多效唑在马铃薯试管苗上的应用研究

以MS为基本培养基,以中薯3号、中薯4号和东农303的试管苗为实验材料,研究多效唑在马铃薯试管苗快繁、壮苗及种质保存中的应用.结果表明:(1)多效唑能有效抑制马铃薯试管苗的腋芽萌发,推迟腋生枝条萌发的时间,保持马铃薯试管苗的正常生长,便于试管苗的切段繁殖;(2)试管苗在切段繁殖中,附加0.2～0.5 mg/L的多效唑可使试管苗增殖与壮苗同步进行,得到的试管苗健壮,大大提高移栽成活率;(3)在MS 1.0 mg/L多效唑的培养基中,生长正常的马铃薯试管苗种质常温保存可延长至2个月.     

三种不同苗源生产脱毒马铃薯原原种产量比较试验

对3种不同苗源（试管薯、试管苗、扦插苗）生产脱毒马铃薯原原种的产量进行对比试验,结果表明：（1）在常规栽种季节（四川地区春季为3月20日~4月20日,秋季为8月25日~9月25日）的条件下,试管薯生产原原种的产量最高,每株平均为3.5粒,试管苗与扦插苗产量相当,每株平均为2.8粒;（2）在延迟栽种的情况下,其产量高低为试管薯〉试管苗〉扦插苗,试管薯每株平均为1.9粒,试管苗为2.0粒,扦插苗为1.8粒;（3）方差分析表明,常规栽种季节试管薯与试管苗和扦插苗的产量分别达显著水平,延迟栽种条件下3者产量均未达显著水平。因此,大规模生产脱毒马铃薯原原种企业在常规栽种季节建议使用试管薯苗源,而延迟栽种的情况下建议大量使用扦插苗进行生产。     

马铃薯试管苗及顶芽扦插原原种产量研究

为了解脱毒马铃薯试管苗及顶芽扦插生产原原种情况,探索一种高效、高产生产马铃薯原原种的方法,对川芋早和米拉试管苗移栽到基质(V锯末:V细土=1:2)30、45 d后剪取顶芽(带有3~5片叶),将顶芽扦插在相同基质的防虫大棚网室内。分品种比较一次扦插苗(第一次顶芽)、二次扦插苗(第二次顶芽)、剪取一次的试管苗、剪取二次的试管苗、未作处理的试管苗(对照)的各自的产量及其形态指标。结果表明:一次扦插苗平均单粒重最大,川芋早每粒为4.0 g,米拉为3.7 g,极显著高于剪取一次顶芽后的试管苗、剪取二次顶芽后的试管苗和二次扦插苗。对照单株结薯数最高,川芋早每株为3.9个,米拉为4.0个,显著高于剪取二次顶芽后的试管苗、二次扦插苗、一次扦插苗。剪取顶芽能显著增加由一株试管苗繁殖的1 g以上原原种个数,剪取一次顶芽和剪取两次顶芽繁殖的1 g以上原原种个数差异不显著。对移栽的试管苗可以剪取一次顶芽,并将顶芽作为扦插苗生产原原种,此方法能显著增加原原种产量。     

网室中马铃薯脱毒微型薯生产技术

在常规的网室马铃薯脱毒微型薯的生产中,脱毒试管苗的移栽成活率在60%左右,甚至更低,对人力、财力是很大浪费。为了解决这个问题,本文从防虫网棚温室的设施、基质的配制、水肥管理、病虫害综合防治措施等方面进行了改进和建立规范化生产,使试管苗移栽成活率达到97%,以期为高效低成本马铃薯脱毒微型薯工厂化生产提供技术参考。     

中原地区马铃薯脱毒移栽时间对微型薯的影响

秋季利用网棚结合覆盖大棚膜 ,于 9月 15日、 9月 2 8日、 10月 10日、 10月 19日、 11月 1日分 5个时间进行移栽 ,研究移栽时间对马铃薯脱毒微型薯的影响。结果显示 :随着移栽时间的延迟 ,各处理的单株微型薯产量和单株微型薯粒数均呈极显著降低的趋势。在各级微型薯的重量百分比上 9月 15日和 9月 2 8日两个时间移栽没有差别 ,9月 2 8日后 ,随时间的后移 ,大薯率呈极显著降低 ,小芽率升高。 10月 19日后大薯率为 0 ,11月 1日中薯率为 0。前 4个处理间微型薯中薯率均没有差异。     

马铃薯试管薯生产技术规程

西吉县马铃薯生产研究所自1998年创建以来，一直通过试管苗移栽成基础苗，然后在基础苗上剪尖扦插的方法生产原原种，在多年的生产过程中出现两个缺点，一是试管苗移栽基础苗时成活率不高，二是在剪尖扦插的过程中脱毒苗易被染病。因此，在2003年我们设想用试管薯代替基础苗生产原原种，并尝试性进行生产试管薯，结果获得了试管薯50万粒，2004年扩大生产量收获试管薯300万粒，2005年1～3月份又成功收获试管薯100万粒。现将我们探究和总结出的试管薯生产技术介绍如下，以供马铃薯脱毒研究和生产者参考应用。     

矮壮素(CCC)在马铃薯试管苗上的应用研究

以MS为基本培养基,以大西洋、东北白和克新1号的试管苗为试验材料,研究矮壮素在马铃薯试管苗快繁、壮苗及种质保存中的作用。结果表明,在MS培养基中加入0.3～0.8mg·L-1的矮壮素能有效抑制马铃薯试管苗的腋芽萌发,推迟腋生枝条萌芽的时间,保持马铃薯试管苗的正常生长,便于试管苗的增殖,能使马铃薯试管苗种质常温保存达2个月,降低了生产成本。     

盐胁迫下马铃薯耐盐相关生理指标变化的研究

移栽于蛭石中长至 4～ 5片新叶的马铃薯试管苗用 0 2 %、 0 4 %、 0 6 %浓度的NaCl溶液进行胁迫处理 ,在 10d、 2 0d和 30d时测定各项生理指标。结果表明 :随盐胁迫浓度和时间的增加 ,马铃薯试管移栽苗生长受到明显抑制 ;脯氨酸含量在胁迫初期极显著地增加 ,随后呈下降并趋于稳定趋势 ;叶绿素含量、光合速率、气孔导度极显著地下降 ,细胞间隙CO2 浓度无变化。     

不同水源及培养瓶对马铃薯试管苗和试管薯的影响

试管薯体积小,不耐储藏是试管薯应用的瓶颈。培育健壮脱毒马铃薯试管苗是生产高质量试管薯的前提。以脱毒马铃薯试管苗克新13和荷兰15为材料,通过对不同水源(自来水和蒸馏水)和培养瓶(透气和不透气)生产的试管苗和试管薯的比较,得出以下结论:自来水比蒸馏水生产的试管苗健壮,试管薯体积比较大;透气瓶生产的试管薯外观好,无气孔外翻现象,耐储藏。     

碳源浓度对不同光源培养的马铃薯脱毒试管苗生长的影响

就培养基碳源浓度对不同光源培养的马铃薯脱毒试管苗生长的影响进行了系统的研究 ,分析了自然光照培养的优势。结果表明 ,利用自然光照培养马铃薯脱毒试管苗 ,培养基最适宜的碳源浓度为 12 5g/L ,较人工灯光培养的最适宜碳源浓度 2 0g/L减少了三分之一 ,降低培养基成本 3% ,移栽成活率提高 8 91% ,总体降低试管苗生产成本 2 6 5%。     

Factors in the Reduction in Grain Number in Winter Wheat by Early-Sowing in Yamaguchi

Abstract

Grain number per spike of wheat is lower in early sowing than in the conventional standard cultivation in Yamaguchi, Prefecture, Japan. Components of the grain number per spike in five cultivars were analyzed with respect to temperature during the spike development period throughout three growing seasons 2001/2002, 2002/2003 and 2003/2004 to find the cause of the problem of early sowing cultivation. The plants sown in early-October and late-November were called the early sown group and the standard group, respectively, in the following. Three of the five cultivars, Hokushin, Akitakko and Nanbukomugi, showed a strong winter habit, which requires very cold temperatures for spike differentiation. The other two cultivars, Iwainodaichi and Airakomugi, had a moderate winter habit. Grain number per spike and grain yield were decreased by early-sowing (compare with the standard group) in almost all cultivars throughout the three growing seasons. The three cultivars which had a strong winter habit had fewer spikelets per spike in the early-sown group than in the standard group. The other two cultivars which had a moderate winter habit had fewer grains per spikelet in the early-sown group. The higher the temperature during the spikelet formation phase, which is from flag leaf initiation to terminal spikelet initiation, the higher the number of spikelets per spike in the standard group. The spikelet number per spike in the early-sown group increased with the increase in productive tillers under fertile conditions. Such conditions also increased the grain number per spike.     

