耐盐牧草籽粒苋对河西走廊草甸盐土改土培肥效应

在河西走廊草甸盐土上种植耐盐牧草籽粒苋,脱盐改土培肥效应十分明显。种植籽粒苋3~4年与CK比较,0~20 cm耕层全盐含量降低4.85~6.33 g kg-1,脱盐率达61.86~80.73%,pH降低0.35~0.40,土壤容重降低0.13~0.20gcm-3;总孔度增大4.91~7.55%,>0.25mm团粒结构增加18.51%~25.87%,自然含水量增加64.89~80.42g kg-1,土壤有机质、速效N、P、K亦随之增加。种植籽粒苋3年耕层全盐含量降到2.99g kg-1时,开垦后种植小麦、玉米、甜菜产量分别为5.96、11.25、56.36 t hm2。不同处理间的差异显著性经LSR检验达到显著和极显著水平。     

涟水县培肥改土的成就

长期以来,涟水县坚持“积极养池保证充分用地”和坚持“培肥改土”的思想,为培肥地力发展农业生产探索出一条路子,粮食产量大幅度上升,而且土壤肥力也能保持常新。1985年以来,土壤有机质每年上升0.38克/千克。     

多功能改土剂配方筛选及对河西内陆灌区制种玉米田的改土培肥效应

[目的]研究甘肃省河西内陆灌区多功能改土剂配方筛选及对制种玉米田改土培肥效应的影响,为该区制种玉米产业可持续发展提供技术支撑。[方法]选择甘肃省酒泉市连续种植制种玉米15a基地,采用田间试验方法,开展了多功能改土剂配方筛选及对河西内陆灌区制种玉米田改土培肥效应的研究。[结果]多功能改土剂最佳配方组合:玉米专用肥、聚乙稀醇、有机废弃物组合肥、保水剂重量配比为0.032 2∶0.001 4∶0.965 5∶0.000 9。不同剂量多功能改土剂施用量与制种玉米田孔隙度、团聚体、持水量、有机质和速效氮磷钾呈显著的正相关关系;与容重、pH值呈显著的负相关关系。施用多功能改土剂与传统化肥比较,制种玉米田容重和pH值分别降低6.88%和5.10%;总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度和团聚体分别增加10.46%,10.49%,10.48%和11.75%;饱和持水量、毛管持水量和非毛管持水量分别增加10.47%,10.46%和10.48%;有机质、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾和阳离子交换量(CEC)分别增加9.03%,1.11%,4.12%,3.82%和32.03%;真菌、细菌、放线菌和菌体总量分别增加121.19%,34.95%,20.25%和28.57%;蔗糖酶、脲酶、磷酸酶和多酚氧化酶分别增加44.74%,44.73%,38.46%和62.50%。[结论]施用多功能改土剂,改善了制种玉米田理化性质和生物学性质,提高了酶活性及持水量和制种玉米产量。     

