CIMMYT小麦高产稳产育种概况

文章概述了CIMMYT在小麦高产、稳产育种方面的成就。CIMMYT小麦高产育种始终以株型改良为中心,要求高产品种具有矮秆或半矮秆、株型紧凑、分蘖多、繁茂性好、成穗率高、穗大、对水肥投入反应敏感等特性。CIMMYT小麦稳产育种包括抗生物胁迫育种和抗非生物胁迫育种两方面,目前,在抗旱、耐后期高温、耐酸性土壤中铝离子毒害、耐盐碱;抗三种锈病、叶枯病、赤霉病、印度腥黑穗病、黄矮病、细菌性条斑病和白粉病方面的育种已经取得了一些成就。     

悼念绿色革命之父布劳格博士

布劳格博士从事国际农业研究65年,主要贡献包括:(1)培育的矮秆高产小麦品种为解决世界粮食问题做出了杰出贡献,被誉为绿色革命之父,他不仅是CIMMYT的创始人,也是整个国际农业研究磋商组织的创始者;(2)创立了世界粮食奖;(3)开展了以推广玉米新品种为主要内容的非洲农业革命.     

国际玉米小麦改良中心培育抗病小麦的国际途径

国际玉米小麦改良中心(CIMMYT)的小麦育种计划旨在为发展中国家培育高产,适应性广,抗病的种质。在1967—1968年间,发展中国家种植高产半矮小麦品种的面积约为500万公顷,到1976—1977年已增至2900万公顷。在所种植的品种中大多是CIMMYT培育     

第二届杂交水稻国际学术讨论会将于明年四月在IRRI召开

继1986年长沙首届国际杂交水稻学术讨论会后,杂交水稻事业取得了突飞猛进的巨大成就。第二届会议的宗旨是:(一)回顾杂交水稻研究和推广的进展;(二)商讨杂交 水稻各方面的国际协作;(三)建立一个协 调国际合作的体制。来自全世界的科学家们 将就以下几个方面进行交流:(一)已经取 得的成就和存在的问题;(二)杂种优势的 遗传和生理生化基础;(三)育种程序(包 括三系、二系和一系法);(四)种子生产、 检疫和质量问题;(五)生物技术的应用; (六)病虫害防治;(七)经济效益;(八) 国际协作以及国际农业研究中心和国立、私立种子部门的作用。 此届会议将于…     

小麦育种中亲本创新的典型事例及难点分析

本文综述了我国北方冬麦区小麦骨干亲本创新的主要成就,并以鲁麦13和鲁麦14及其在育种中的成功应用为例,指出了亲本创新中普遍存在的抗病品种农艺性状差、产量水平低或高产品种抗病性不持久的问题。对于亲本改良过程中高产与综合抗性不易同步提高的难题,应以提升亲本的丰产性能为前提,积聚持久抗病、慢锈(粉)基因和抗旱等性能。     

小麦抗倒性研究进展

倒伏是小麦高产、稳产和优质的重要限制因素之一,也是小麦超高产育种亟待解决的问题。目前,针对小麦倒伏类型、评价方法、相关表型性状、分子基础等已经开展了大量研究,并取得了一定的进展,这些研究成果为进一步改良小麦抗倒性奠定了良好的基础。本文根据国内外相关报道从以上几个方面对小麦抗倒性研究进行综述,分析小麦抗倒性研究存在的问题,并提出未来可能的研究途径和思路,进而为小麦抗倒伏育种提供理论支持。     

超级小麦及其育种方法

本文提出了超级小麦的概念和指标 ;从小麦的超高产潜力、高产典型、特异育种资源及产量与品质的关系等方面 ,论证了超级小麦育种的可行性 ;并提出了常规超亲育种、基因转化育种、一系法利用杂种优势、操纵物候期育种和生理特性改良育种等 5种超级小麦育种方法     

杂种冬小麦雄性可育性和产量的配合力

杂种小麦的育种在常规的小麦育种程序之外,还有三个目标:(1)细胞质雄性不育(cms)系的产生;(2)与不育系杂交能得到可育的F_1代杂种的可育恢复(Rf)系的产生;(3)鉴定籽粒产量的杂种优势。而杂种优势本身又与两个亲本产量的配合力有关。然而,杂种小麦的这一切又由于F_1代杂种的雄性可育的程度与恢复系(Rf)对育性的恢复能力(Johnson and Patter-     

小麦品种早熟性研究进展

诸多研究表明:(1)温度和光周期是制约小麦抽穗和成熟的重要环境因子,它们通过Vrn基因和Ppd基因起作用,影响着穗分化的进程;(2)春化是冬性小麦品种抽穗结实的必经阶段,低温和短日照都可使春化完成,小麦不同发育阶段营养和生殖器官内激素的种类和水平有差异,茎尖玉米赤霉烯酮含量达到高峰标志着春化完成;(3)小麦早熟性遗传为部分显性,染色体上有控制抽穗期的主基因;(4)小麦早熟性决定于各个生育阶段的长短,但主要是在二棱前期和后期.早熟高产育种应在最小营养生长期短及分蘖性强以保证穗数的基础上,力抓抽穗早或灌浆速度快这两条途径,以达到产量三因素乘积最大.     

欢迎订阅2005年《分子植物育种》

《分子植物育种》是由国家科技部和国家新闻出版署批准 ,由张启发院士主编 ,方宣钧博士、吴为人博士、朱玉贤博士任执行主编 ,黎志康博士、马正强博士、王道文博士、王明理博士任副主编 ,众多国内著名学者担任编委的学报级刊物。本刊”立足国内 ,面向国际” ,是一份为转基因育种、分子标记辅助育种及常规育种服务的国际化科学杂志 ,主要围绕水稻、小麦、玉米、油菜、大豆、棉麻、薯类、果树、蔬菜、花卉、茶叶、林草等方面 ,刊登分子遗传育种理论、分子育种方法、分子育种研究动态以及优良种质培育的科学论文报道 ,包括研究报告、研究论文、…     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).