UPLC-PDA联合UPLC-MS/MS法确证一批标称杨树花口服液中非法添加物甘草酸

采用UPLC-PDA联合UPLC-MS/MS方法确证了一批标称杨树花口服液中非法添加物甘草酸。样品经提取稀释后，采用ACQUITY UPLC T₃色谱柱为分离柱，UPLC-PDA初步筛查，再用负离子扫描，液相色谱串联质谱仪上机测定。通过对比色谱图保留时间和光谱图的峰形以及质谱图，结果表明最终确证该批样品中非法添加物为甘草酸。UPLC-PDA方法中甘草酸检测限为20μg/mL,定量限为50μg/mL。本方法快速、灵敏、重现性好，适用于本批标称杨树花口服液中甘草酸的检测。     

超高效液相色谱法测定原料药中加米霉素的含量

研究建立超高效液相色谱-光电二极管阵列法（UPLC-PDA）测定加米霉素原料中主成分加米霉素的含量。采用反相超高效液相色谱法对加米霉素进行色谱分离和快速定量测定。方法采用ACQUITY UPLCTM CSH C18色谱柱（2.1 mm×100 mm,1.7 μm)为分离柱,柱温：35℃;以氨水(0.1:30)-乙腈为流动相（30:70）进行等度洗脱;流速：0.45 mL/min;进样量：1 μL;检测波长为208 nm。通过光谱图、保留时间和峰面积参数对加米霉素进行定性、定量检测。加米霉素在80~1600 μg/mL的范围内线性关系良好（R2=0.9996）;方法检测限为40 μg/mL、定量限为80 μg/mL,系统适应性试验色谱柱耐受性良好,添加回收率99.80%,完全满足检测需求。研究建立的UPLC方法色谱分离较好,分析速度较快,前处理简单,适用于加米霉素原料中主成分加米霉素含量的检测。     

HPLC法测定二氧化氯乳头消毒剂中乳酸的含量

建立HPLC法测定二氧化氯乳头消毒剂中乳酸的含量并研究此方法的耐用性。采用HPLC法,色谱柱为资生堂Capcell Pak C18 MG（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）,流动相为0.1%磷酸水溶液-乙腈（97.5:2.5,V/V）,检测波长为215 nm,流速为1 mL/min,柱温为35℃,进样量为20 μL。结果表明：乳酸在200～1 000 μg/mL内线性关系良好（R2=0.9999）,检测限为5 μg/mL,定量限为13 μg/mL,精密度试验峰面积RSD均符合标准,平均回收率为98.50%,供试品工作液在24 h内稳定。耐用性试验结果显示,在测试范围内,检测波长、流速、柱温、流动相比例和色谱柱对样品中乳酸的含量测定均无影响,且分离度符合要求。结论：此方法操作简易,可靠性高,可以用作该乳头消毒剂中乳酸的质量控制。     

HPLC-PDA联合UPLC-Q/TOF法确证硫酸卡那霉素注射液中的非法添加物

确证1批硫酸卡那霉素注射液中的非法添加物。在对该批样品进行非法添加物常规筛查时发现其含有未知色谱峰,且紫外光谱具有特征性,但与现有的紫外光谱库进行比对,无法确定该未知物的结构。结合UPLC-Q-TOF法给出的未知物的分子量信息推导出疑似添加物,再用HPLC-PDA和UPLC-Q/TOF两种方法进行验证,最终确证非法添加物。结果显示该批样品中的非法添加物为尼可刹米。通过检查该批样品中的非法添加物,总结出确证非法添加物的一般模式,从而为兽药处方外非法添加物的筛查与确证提供思路。     

超高效液相色谱法测定紫锥菊根末中单咖啡酰酒石酸和菊苣酸的含量

为了快速测定紫锥菊根末中主成分单咖啡酰酒石酸和菊苣酸的含量建立了超高效液相色谱法（UPLC）。采用ACQUITY UPLCTM C18色谱柱（2.1 mm×100 mm,1.7 μm)为分离柱,柱温：35℃;以乙腈-0.4%磷酸水溶液,进行梯度洗脱;流速：0.35 mL/min;进样量：1 μL;检测波长为330 nm。通过光谱图、保留时间和峰面积参数对单咖啡酰酒石酸和菊苣酸进行定性定量检测。单咖啡酰酒石酸在0.5~25 μg/mL的范围内线性关系良好（R2>0.999）;方法检出限为0.5 μg/mL,方法定量限为1 μg/mL; 菊苣酸在1~50 μg/mL的范围内线性良好（R2>0.999）;方法检出限为1 μg/mL,方法定量限为2 μg/mL,完全满足检测需求。该方法色谱分离较好,分析速度较快,前处理简单,适用于紫锥菊根末中单咖啡酰酒石酸和菊苣酸的定性定量检测。     