江苏农垦区的培肥改土与合理施肥

江苏省农垦区所属各农场原均系盐土荒滩的不毛之地。80年代初,农垦区的盐土面积仍占其耕地面积的84%,土壤十分贫瘠,产量极为低下。     

洪泽农场改土培肥对策与土壤肥力演变

洪泽农场位于江苏省泗洪县境内徐洪河和濉河之间,南临洪泽湖,总面积9133 hm²,其中耕地8800 hm²。     

功能性盐土改良肥对河西走廊草甸盐土的改土效应

[目的]解决河西走廊盐土存在的"旱、涝、盐、瘦"等疑难问题,为改良河西走廊盐土提供理论依据。[方法]采用酸碱中和原理、离子交换原理、土壤结构改良方法,将自主研发的盐碱调控剂、有机活性肥和甘草专用肥按比例合成功能性盐土改良肥,进行田间验证试验,以便对功能性盐土改良肥的改土效应作出科学的评价。[结果]功能性盐土改良肥最佳配方组合为:盐碱调控剂∶有机活性肥∶甘草专用肥为0.072 4∶0.905 1∶0.022 5。功能性盐土改良肥施用量与草甸盐土总孔隙度、团聚体、持水量、阳离子交换能力(CEC)、有机质、速效氮磷钾、甘草农艺性状和根鲜重呈显著正相关关系,与容重、pH值和全盐含量呈显著的负相关关系。功能性盐土改良肥最佳施用量为24.95t/hm2,甘草鲜根理论产量(y)为13.45t/hm2。不同种类盐碱土改良剂对草甸盐土容重、pH值、全盐和真菌由大到小的变化顺序依次为:对照沃丰隆盐碱土改良剂抗盐丰盐碱土改良剂功能性盐土改良肥;总孔隙度、团聚体、细菌、放线菌和酶活性由大到小的变化顺序依次为:功能性盐土改良肥抗盐丰盐碱土改良剂沃丰隆盐碱土改良剂对照。施用功能性盐土改良肥与对照比较,容重、pH值、全盐和真菌分别降低13.38%,7.91%,39.82%和55.56%;总孔隙度、团聚体和甘草根鲜重增加15.42%,56.36%和21.62%;细菌、放线菌、蔗糖酶、脲酶、磷酸酶和多酚氧化酶分别增加60.26%,84.62%,65.23%,79.52%,68.42%和69.35%。[结论]在甘肃省河西走廊草甸盐土上施用功能性盐土改良肥,可以有效改善草甸盐土理化性质和生物学性质,提高土壤酶活性和持水量。     

黑河流域灰棕荒漠土种植耐旱牧草小冠花改土培肥效果的研究

在黑河流域的灰棕荒漠土上种植了耐旱牧草小冠花改土培肥效果明显,3年生小冠花与CK比较,0~20 cm土层中自然含水量增加73.93g kg-1、土壤贮水量增加67.17m3hm-2、>0.25mm团粒结构增加12.16%、总孔度增加10.94%、土壤容重降低0.29g cm-3;pH由8.15降到7.83,全盐含量降低1.72g kg-1,脱盐率达到58.70%;土壤有机质增加3.01g kg-1、速效N、P、K分别增加20.9 mg kg-1、5.7 mg kg-1、11.3 mg kg-1,CEC增加7.0 cmol kg-1。3年生小冠花平均株高85.4 cm,单株鲜重1074.2g,单株干重343.8g,鲜草产量72.5 t hm-2,干草产量23.2 t hm-2,产值0.93万元hm-2。     

河西走廊灰棕漠土种植麻黄草改土培肥及经济效益研究

在河西走廊的灰棕漠土种植了麻黄草改土培肥效果十分明显,3年生麻黄草鲜草产量11.56 t hm-2,折干草4.63 t hm-2,与CK比较0~20 cm土层中自然含水量增加61.08g kg-1,>0.25mm团粒结构增加12.16%,总孔度增加10.57%,容重降低0.28g cm-3,pH由8.15降到7.83,全盐含量降低1.72g kg-1,脱盐率达到49.78%,有机质、速效N、P、K亦随之增加。     

河西走廊盐碱地治理模式研究

河西走廊由于其独特的地形、地质、水文结构和干旱气候条件,极易形成盐渍化土地,利用工程改良模式、草畜培肥地力模式、林药栽培模式治理盐碱地,使盐碱地资源得到持续利用,取得了较好的效益。     

河西走廊盐土资源及生物改土效果

本文论述了河西走廊盐土的资源及分布特点、形成原因 .应用生物措施在盐土上种植耐盐植物碱茅草 ,脱盐改土效果十分明显 .种植碱茅草 3～ 4年 ,脱盐率达到 77 0 0～ 84 63 % ,pH值由 8 50降到 8 2 0 .     

