杀虫剂处理对甘蔗田间害虫防效及对甘蔗经济性状的影响。试验结果表明：40％福戈水分散粒剂、30％度锐悬浮剂以及5％异丙特丁硫磷对甘蔗绵蚜虫、蓟马、螟害防效均优于其他药剂处理;经济性状中,株高、产量和糖分在40％福戈水分散粒剂、30％度锐悬浮剂以及5％异丙特丁硫磷处理条件下均优于其他药剂处理。生产上建议以上3种农药交替使用,并结合甘蔗下种和施肥培土一起使用以达到最佳效果。     

有机肥替代化肥对大棚西瓜产量及品质的影响

为实现响水地区化肥减量及西瓜优质高产的目标,以大棚西瓜为试材,研究在等氮条件下有机肥不同比例(30%,60%,90%)替代部分化肥对其产量、糖分含量和土壤肥力的影响。结果表明:采取有机肥替代部分化肥的施肥措施,西瓜产量有所提高,替代量越大,产量越高,90%替代较对照产量差异达显著水平;西瓜长势较好,主茎长度、叶片数和节位数增加;西瓜糖分含量提高,30%替代糖分最高,较对照增加5.23%;土壤有效磷、速效钾都随有机肥替代量的增加而增加。综合产量、品质等因素,大棚西瓜有机肥部分替代化肥量以30%～60%最佳。     

Use of organic agricultural wastes as growing media for the production of Anthurium andraeanum ‘Pink Lady’

Summary

The conventional organic growing medium used for anthurium (Anthurium andraeanum) production is peat. Quality peat, however, is costly and is a non-renewable natural resource. The current study compared the suitability of using charred and composted organic agricultural wastes (OAW) vs. sphagnum peat as components of various growth media for the ornamental plant, anthurium (A. andraeanum ‘Pink Lady’). Ten different media were prepared from composted corn cobs (C), charred corn cobs (CC), charred garden waste (CG), and Pindstrup? sphagnum peat moss (P) in various proportions. The media contained [on a % (v/v) basis]: C (100%), CC (100%), CG (100%), C (70%) + CG (30%), CC (70%) + CG (30%), C (35%) + CG (15%) + P (50%), CC (50%) + P (50%), CC (35%) + CG (15%) + P (50%), C (50%) + P (50%), or P (100%) as a control. After 15 months in a greenhouse, the growth and flowering of transplanted anthurium plants were optimal using P, CC+P, or CC+CG+P.These results indicate that mixing charred OAW with peat could provide a suitable medium for anthurium production, thereby reducing the need for peat and converting agricultural waste material into useful products.     

间作夏至草对有机桃园三种蚜虫的防效

研究了北京有机桃园地表自然生草、夏至草和紫花苜蓿混合种植及黑色地膜覆盖加驱避植物(大蒜)对桃园3种蚜虫的综合控制效果。结果表明:相对于自然生草处理和地膜覆盖加驱避植物(大蒜)处理而言,种植100%紫花苜蓿处理小区和种植70%紫花苜蓿+30%夏至草处理小区的桃蚜、桃粉蚜和桃纵卷瘤蚜总体数量显著降低;种植100%紫花苜蓿有利于桃蚜种群数量的控制;种植70%紫花苜蓿+30%夏至草有利于桃蚜、桃粉蚜等3种蚜虫种群数量的综合控制。     

有机基质栽培番茄氮磷钾养分吸收与基质养分释放规律的研究

以课题组筛选的有机基质配方(稻壳、玉米芯、菇渣体积比为5∶2∶3)栽培番茄,分析番茄整个生育期基质养分释放动态、番茄叶片中营养元素含量变化及番茄植株对养分利用情况.结果表明:基质中碱解氮、速效磷的释放规律基本一致,在整个生长过程中波动不大;钾元素含量急剧下降,坐果期下降最为明显.基质养分释放氮最大,为819.3 mg/kg;磷最低,为364.5mg/kg.番茄吸收钾最多,为7.54g/株;吸收磷最少,仅1.25 g/株.最适宜番茄生长的氮、磷、钾施肥比例为1∶0.24∶1.45.     

有机物料对盐化潮土性质及甜菜品质和效益的影响

为了解决长期施用化肥导致盐化潮土质量和甜菜品质下降的问题,研究了牛粪、油菜籽饼、玉米秸秆和食用菌渣对河西内陆灌区盐化潮土性质及甜菜含糖率和效益的影响.结果表明:与化肥(C K2)比较,牛粪有利于降低盐化潮土容重,增加孔隙度和团聚体,容重降低8.82％,总孔隙度和团聚体分别增加4.53和8.28个百分点;玉米秸秆有利于提...     

Effect of different rates of composted organic amendment on urban soil properties,growth and nutrient status of three Mediterranean native hedge species

Increasing green space, especially in densely built-up areas is considered to be a valuable climate change adaptation response in order to reduce the threat of high temperatures to human health and comfort and to controlled global greenhouse gas emissions. Practical responses to climate change, under urban conditions, in order to avoid or reduce trees and shrubs vulnerability, can be considered drought resistant planting approaches, as the addition of organic amendeds to soil. The improvement of physical–chemical soil quality is a key step for carrying out xeriscaping programs of urban green spaces in Mediterranean semiarid areas. Organic amendments, particularly compost, have been receiving a renewed attention not only in horticulture but also in the context of restoring disturbed urban soils to address environmental issues as well as to improve trees and shrubs growth. The influence of increasing rates (0, 15, 30, and 45%) of composted sewage sludge (SSC) placed in the plantation hole on both urban soil properties and growth for three native Mediterranean woody hedge species was monitored over a 2-year period after planting. The experiment was supported by a xerogardening project in an urban context under semi-arid conditions. The results indicate that the urban soil physical characteristics were positively influenced by the addition of SSC: the 45% rate showed an increase in both moisture and infiltration values, thereby increasing the volume of plant-available water in the soil. The chemical properties of the amended soils were also directly affected by the SSC rate, but the effect of the compost on organic matter, nitrogen and potassium contents decreased over time. Our results prove that the hedge growth response to the compost treatments is also highly dependent on the rate of compost used. At the end of the trial, in Rhamnus and Myrthus plants 30% compost level guarantees the best performance; in fact, the further addition of 15% of compost led to a significant decrease in hedge and diameter values, in particular in Myrtle. This could be explained by the high pH at 45% compost, which would seem not to suit the physiology of the two species. On the other hand, in Phillyrea plants, the rate of 45% compost gives high performance equal to that of 30%; it would therefore seem that the high pH at 45% compost does not influence the nutritive elements’ absorption and, as a consequence, the growth. The use of composted sludge as an amendment for sclerophyllous could be feasible and, what is more, helpful to mitigate the environmental impact of organic waste disposal. Moreover more natural vegetation can be introduced into urban parks and green spaces in semi-arid environments to encourage sustainable landscaping and xerogardening.