超高效液相色谱法测定头孢噻呋晶体注射液中头孢噻呋含量

建立超高效液相色谱-光电二极管阵列法(UPLC-PDA)测定头孢噻呋晶体注射液中主成分头孢噻呋的含量。采用反相超高效液相色谱法对头孢噻呋进行色谱分离和快速定量测定。以ACQUITY UPLC~(TM)C8色谱柱(2.1 mm×100 mm,1.7μm)为分离柱,柱温:35℃;以乙腈-水(0.1%甲酸)进行梯度洗脱;流速:0.35 mL/min;进样量:1μL;检测波长为292 nm。通过光谱图、保留时间和峰面积参数对头孢噻呋进行定性、定量检测。头孢噻呋在4～200μg/mL的范围内线性关系良好(R~20.9998);方法检测限为2μg/mL、定量限为4μg/mL,完全满足检测需求。该方法色谱分离较好,分析速度较快,前处理简单,适用于头孢噻呋晶体注射液中主成分头孢噻呋含量的检测。     

鸡肉组织中硝基咪唑类药物及代谢物多残留检测高效液相色谱法研究

建立了鸡肉组织中甲硝唑、洛达硝唑、地美硝唑、替硝唑、塞克硝唑、奥硝唑6种硝基咪唑类药物及地美硝唑代谢产物1-甲基-5-硝基-2-羟甲基咪唑(HMMNI)共7种组分残留检测的高效液相色谱法(HPLC).样品采用乙酸乙酯提取,SCX柱净化;色谱条件:色谱柱为Eclipse Plus C18柱(4.6 mm×150 mm,3.5 μm);流动相为水-乙腈-甲醇,梯度洗脱;柱温为35℃;流速为0.8 mL/min,紫外检测波长为320 nm,外标法定量.结果表明:7种组分在5～60ng/mL范围内,呈良好线性关系,相关系数R2均大于0.998;方法检出限为1 μg/kg;添加浓度分别为2、3、5 μg/kg时,平均回收率为66.6%～101%,批内和批间RSD均小于20%.     

高效液相色谱法测定阿苯达唑的含量

为建立高效液相色谱法测定阿苯达唑含量,实验优化出最佳色谱条件：检测波长为295 nm,流动相为甲醇﹕水=70﹕30,流速0.8 mL/ min,色谱柱为Shim-pack VP-ODS(150 mm?4.6 mm,5 μm);柱温为室温。结果显示：阿苯达唑的浓度在1~1000 μg/ mL范围内,峰面积与浓度呈良好的线性关系,R2=1;加样平均回收率为98.1﹪,RSD为0.5﹪;检出限和定量限分别为0.03 μg/ mL和0.1 μg/ mL。该方法简便、快速、准确、重现性好,可用于阿苯达唑的含量测定及质量控制。     

柱前在线自动衍生-高效液相色谱法快速测定乳粉中牛磺酸

建立以邻苯二甲醛为衍生试剂测定乳粉中牛磺酸含量的高效液相色谱方法.标准品和样品在自动进样器中完成自动衍生反应后直接进入高效液相色谱系统进行分析,方法采用Ultimate AQ-C18 (2.1 mm×100 mm,3μm)为分析色谱柱,以乙腈和10 mmol/L乙酸钠(pH 4.2)作为流动相,柱温40℃,流速0.4 mL/min.结果表明:在5～100 μg/mL范围内牛磺酸线性关系良好,回归方程为y=19.800 6x+20.176 4,相关系数为0.999 7.样品加标回收率为97.33％～105.74％.本方法最低检测限(RS/N=3)为0.06 mg/100 g,最低定量限(Rs/N=10)为0.2 mg/100 g.本方法测定乳粉中牛磺酸含量重复性好、灵敏度高,且比国标检测方法操作简单,适用于乳粉中牛磺酸的常规分析检测.     

UPLC-PDA法测定龙胆泻肝散中3种主要成分的含量

本试验采用UPLC-PDA法对黄芩苷、栀子苷和龙胆苦苷进行色谱分离和快速定量测定,以ACQUITY UPLC~(TM)CSHC_(18)色谱柱(2.1 mm×100 mm,1.7μm)为分离柱,柱温35℃;以甲醇-水(0.1%磷酸)进行梯度洗脱;流速:0.35 mL/min;进样量:1μL;检测波长为254 nm;通过保留时间、光谱图和峰面积等参数对3种主要成分进行定性鉴别和定量检测,建立超高效液相色谱(UPLC-PDA)测定龙胆泻肝散中主成分黄芩苷、龙胆苦苷和栀子苷的含量。试验结果显示:每1 mL含龙胆苦苷8μg、栀子苷5μg和黄芩苷10μg的对照品溶液信噪比≥3为检出限,每1 mL含龙胆苦苷16μg、栀子苷10μg和黄芩苷20μg的对照品溶液信噪比≥10为定量限,完全满足检测需求。该方法前处理简单,目标物理论塔板数高,色谱分离度好,分析速度较快,节省时间,适用于龙胆泻肝散中3种主成分的定性鉴别和含量检测。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -