一个新的棉花腺体形成基因的遗传鉴定

湘X9628陆地棉突变体具有植株有腺体、种子低棉酚的特性。种子棉仁中的棉酚含量为0.0354%,低于国家标准。它的种子无腺体,当种子萌发后,长出的真叶有腺体,但比常规陆地棉品种少。遗传分析表明,控制湘X9628植株有腺体、种子低棉酚特性由二对重叠隐性基因所控制。等位性测验表明,其中一对基因是gl2的等位基因,另一对是gl     

Grafting-induced seed gossypol levels by demethylation of (+)-delta-cadinene synthase genes in upland cotton

Two-year-grafting experiments within and between Gossypium barbadense and Gossypium hirsutum accessions were conducted to study the source, transfer, and alteration of gossypol and methylation of (+)-δ-cadinene synthase (CDN) genes along with whole chromosomes of A01, A04, A11, D01, D05, and D11, harbouring the cotton CDNs, using the whole genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS) method. The results revealed that although a glandless line used in this study had a low level of gossypol in the seeds, it did not contain any pigment glands, indicating that expression pathways of gland and gossypol were under genetic control of different loci in cotton. Grafts with glandless rootstocks produced significant amounts of total gossypol in the seeds, clearly demonstrating that the source of gossypol biosynthesis was not specific to the root. Heterografts consisting of scion GN, a glandless line, and scion TM-1 grafted on Pima 3-79 rootstocks caused increased total seed gossypol levels whereas homograft TT had decreased total seed gossypol levels. Alteration of total gossypol levels was also associated with gland density, and DNA demethylation levels of (+)-δ-cadinene synthase genes.     

色素腺体和棉酚对陆地棉茎尖培养的影响

本研究以陆地棉三对色素腺体近等基因系为材料,研究色素腺体和棉酚对棉花茎尖培养的影响.结果表明,外植体的色素腺体和棉酚性状对于棉花茎尖培养有较大的影响,有色素腺体棉的茎尖比对应的无色素腺体近等基因系更易诱导产生不定根和再生植株.无色素腺体棉根尖的不定根出生时间晚于对应的有色素腺体近等基因系7天左右.棉酚试验     

Genetic variation and selection within glandless cotton germplasm

There is a renewed interest in research and use of glandless (free of gossypol) Upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) that can produce edible seeds for human food and animal feed. However, there was a lack of information on yield potential of existing glandless germplasm since intermittent breeding activities for glandless cotton were stopped in the U.S. before 2000. The objectives of the present study were to test obsolete and exotic glandless germplasm for possible production and evaluate progress in direct pedigree selection within the existing glandless germplasm in eight field tests. In multiple tests, the glandless cotton Acala GLS yielded only 65–80 % lint of the glanded control Acala 1517-08 and 46–75 % lint of commercial transgenic cultivars. Most of obsolete glandless germplasm and their selections yielded <70 % of Acala 1517-08 and only three selections yielded 82–89 % of the control. Genetic variation in yield and fiber quality traits was seen from significant differences between selections within the same glandless germplasm, indicating the existence of residual genetic variation. Most importantly, three selections from exotic glandless germplasm out-yielded Acala 1517-08 by 4–9 %, one of which had desirable fiber quality traits. These promising glandless lines with comparable yields to commercial cotton make it possible to revitalize the glandless cotton industry. More field tests will be needed to evaluate their yield potential and adaptability in the U.S. Cotton Belt.     

中国低酚棉品种资源群体特点及特异种质筛选

对１４５个国内外不同来源的低酚棉品种（系）的研究表明，中国低酚棉品种资源群体的基本特点是，皮棉产量的变异潜力较大；铃重、衣分、子指、衣指变异度较小，纤维品质性状的变异率表现相似。多数品种（系）的衣分偏低，子指较大，纤维强度低，细度中等，但纤维较长且整齐度好。在产量或品质性状方面，该资源群体含有一些特异种质；国内育成品种（系）在衣分、细度上可更好地提供优异的基因资源，而国外品种（系）在铃重，衣指，纤     