生物基复合改良剂对滨海盐渍土综合地力的提升作用

[目的] 研究生物基复合改良剂对黄河三角洲和苏北滩涂盐渍土壤理化性质及微生物区系的影响,为该区域盐碱地的改良利用和实现生态农牧建设提供科学参考。[方法] 采用由蚯蚓粪、活性酶调理剂和内生菌根菌剂组成的生物基复合改良剂为试验材料,研究其在种植耐盐苜蓿条件下对黄河三角洲盐渍土、苏北滩涂盐渍土土壤理化性质和微生物区系的影响。共设置了4个处理：黄河三角洲盐渍土不添加改良剂和添加改良剂,苏北滩涂盐渍土不添加改良剂和添加改良剂。[结果] 在紫花苜蓿分枝期,与不添加改良剂相比,黄河三角洲和苏北滩涂两种盐渍土壤添加改良剂处理的土壤有机质含量分别增加了45.30%,32.45%;速效钾含量分别增加了41.00%,39.92%。在紫花苜蓿现蕾期,与不添加改良剂处理相比,黄河三角洲和苏北滩涂两种盐渍土壤添加改良剂处理的土壤全盐量分别降低了14.10%和27.85%;土壤有机质含量分别提高了51.99%,73.59%。此外,现蕾期的土壤微生物群落多样性指数明显增加,优势菌门主要为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)、浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes)和放线菌门(Actinobacteria)。土壤全盐量和速效钾含量是驱动细菌群落结构变化的主要环境因子。[结论] 生物基复合改良剂可以有效降低土壤全盐量,增加土壤速效养分含量,并改善土壤微生物区系,从而显著提升土壤综合地力,是改良滨海盐渍土的有效措施。     

远古Na~+转运体基因提高了盐渍土壤中小麦籽粒的产量

据估计,2050年全球粮食需求将增加70%～110%,而土地退化、城市扩张和海水入侵却随着时间不断的增加,因此,如何提高盐渍土壤中作物的产量是科学研究的前沿热点。最近,澳大利亚阿德莱德大学等处的研究人员培育出一种耐盐小     

Economic Assessment of Fertility and Reclamation Measures for Secondary Saline and Solonetzic Soils of the Ararat Plain

Eurasian Soil Science - The application of reclamation measures to improve the state and increase the fertility of irrigated secondary saline and solonetzic meadow-brown soils (Anthrosols) of the...     

河西走廊荒漠化土壤资源及麻黄草改土培肥效应

论述了河西走廊荒漠化土壤的地理分布、成土条件、理化性质和主要亚类。在灰棕漠土上进行了麻黄草对荒漠化土壤改土培肥效应的研究。结果表明,种植3a麻黄草鲜草产量12.17t/hm2,折干草4.87t/hm2,与CK比较0—20cm土层中自然含水量增加64.29g/kg,>0.25mm团粒结构增加14.31%,总孔度增加11.32%,容重降低0.30g/cm3,pH由8.32降到7.99,全盐含量降低1.72g/kg,脱盐率达到49.85%,有机质、速效N,P,K亦随之增加。     

牧草种植对黄河三角洲盐碱土壤改良效果的动态监测及综合评价

为揭示牧草种植改良盐碱地的效果,更好地开发利用后备土地资源。以黄河三角洲滨海盐碱地为研究对象,采用小区试验、野外取样、室内测试相结合的方法,研究了高丹草、甜高粱和墨西哥玉米3种一年生牧草在1个生长期内对黄河三角洲盐碱地土壤物理、化学和酶活性改良效果的动态变化,并依据土壤质量指数综合评价了改良效果。结果表明:(1)土壤含水量、pH和电导率随生长时间增加呈下降趋势,高丹草和墨西哥玉米在生长旺盛期对土壤pH的降低效果最明显,甜高粱在收获期降低pH的效果最好。3种牧草土壤电导率较CK均显著降低,对20—40 cm土层的降低效果优于0—20 cm土层,其中墨西哥玉米效果最好。(2)种植不同牧草对土壤养分含量有明显改善,其中土壤有机质、速效氮、速效磷含量有显著提升,但对土壤速效钾含量影响不大。(3)3种牧草在不同生长期内对土壤酶活性的影响不同,在生长旺盛期土壤酶活性最强,均显著增强土壤过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶和脲酶的活性,其中甜高粱对过氧化氢酶和蔗糖酶活性影响最大。(4)不同牧草对盐碱土壤改良指标的贡献值存在差异,综合土壤理化性质、养分含量和土壤酶活性作为土壤评价指标,种植不同牧草后土壤质量从高到低依次为甜高粱＞高丹草＞墨西哥玉米＞CK。研究结果可为黄河三角洲地区盐碱地的植物修复技术和筛选及引进国内外具有高效生态经济效益的耐盐植物提供理论依据和重要参考。     

Adsorption and Desorption of Copper in Pasture Soils

Abstract

Copper (Cu) is bound strongly to organic matter, oxides of iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn), and clay minerals in soils. To investigate the relative contribution of different soil components in the sorption of Cu, sorption was measured after the removal of various other soil components; organic matter and aluminum (Al) and Fe oxides are important in Cu adsorption. Both adsorption and desorption of Cu at various pH values were also measured by using diverse pasture soils. The differences in the sorption of Cu between the soils are attributed to the differences in the chemical characteristics of the soils. Copper sorption, as measured by the Freundlich equation sorption constants [potassium (K) and nitrogen (N)], was strongly correlated with soil properties, such as silt content, organic carbon, and soil pH. The relative importance of organic matter and oxides on Cu adsorption decreased and increased, respectively, with increasing solution Cu concentrations. In all soils, Cu sorption increased with increasing pH, but the solution Cu concentration decreased with increasing soil pH. The cumulative amounts of native and added soil Cu desorbed from two contrasting soils (Manawatu and Ngamoka) during desorption periods showed that the differences in the desorbability of Cu were a result of differences in the physico‐chemical properties of the soil matrix. This finding suggests that soil organic matter complexes of Cu added through fertilizer, resulted in decreased desorption. The proportions of added Cu desorbed during 10 desorption periods were low, ranging from 2.5% in the 24‐h to 6% in the 2‐h desorption periods. The desorption of Cu decreased with increasing soil pH. The irreversible retention of Cu might be the result of complex formation with Cu at high pH.     

Soil Test to Predict the Copper Availability in Pasture Soils

Abstract

The proportion of copper (Cu) that can be extracted by soil test extractants varied with the soil matrix. The plant‐available forms of Cu and the efficiency of various soil test extractants [(0.01 M Ca(NO₃)₂, 0.1 M NaNO₃, 0.01 M CaCl₂, 1.0 M NH₄NO₃, 0.1 M HCl, 0.02 M SrCl₂, Mehlich‐1 (M1), Mehlich‐3 (M3), and TEA‐DTPA.)] to predict the availability of Cu for two contrasting pasture soils were treated with two sources of Cu fertilizers (CuSO₄ and CuO). The efficiency of various chemical reagents in extracting the Cu from the soil followed this order: TEA‐DTPA>Mehlich‐3>Mehlich‐1>0.02 M SrCl₂>0.1 M HCl>1.0 M NH₄NO₃>0.01 M CaCl₂>0.1 M NaNO₃>0.01 M Ca(NO₃)₂. The ratios of exchangeable: organic: oxide bound: residual forms of Cu in M1, M3, and TEA‐DTPA for the Manawatu soil are 1:20:25:4, 1:14:8:2, and 1:56:35:8, respectively, and for the Ngamoka soil are 1:14:6:4, 1:9:5:2, and 1:55:26:17, respectively. The ratios of different forms of Cu suggest that the Cu is residing mainly in the organic form, and it decreases in the order: organic>oxide>residual>exchangeable. There was a highly significant relationship between the concentrations of Cu extracted by the three soil test extractants. The determination of the coefficients obtained from the regression relationship between the amounts of Cu extracted by M1, M3, and TEA‐DTPA reagents suggests that the behavior of extractants was similar. But M3 demonstrated a greater increase of Cu from the exchangeable form and organic complexes due to the dual activity of EDTA and acids for the different fractions and is best suited for predicting the available Cu in pasture soils.