羊源肠球菌溶血素特性分析及其对兔红细胞作用的观察

对致羔羊脑炎肠球菌E129-3菌株溶血素进行检测分析，并利用光学显微镜和电子显微镜观察其对兔红细胞的作用，探讨了肠球菌溶血素的特性及溶血类型。结果表明，小白鼠、兔、犬红细胞对该溶血素最敏感，牛红细胞不敏感。该溶血素可以被DTT、Ca^2＋活化，被蛋白酶K、EDTA、Zn^2＋、Cu^2＋抑制。在培养后2h，细胞浆内着色不一致或密度降低，5h时红细胞数量明显减少，细胞膜较完整。提示，肠球菌溶血素为成孔蛋白类溶血素。     

产enterocin E5细菌素粪肠球菌发酵条件的优化

采用琼脂扩散法测定粪肠球菌发酵上清液对大肠埃希菌K88的抑菌活性,从而确定产enterocin E5细菌素粪肠球菌的发酵条件。结果表明,粪肠球菌E5产细菌素的发酵培养基为MRS培养基,最适温度为37℃,最适起始pH值6.5,最佳接种量2%,种龄14 h,发酵时间16 h,最佳培养基组分氮源为1%胰蛋白胨、0.5%酵母浸粉,最佳碳源为1%葡萄糖、0.5%蔗糖,0.1%Tween-80有利于enterocin E5的产生。这是分离自北京优良商品猪黑六产enterocin E5粪肠球菌的首次报道。     

致绵羊脑炎型肠球菌溶血素CylA基因的克隆及序列测定

以致绵羊脑炎型肠球菌（Enterococcus）染色体DNA为模板，PCR扩增溶血素CylA的结构基因，将PCR产物克隆于pMD19-T载体，对PCR产物进行测序鉴定。与已发表的肠球茵溶血素CylA基因序列比较，同源性达99．3％。     

甘露寡糖对乳酸粪肠球菌和沙门菌细胞凝集的影响研究

探讨甘露寡糖对乳酸粪肠球菌和沙门菌细胞体外凝集的影响。将乳酸粪肠球菌和沙门菌分别在添加1%甘露寡糖和未添加正常的培养液中进行培养,观察细胞形态;在乳酸粪肠球菌和沙门菌脑心浸液肉汤中分别添加0、0.2%、0.5%、0.9%和1.7%的甘露寡糖,在35、37和39℃培养24 h,测定0、3、6、12和24 h时培养液的OD_(600)值。培养基中添加1%的甘露寡糖对乳酸粪肠球菌和沙门菌均产生凝集作用;对于乳酸粪肠球菌,与对照组相比,35℃时,添加量为1.7%的甘露寡糖在3~24 h时对乳酸粪肠球菌的细胞凝集效果显著(P0.05);37℃培养条件下,添加量为0.5%~1.7%的甘露寡糖在培养24 h时对乳酸粪肠球菌的细胞凝集效果显著(P0.05),且凝集效应具有剂量依赖性和时间依赖性,作用时间小于24 h或甘露寡糖添加量小于0.5%不能使乳酸粪肠球菌产生凝集效应;39℃条件下,添加量为0.2%~1.7%的甘露寡糖时,在3~24 h对乳酸粪肠球菌的细胞凝集效果显著(P0.05);对于沙门菌,35℃条件下,添加量为0.9%的甘露寡糖组与对照组相比在6~12 h对沙门菌的凝集效果差异显著(P0.05),添加量为1.7%的甘露寡糖组在12 h时与对照组相比对沙门菌的凝集效果差异显著(P0.05);37℃条件下,添加量为1.7%的甘露寡糖组在3~12 h与对照组相比对沙门菌的凝集效果差异显著(P0.05);39℃条件下,添加量为1.7%的甘露寡糖组与对照组相比在3~9 h对沙门菌的凝集效果差异显著(P0.05),添加量为0.2%~0.9%的甘露寡糖时在12~24 h对乳酸粪肠球菌的细胞凝集效果差异显著(P0.05)。     

乳酸粪肠球菌的筛选及富硒效果的试验研究

采用厌氧罐培养,对乳酸粪肠球菌进行筛选、富硒效果及富硒条件的研究,结果乳酸粪肠球菌具有较强的耐受硒和富集硒的能力,其富集硒的效果受培养发酵液中的硒添加量、接种量和发酵时间的影响.获得乳酸粪肠球菌最佳发酵产量和富硒量的条件,考虑到试验中的菌体红色因素,确定硒添加量35 mg/L、接种量10%、发酵时间28 h、pH4.5~6.3,是比较理想的乳酸粪肠球菌富硒发酵增殖培养条件.其发酵产量和最佳富硒量为:菌体产量404.10 mg/100ml,干物质产量683.14 mg/100 ml,菌体富硒量248.56 μg/100 ml,干物质富硒量393.21 μg/100 ml,发酵液环境硒量31.07 mg/L,干物质非有机硒量147.65 μg/100 ml.     