澳洲野生棉种的子叶棉酚动态及与色素腺体形态的关系

对斯特提棉、南岱华棉、澳洲棉、纳尔逊氏棉和比克氏棉五个澳洲野生棉种在种子萌发过程中的子叶棉酚含量进行了测定和分析。结果表明,五个澳洲野生棉种子叶中的棉酚积累过程与无色素腺体陆地棉品种基本相似,其休眠种子和萌发２４ｈ以内的子叶均检测不到棉酚,为典型的低酚棉类型。当种子萌发４８ｈ以后,其子叶开始出现棉酚,但含量极低;在子叶开始出现棉酚１～２ｄ后,棉酚含量开始迅速增加,到种子萌发第９ｄ达到最大值。此外,讨论了澳洲野生棉种的子叶色素腺体延缓形成的组织结构与棉酚积累的关系,以及该性状的遗传调控机理等。     

Development of Gossypium hirsutum lines with cytoplasmic bollworm tolerance from Gossypium arboreum and Gossypium tomentosum

American cotton [Gossypium hirsutum (L.)] grown in India belongs to the race Latifolium. It is prone to bollworms [Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner), Erias vitella (Fabricius), Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders)] infestation which causes considerable crop loss. Two breeding lines ‘Bikaneri (BN)‐arboreum (ARB)‐16’ and ‘BN‐tomentosum (TOM)‐277’ are cytoplasmic diverse genetic stocks. They were developed by crossing experimental lines ‘Delta Branch Experiment Station (DES)‐ARB16’ and ‘DES‐TOM277’ (non‐recurrent parents) with G. hirsutum‘BN’ (recurrent parent). Compared with BN these stocks possessed higher amount of gossypol, flavonol and phenol contents in leaves, stem and square. Plants were tolerant to bollworms and inherited comparable agronomic properties (yield, boll weight, plant height, number of monopods and sympods and fibre quality). Cotton breeders can use these lines for breeding cotton resistant to bollworm.     

显性低酚棉新品系种仁营养品质与利用评价

 以自主选育的7个显性无腺体新品系为材料,通过种子性状考察,种仁游离棉酚、脂肪酸和氨基酸含量测定,研究了低酚棉种仁具有重要的油用、食用价值和保健功能。结果表明：4个新品系种仁棉酚含量低于国家食用标准,其中苏显无154、苏显无156棉酚占种仁质量低于3 mg·kg^-1,成为名副其实的无酚棉新种质。低酚新品系种仁粗脂肪含量高于有酚品种,不饱和脂肪酸总含量超过70%,油酸相对含量略低于有酚品种,亚油酸、亚麻酸、棕榈油酸相对含量以及不饱和脂肪酸总含量与有酚品种相同。低酚新品系种仁色氨酸含量高于常规有酚品种,其它必需氨基酸含量以及氨基酸总含量与有酚品种相近。低酚基因Gl₂^e对棉花种仁脂肪酸、氨基酸组成及其含量未产生负效应。     

Introgression of a gene for delayed pigment gland morphogenesis from Gossypium bickii into upland cotton

The presence of gossypol and its derivatives above the WHO/FAO standards (0.02–0.04%) in cotton seed oil and meal limits its usage as food and feed. To the contrary, the presence of pigment glands filled with gossypol and its derivatives helps to protect cotton plants from phytophageous pests. Thus a desirable cultivar would have glandless seeds on a glanded plant. This paper describes results on the successful introgression of this trait from Gossypium bickii into cultivated upland cotton. Five different tri‐specific hybrids (ABH1, ABH2, ABH3, ABH4 and ABH5) were obtained by crossing the amphidiploid F₁ (G. arboreum × G. bickii) with different gland genotypes of G. hirsutum as male parent. The hybrids were highly sterile, and their chromosome configuration at meiosis metaphase 1 (M1) in pollen mother cell (PMC) was 2n = 52 = 41.04 I + 4.54 II + 0.57 III + 0.04 IV. All five hybrids were similar in morphological characters, except for the gland expression and gossypol contents. The hybrid (ABH3) derived from genotype Gl₂Gl₂gl₃gl₃ of upland cotton (a single gene dominant line) had completely introgressed the target trait of G. bickii. While ABH1 and ABH2, which derived from recessive (gl₂gl₂gl₃gl₃) or dominant (GlGl) glandless upland cotton genotypes, had glandless seeds too, but the density and size of the glands on the plant were reduced significantly.     

棉酚旋光体柱前衍生化-HPLC分析与4个栽培棉种之间棉酚含量比较

采用2%D-氨基丙醇+10%冰醋酸+88%乙腈作为棉酚提取和衍生化试剂对消旋棉酚和棉花样品进行热衍生化处理,用C18色谱柱和乙腈流动相进行高效液相色谱分析。该方法色谱结果表现为主峰清晰而杂峰少,左右旋棉酚出峰时间相差7 min,实验精度良好。用该方法对4个栽培种的25份材料的种仁和幼苗的根、茎、叶的左右旋棉酚含量进行了系统的检测。结果表明,海岛棉的种子和根系的总棉酚含量最高,其次是陆地棉;2个二倍体栽培棉种的种子和根系的总棉酚显著低于四倍体棉种,而2个二倍体栽培棉种的叶片总棉酚含量显著高于四倍体棉种。大多参试材料的种子和幼苗各部位的左右旋棉酚含量均有差异,其中海岛棉的左旋棉酚含量略高于右旋棉酚,陆地棉的右旋棉酚含量略高于左旋棉酚,而2个二倍体棉种的左旋棉酚只占总棉酚的1/3。无色素腺体棉的种仁和叶片中总棉酚含量极低,并以左旋棉酚为主,其种仁中只有左旋棉酚而无右旋棉酚;茎秆中总棉酚含量以及左右旋棉酚比例与一般有色素腺体常规棉相似,但根系中的总棉酚含量显著高于对应的有色素腺体棉,却以右旋棉酚为主。     

转基因抗虫棉种子品质性状的遗传效应及相关性分析

 采用二倍体种子数量性状遗传模型和统计分析方法,分析了陆地棉9个亲本和30个杂交组合的子指、种仁率、仁壳比、蛋白质含量、油分含量和棉酚含量等种子物理性状和营养品质性状的遗传效应、遗传率和遗传相关性。结果表明,所有棉子品质性状均受种子直接遗传效应和母体遗传效应的共同控制,种仁率还受到细胞质效应的影响。子指和仁壳比以母体显性效应为主,蛋白质含量以显性效应为主,油分含量和棉酚含量以母体加性效应为主。遗传相关性分析表明,棉子物理性状和营养品质性状间的显性遗传相关均达到极显著水平,其中子指与蛋白质含量呈极显著显性正相关,子指与油分含量和棉酚含量呈显性负相关。种仁率和仁壳比与3个棉子营养品质性状间的母体遗传相关均达到了极显著水平。     

棉花腺体性状基因的遗传与克隆研究进展

摘要：棉酚腺体是棉属植物特有的性状,发掘和利用控制腺体和棉酚合成的基因,对深入阐明棉酚的生物合成机理以及通过基因工程手段培育新型棉花品种具有重要的理论和现实意义。本文综述了近年来棉花棉酚腺体性状基因的遗传与克隆研究的最新进展,并对该研究中存在的问题进行分析和展望。     

低酚棉产量、纤维品质性状的遗传分析

本文以32个低酚棉品种（系）为材料,对10个产量、纤维品质性状进行的遗传分析结果表明：低酚棉多数产量构成因素与皮棉产量为正相关,提高衣指、降低籽指虽可提高衣分和单株结铃数,但不利于增加单铃重;高产、优质的矛盾主要表现在纤维长度、比强度与衣分和单株结铃数有较强的负相关。在较大群体的基础上,通过早代的正向选     

陆地棉色素腺体与不同棉酚旋光体含量之间的相关性研究

【目的】研究不同基因型棉花不同器官的色素腺体与棉酚旋光体含量之间的相关性。【方法】以6个陆地棉材料中棉所12、中棉所12(无)、珂字棉312、珂字棉312(无)、IF11和冀棉14为对象,精确测定主要器官的色素腺体密度和大小,并采用柱前衍生拆旋方法进行高效液相色谱分析,测定其相应的棉酚旋光体含量,然后对色素腺体和棉酚旋光体含量进行相关性分析。【结果】低酚棉全株无色素腺体,但在各器官中仍能检测到低于0.02%(质量分数)的少量游离棉酚存在。有酚棉各器官均具有典型的色素腺体,其中棉仁的色素腺体最密,苞叶最稀;色素腺体大小(直径)以铃壳最大,花瓣和棉仁最小。不同器官中,总棉酚含量以棉仁最高,苞叶最小;棉仁和花瓣的右旋棉酚含量大于左旋棉酚,而萼片、铃壳、上部叶、中部叶和下部叶的左旋棉酚含量大于右旋棉酚。有酚棉的色素腺体密度与大小之间呈极显著负相关;而总棉酚含量与不同棉酚旋光体含量之间,以及左右旋棉酚含量之间呈极显著正相关。色素腺体密度与总棉酚含量以及不同棉酚旋光体含量之间呈极显著的正相关,而色素腺体大小与右旋棉酚含量之间呈显著的负相关。【结论】棉仁与花瓣的总棉酚含量存在高度的相关性,因此,可以通过花瓣的棉酚含量来判断棉仁的棉酚含量。     

Genetic variation and comparative analysis of thrips resistance in glandless and glanded cotton under field conditions

Glandless cotton can be grown for cottonseed free of toxic gossypol to be used as food and feed for non-ruminant animals. However, one of the most important limiting factors preventing its commercial production is its higher insect damage than conventional glanded cotton. Thrips is the one of the most important insect pests in the early growing season that may cause yield losses. In this study, 28, 29, 26, and 2 glandless cotton lines were compared with glanded control Acala 1517-08 and other glanded lines for resistance to the Western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) in four replicated field tests each containing 32 genotypes. In the same field, 28 glanded commercial cultivars and 78 glanded breeding lines were compared with Acala 1517-08 and Acala 1517-99 in three other tests with 32 genotypes each. The experimental layouts allowed a comprehensive comparative analysis of thrips resistance within and between glandless and glanded cotton. Overall, glandless cotton had similar or lower thrips damages than glanded cotton, indicating that the glandless trait may serve as a genetic factor for suppressing thrips damage. As compared with Acala 1517-08 which represented one of the most thrips resistant genotypes among glanded cotton tested, glandless Acala GLS and many selections from glandless germplasm were more resistant, while some were similar to Acala 1517-08, indicating that genetic factors other than the glandless trait also affect thrips resistance in cotton. The estimates for broad-sense heritability for thrips resistance were moderate, indicating that thrips resistance is selectable. This is corroborated by the identification of many thrips resistant lines from a cross between Acala 1517-08 and Acala GLS. This study has laid a foundation for a more detailed study using most resistant lines with desirable agronomic traits in multiple environments.     

Targeted transfer of trait for Verticillium wilt resistance from Gossypium barbadense into G. hirsutum using SSR markers

Verticillium wilt (VW) is a soil‐borne disease of cotton that is destructive worldwide. Transferring desired traits from Gossypium barbadense is challenging through traditional interspecific introgression. We previously demonstrated that a molecular marker, BNL3255‐208, is associated with VW resistance in G. barbadense. This breakthrough opens the way for marker‐assisted selection (MAS) breeding. Here, the highly resistant G. barbadense cv. ‘Pima90‐53’ and the severe diseased Gossypium hirsutum cv. ‘CCRI8’ were used as donor parent and recipient parent, respectively. Our goal was to transfer the disease resistance from donor to recipient via MAS. Among 71 MAS obtained lines, as many as 19 lines had enhanced resistance. Among those lines, 11 lines showed high resistance and four lines displayed resistance to VW. Moreover, seven lines displayed improved fibre quality. After combining the markedly improved resistance and fibre properties, we identified two elite innovated introgression lines – ZY2 and ZY31 – that did not seem to differ in other agronomic traits from the recipient parent. This study first successfully transferred of G. barbadense resistance into G. hirsutum by MAS.     

Germplasm evaluation and transfer of Verticillium wilt resistance from Pima (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Gossypium barbadense</Emphasis>) to Upland cotton (<Emphasis Type="Italic">G. hirsutum</Emphasis>)

Verticillium wilt (VW, Verticillium dahliae) is a worldwide destructive soil-borne fungal disease and employment of VW resistant cultivars is the most economic and efficient method in sustainable cotton production. However, information concerning VW resistance in current commercial cotton cultivars and transfer of VW resistance from Pima (Gossypium barbadense) to Upland (Gossypium hirsutum) cotton is lacking. The objective of the current study was to report findings in evaluating commercial cotton cultivars and germplasm lines for VW resistance in field and greenhouse (GH) experiments conducted in 2003, 2006, and 2007. In the study, 267 cultivars and germplasm lines were screened in the GH, while 357 genotypes were screened in the field. The results indicated that (1) VW significantly reduced cotton yield, lint percentage, 50% span length and micronaire, but not 2.5% span length and fiber strength, when healthy and diseased plants in 23 cultivars were compared; (2) some commercial cotton cultivars developed by major cotton seed companies in the US displayed good VW resistance; (3) many Acala cotton cultivars released in the past also had good VW resistance, but not all Acala cotton germplasm are resistant; (4) Pima cotton possessed higher levels of VW resistance than Upland cotton, but the performance was reversed when the root system was wounded after inoculation; (5) VW resistance in some conventional cultivars was transferred into their transgenic version through backcrossing; and (6) some advanced backcross inbred lines developed from a cross between Upland and Pima cotton showed good VW resistance. The successful development of VW resistant transgenic cultivars and transfer of VW resistance from Pima to Upland cotton implies that VW resistance is associated with a few genes if not a major one.     

Germplasm for genetic improvement of lint yield in Upland cotton: genetic analysis of lint yield with yield components

Determination of genetic effects for lint yield and yield components in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) germplasm is critical for its utilization in breeding programs. This study was designed to apply the conditional approach and an additive and dominant model to analyze genetic effects for lint yield and yield components. Forty-eight F₂ populations derived from crosses between four existent Upland cotton cultivars as female parents and 12 germplasm lines as male parents were evaluated at two locations in 2008 and 2009. Conditional and unconditional variance components were estimated by the mixed linear model based conditional approach. Lint yield and yield components were mainly controlled by genotypic effects, i.e., additive variance and dominance variance (≥66 % of total phenotypic variation). Lint percentage and lint index had the highest proportions of additive variance component to the total phenotypic variances. SP156 and SP205 had positive additive effects for lint yield and yield components, and were also parents of the most hybrids with positive predicted dominant effects. Therefore, these two lines are good combiners for development of both pure lines and hybrids. Positive additive contribution effects to lint yield from lint percentage, boll number, boll weight, and seed index were detected in different parents. Adding seed index to boll number and lint percentage increased additive contribution effects to lint yield from these two components relative to the contribution effects from either boll number or lint percentage alone. Results in this study suggest that boll number, lint percentage, and seed index should be balanced in pure line development.     

Improving the precision of cotton performance trials conducted on highly variable soils of the southeastern USA coastal plain

Reliable agronomic and fibre quality data generated in Upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cultivar performance trials are highly valuable. The most common strategy used to generate reliable performance trial data uses experimental design to minimize experimental error resulting from spatial variability. However, an alternative strategy uses a posteriori statistical procedures to account for spatial variability. In this study, the efficiency of the randomized complete block (RCB) design and nearest neighbour adjustment (NNA) were compared in a series of cotton performance trials conducted in the southeastern USA to identify the efficiency of each in minimizing experimental error for yield, yield components and fibre quality. In comparison to the RCB, relative efficiency of the NNA procedure varied amongst traits and trials. Results show that experimental analyses, depending on the trait and selection intensity employed, can affect cultivar or experimental line selections. Based on this study, we recommend researchers conducting cotton performance trials on variable soils consider using NNA or other spatial methods to improve trial precision.     

Genetic analysis of agronomic and fibre traits using four interspecific chromosome substitution lines in cotton

Backcrossed chromosome substitution lines (CS‐B) have been developed with a homologous pair of chromosomes or chromosome arms of Gossypium barbadense (3‐79) germplasm substituted for the homologous Gossypium hirsutum(TM‐1) chromosomes or chromosome segments. We report on agronomic and fibre trait performance of four backcrossed chromosome or chromosome arm substitution lines including chromosomes 01, 11sh (chromosome 11 short arm), 12 sh and 26 Lo (chromosome 26 long arm). Data for agronomic and fibre traits were collected from replicated field experiments at two different locations in 2 years, and analysed under an additive dominance genetic model. CS‐B 12sh had higher, while CS‐B 01 and CS‐B 26Lo had lower boll weight than TM‐1. The presence of significant negative additive effects for micronaire with CS‐B 01 and significant positive additive effects for elongation and fibre strength with CS‐B 11sh suggested the substituted chromosome arms of 3‐79 in these CS‐B lines were more likely carrying genes causing these effects. Results revealed that several CS‐B lines had significant homozygous and heterozygous dominance effects for different agronomic and fibre traits suggesting that specific CS‐B lines may be useful for improving agronomic and fibre traits in hybrid cottons. These CS‐B lines also provide novel genetic resources for improving upland cotton germplasm.