Allelopathy in Agroecosystems in Spain

Summary

This paper reviews the effects of allelopathic interactions in agroecosystems in Spain on plant physiological activity and their ecological advantages. The phenological stage of growth of donor plants and the effective allelochemicals in the soil solution while studying the role of phenolic compounds were highlighting. Finally possible future prospects and conclusions regarding weed control by allelochemi-cals under integrated crop management strategies are discussed.     

2009年中国稻米市场分析及2010年展望

以翔实的资料对2009年中国稻米生产、消费、进出口、供求平衡、库存、价格走势、购销政策和国际稻米供求等情况进行了全面地分析,对影响2010年稻米市场价格走势的各种因素进行了深入研究,并在此基础上对2010年我国稻米市场价格走势进行了预测,结论是我国稻米价格仍呈上行趋势。     

Advances in Variable Rate Technology Application in Potato in The Netherlands

Precision agriculture is a farming management concept based on observing, measuring and responding to inter- and intra-field variability in crops. In this paper, we focus on responding to intra-field variability in potato crops and analyse variable rate applications (VRAs). We made an overview of potential VRAs in potato crop management in The Netherlands. We identified 13 potential VRAs in potato, ranging from soil tillage to planting to crop care to selective harvest. We ranked them on availability of ‘proof of concept’ and on-farm test results. For five VRAs, we found test results allowing to make a cost-benefit assessment. These five VRAs were as follows: planting, soil herbicide weed control, N side dress, late blight control and haulm killing. They use one of two types of spatial data: soil maps or biomass index maps. Data on costs and savings of the VRAs showed that the investments in VRAs will pay off under practical conditions in The Netherlands. Savings on pesticide use and N-fertilizer use with the VRAs were on average about 25%, which benefits the environment too. We foresee a slow but gradual adoption of VRAs in potato production. More VRAs will become available given ongoing R&D. The perspectives of VRAs in potatoes are discussed.     

我国高粱育种研究进展

对我国高粱育种的主要途径和研究方向进行了概述,针对目前高粱产量徘徊现象,提出了高粱超高产育种设想,并对其技术路线进行了探讨。     

Diurnal changes in net photosynthetic rate in potato in two environments

Summary Diurnal changes in net photosynthetic rate were measured in a furrow-irrigated potato crop and in a riverbed crop where the water table was always maintained at 20–28 cm from the soil surface. In the irrigated crop, the photosynthetic rate during mid-afternoon was about half the peak rate observed at noon. This reduction was accompanied by a near tripling of stomatal resistance, a 45% reduction in transpiration, and a 5-fold increase in the difference between leaf and air temperatures. No such changes were observed in the riverbed crop where the photosynthetic rate remained nearly constant at about 0.9 mg m⁻² s⁻¹ between 9 a.m. and 4 p.m. Tuber yield in the riverbed crop was about 30% higher than in the irrigated crop.     

我国干热区甘蔗抗旱植蔗主要问题研讨

我国干热蔗区是我国甘蔗糖业的重要生产基地,蔗区光热资源丰富,唯降水分布不均成为植蔗生产的主要限制因子;根据蔗区植蔗特点和甘蔗需水规律,苗期抗旱是干热蔗区抗旱植蔗的关键,保证较多的总苗数和足够的生长量是苗期抗旱植蔗需解决的关键技术难题,制定相应的苗期抗旱植蔗栽培技术措施是解决该难题的重要保障;该观点为我国干热蔗区植蔗生产、甘蔗引育种提供理论和技术支持。     

棉花体细胞无性系变异的研究进展

体细胞无性系变异是一种重要的细胞工程育种技术,其应用于棉花育种的前提是建立高效的组织培养诱导再生植株体系.本文简要综述了棉花离体诱导植株再生研究的现状,重点讨论了棉花体细胞无性系变异的表现、利用方法及机理,提出了当前研究存在的问题并对今后的研究进行了展望.