响应面法优化饲用屎肠球菌QW256增殖培养条件

为明确具有益生潜力的屎肠球菌QW256最适培养基与培养条件,利用Plackett-Burman试验、最陡爬坡试验、中心组合设计试验以及响应面法探究不同碳源、氮源、营养因子以及培养条件对菌株屎肠球菌QW256活菌数的影响。结果表明：屎肠球菌QW256菌株最佳增殖培养条件为接种量5%、培养温度37℃、初始pH 7.8;最适培养基成分为糖蜜24.7 g/L、酵母粉10 g/L、玉米浆16 g/L、柠檬酸0.25 g/L、柠檬酸钠5.1 g/L、硫酸镁0.6 g/L及精氨酸0.2 g/L。在优化后的培养基和培养条件下培养17 h时活菌数达1.12×10¹⁰CFU/mL,为其工业化应用提供了试验依据和技术支持。     

湖南健康猪源与流行性腹泻病猪肠球菌毒力基因检测分析

为研究猪流行性腹泻(PED)病猪群中肠球菌及其携带毒力基因的变化情况,本研究采用PCR方法对115株猪源肠球菌检测其11种毒力基因的分布情况及进行了其溶血试验和明胶液化试验。结果,共检测到9种毒力基因:EF3314、efaA、gelE、ace、asal、cylA、esp、Hyl和EF0591,其中asa373和AS未检测到。72株健康猪源分离菌中毒力基因检出率分别为12.5%、9.7%、5.6%、2.8%、13.9%、4.2%、8.3%、15.3%和1.4%。43株PED病猪分离菌毒力基因阳性率分别为20.9%、25.6%、2.3%、18.6%、51.2%、11.6%、20.9%、0和7.0%。溶血试验结果显示115株肠球菌中溶血的占88.7%,其中α-溶血占40%,β-溶血占48.7%,共有8株检测到溶血素A基因(clyA),检出率为6.9%。11株粪肠球菌全部表现溶血,其中健康猪源分离株为α-溶血,PEDV感染猪分离株为β-溶血。明胶液化试验表明115株肠球菌中只有两株能液化明胶,均为粪肠球菌,一株为健康猪源分离株,一株为PEDV感染猪分离株,而且从这两株菌中均检测到了明胶酶E(gelE)基因。表明PED猪源肠球菌毒力基因检出率明显高于健康猪源肠球菌(p0.05)。明胶液化试验和溶血试验结果表明,粪肠球菌的这两种表型与基因型为肠球菌种中表达一致性是最高的,其携带毒力基因为肠球菌中所占比例最高。通过两种不同来源肠球菌毒力基因的比较,为PED的分析治疗与防控提供依据。     

肠球菌产enterocin基因的检测

肠球菌属(Enterococci)是乳酸菌中对营养要求不高、兼性厌氧、容易培养、分布广泛的一类革兰阳性球菌.肠球菌广泛应用于乳制品加工、蔬菜及肉制品的发酵工艺中.肠球菌在生长繁殖过程中除产生乳酸、乙酸等有机酸外,还能产生多种具有抑菌或杀菌活性的细菌素,在抑制多种动物源病原微生物和食物病原菌、腐败菌等方面具有重要作用.     

羊源屎肠球菌的分离鉴定与生物学特性研究

某养殖场羔羊突然死亡,为了查明死亡原因,采集病死羔羊病变肺脏等进行细菌的分离培养,分离到1株革兰阳性、短链状排列的球菌,在血琼脂培养基上呈β溶血。通过对该菌的16S r RNA进行扩增和序列分析,其与屎肠球菌的同源性高达99%,应用通用引物对16S～23S rRNA的序列进行PCR扩增产生2个条带,分别为522 bp和619 bp。用Vitek 2全自动微生物分析仪鉴定为屎肠球菌,可能性为98%。该菌对万古霉素和米诺环素敏感,对青霉素、庆大霉素等药物表现耐药。结果显示,分离到的细菌为屎肠球菌,且该菌具有多重耐药性,本实验为兽医临床肠球菌的分离和鉴定提供了参考。     

屎肠球菌素E9的产生和特性研究

用琼脂扩散法分别检测了不同培养时间的屎肠球菌E9无细胞上清液和连接在菌体上的Enterocin E9活性,同时分析了Enterocin E9的生物学特性。结果显示：含Enterocin E9的上清液和菌体都具有抑菌活性,活性大小存在浓度依赖性。在一定时间范围内,其上清液和菌体的活性都随着培养时间的增加而逐渐升高。取上清液进行稳定性分析,结果发现Enterocin E9有很好耐热和耐酸碱性,经121℃处理20 min后其活性仍大部分保留,在pH2~12的范围内37℃下处理4 h仍保持较高活性;不同浓度的吐温-80对其活性无明显影响;室温放置7周后,活性无明显变化。上述实验说明屎肠球菌E9产生的细菌素不仅分泌到上清液中,同时还有较大部分与菌体结合。Enterocin E9稳定性良好,储藏条件简单,具有在畜牧业中应用的潜能。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -