栓皮栎对CO2增长的生理生态响应

通过对 5 0年生栓皮栎天然次生林叶片的活体测定 ,研究了CO2 浓度增长对栓皮栎林光合生理生态特性的影响 .结果如下 :CO2 浓度为 80 0 μmolCO2 ·mol- 1 时栓皮栎叶片的净光合速率比在正常大气CO2 条件下提高 42 .5 3 % ,同时光补偿点降低 ,光饱和点提高 ,光量子效率提高 ;CO2 浓度为 80 0 μmolCO2 ·mol- 1 时 ,栓皮栎净光合速率的日变化为单峰曲线 ,而CO2 浓度为40 0 μmolCO2 mol- 1 时 ,净光合作用的日变化为双峰曲线 ;CO2 浓度倍增 ,栓皮栎叶片的气孔导度 ,蒸腾速率和暗呼吸速率降低 ,水分利用效率显著提高 .栓皮栎叶片对CO2 增长的反应 ,对其生长是有利的 ,对全球CO2 浓度增长起到反馈调节作用 .     

CO2浓度升高对烟草赤星病的影响

从赤星病病菌特征、烟草生理特征和烟草次生代谢物3个方面探讨了CO2浓度升高对烟草赤星病的影响,预测CO2浓度升高可降低烟草赤星病的发病率。     

水葱构件生长对大气CO2浓度升高的响应

利用人工环境控制系统封顶式生长室 （STC）,研究CO2浓度升高 （850μmol/mol） 对高原湿地优势挺水植物水葱光合特性、形态特征及生物量的影响。结果表明：高CO2浓度使水葱净光合速率、胞间CO2浓度、水分利用效率显著提高,气孔导度及蒸腾速率降低;水葱株高和基径在高CO2浓度下表现出株高降低而基径增加的趋势;CO2浓度升高使水葱地下生物量和总生物量显著增加,根冠比明显提高,生物量增加有助于提高湿地生态系统初级生产力,增加湿地碳输入。     

CO2体积分数升高条件下森林土壤的碳循环

从CO2体积分数升高对碳在植物地上地下部分的分配的改变、对细根的周转的影响、与土壤呼吸的关系以及对凋落物的分解的影响方面,阐述了影响陆地生态系统碳循环的因素。     

大豆生长发育对大气CO2增加的响应

本文概述了CO2浓度增加生态条件下,大豆在结构形态发育、根系固氮、光合生理、碳氮代谢、干物质积累与分配、产量及构成因素、品质及其组分等方面做出相应的应答与响应等。     

高O_2和高CO_2浓度以及近冰温贮藏对樱桃保鲜效果的影响

研究了高O2和高CO2气调以及近冰温贮藏对拉宾斯、8-102和先锋等品种果实的贮藏保鲜效果。结果表明,拉宾斯和8-102果实不适合高O2(80%O2和100%O2)气调贮藏,高O2处理加重樱桃果实贮藏期间的腐烂和褐变;3%O2+5%CO2对拉宾斯和8-102果实的腐烂和褐变的抑制效果好于3%O2+10%CO2和3%O2+15%CO2。先锋和雷尼的贮藏温度为-1~1℃,美红、萨米托和拉宾斯的贮藏温度为-1~2℃,在此温度范围内,美红的贮藏低于30 d,先锋、雷尼、萨米托和拉宾斯贮藏50 d,果实风味保持较好,腐烂率在5%以下。     

Ecological Consequences of Elevated CO2 and Bt Cotton on Soil Collembola

Transgenic cotton was modified to express a gene derived from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis （Bt） to combat agriculturally important Lepidopteran pests. Elevated CO2 is expected to further alter the chemical composition of the plant, and this change may affect the role soil fauna plays in decomposition of Bt plants. A 3 months litterbag field study, consisting of four treatments using leaves from Bt cotton and near-isolines of non-Bt cotton grown under ambient and elevated CO2 levels, was conducted to investigate the abundance and community structure of soil Collembola that developed on the decaying leaf material. A total of 4,884 collembolans, including 13 genera of five families, were extracted in the present study. These results suggest that collembolan distribution was relatively uniform among the Bt cotton, elevated concentration of CO2 and control treatments, except for a significant difference in the densities of Onychiurus and Folsomides. No significant effects were detected in the decomposition rate between the two cotton varieties and two CO2 treatments. These findings indicated that transgenic Bt cotton plants and elevated CO2 do not have any adverse effect on the soil collembolans through the decomposition way in soil ecosystem.     

空心莲子草及其天敌莲草直胸跳甲对高含量CO_2的响应

为明确CO_2含量升高对入侵杂草空心莲子草及其天敌莲草直胸跳甲的影响,测定了3种不同CO_2含量(420、550、750μL·L~(-1))对空心莲子草生长特性和体内营养物质、莲草直胸跳甲幼虫体重增长和成虫取食选择性的影响。结果表明:CO_2含量升高条件下,空心莲子草生长速度加快,种植42d后,550、750μL·L~(-1) 2个高含量CO_2条件下空心莲子草的株高分别达35.60cm和40.04cm,分别为对照组(当前大气CO_2条件420μL·L~(-1)下)空心莲子草株高(19.83cm)的1.75倍和2倍;CO_2含量升高,空心莲子草叶片SPAD值显著增加,光合作用能力增强;叶片的可溶性总糖含量升高,含氮化合物(蛋白质、总氨基酸)含量降低,叶片的碳氮比增加,单宁酸含量降低。取食高含量CO_2条件下培育的空心莲子草,天敌莲草直胸跳甲幼虫的体重增加速度较对照组显著加快;同期羽化的莲草直胸跳甲雌、雄成虫均偏好取食高CO_2含量(750μL·L~(-1))条件下培育的空心莲子草。     

CO2浓度和温度升高对木本植物养分含量、分配的影响

CO2浓度和温度是影响植物生长的关键因子。目前,以CO2浓度和温度升高为特征的气候变化对植物生长的影响已受到了科学家们的普遍关注。近年来,国内外有关CO2浓度和温度升高对植物影响的报道较多,因而要想对升高CO2浓度和温度对植物的影响进行全面的综述是相当困难的。因此,本文只对国内外近年来有关CO2浓度和温度升高对植物养分含量、分配影响的研究结果作一简要的综述和评析.大多数研究表明:CO2浓度升高,植物养分浓度降低。温度升高及温度和CO2浓度同时升高对养分浓度的影响尚无统一认识。不同的元素、不同的树种,不同的组织在气候变化条件下其养分变化也各异。     

Rising atmospheric CO2 reduces sequestration of root-derived soil carbon

Forests have a key role as carbon sinks, which could potentially mitigate the continuing increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration and associated climate change. We show that carbon dioxide enrichment, although causing short-term growth stimulation in a range of European tree species, also leads to an increase in soil microbial respiration and a marked decline in sequestration of root-derived carbon in the soil. These findings indicate that, should similar processes operate in forest ecosystems, the size of the annual terrestrial carbon sink may be substantially reduced, resulting in a positive feedback on the rate of increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration.     

Foraminiferal calcification response to glacial-interglacial changes in atmospheric CO2

A record of foraminiferal shell weight across glacial-interglacial Termination I shows a response related to seawater carbonate ion concentration and allows reconstruction of a record of carbon dioxide in surface seawater that matches the atmospheric record. The results support suggestions that higher atmospheric carbon dioxide directly affects marine calcification, an effect that may be of global importance to past and future changes in atmospheric CO2. The process provides negative feedback to the influence of marine calcification on atmospheric carbon dioxide and is of practical importance to the application of paleoceanographic proxies.     

Timing of atmospheric CO2 and Antarctic temperature changes across termination III

The analysis of air bubbles from ice cores has yielded a precise record of atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations, but the timing of changes in these gases with respect to temperature is not accurately known because of uncertainty in the gas age-ice age difference. We have measured the isotopic composition of argon in air bubbles in the Vostok core during Termination III (approximately 240,000 years before the present). This record most likely reflects the temperature and accumulation change, although the mechanism remains unclear. The sequence of events during Termination III suggests that the CO2 increase lagged Antarctic deglacial warming by 800 +/- 200 years and preceded the Northern Hemisphere deglaciation.     

Global warming and marine carbon cycle feedbacks on future atmospheric CO2

A low-order physical-biogeochemical climate model was used to project atmospheric carbon dioxide and global warming for scenarios developed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. The North Atlantic thermohaline circulation weakens in all global warming simulations and collapses at high levels of carbon dioxide. Projected changes in the marine carbon cycle have a modest impact on atmospheric carbon dioxide. Compared with the control, atmospheric carbon dioxide increased by 4 percent at year 2100 and 20 percent at year 2500. The reduction in ocean carbon uptake can be mainly explained by sea surface warming. The projected changes of the marine biological cycle compensate the reduction in downward mixing of anthropogenic carbon, except when the North Atlantic thermohaline circulation collapses.     

大气CO2浓度升高对大豆生长和产量的影响

通过开顶式气室控制大气CO2浓度,对大豆生长和产量指标进行实验测定,研究了大气CO2浓度升高对大豆株高、茎粗、叶片性状和产量构成因素的影响,分析了未来高CO2条件下大豆生长和产量的变化趋势。结果表明,与背景大气CO2浓度350μmol/mol相比,大气CO2浓度为550和750μmol/mol时,大豆株高分别提高15.74%和21.57%,茎粗则增加8.62%和13.79%。大豆比叶重在不同生育期平均提高3.50%和7.25%,大豆鼓粒期叶面积增加7.27%和14.08%,叶绿素含量提高7.10%和11.42%。高CO2浓度对大豆产量各构成因子的贡献存在差异,对单株荚数提高幅度较大,分别为6.87%和11.61%,促使产量增加15.19%和29.10%。     

CO2倍增对干旱胁迫下大豆光合效应的影响

采用开顶式气室,研究了干旱胁迫下CO2浓度升高对大豆生长状况、光合作用及蒸腾作用的影响。结果表明,CO2浓度升高,大豆的光合速率提高5％,蒸腾速率降低6．8％,气孔导度降低11％,大豆的水分利用效率提高了1．03倍,增强了大豆的抗旱性。CO2浓度升高,可增强土壤微生物的活动,使大豆根瘤数增多。干旱胁迫则使大豆的光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度降低,水分利用效率提高。     

高CO2浓度条件下农田土壤有机质的化学稳定性研究

大气CO2浓度升高显著增加作物生物量,从而使进入土壤的有机碳增加,这势必会影响土壤碳的稳定和积累。采取利用化学方法获得的具有不同化学稳定性的有机物,间接地研究大气CO2浓度升高以后通过直接影响秸秆生物量和化学成分对土壤碳变化的影响。结果显示,相对于对照处理:高CO2浓度处理使土壤经Na2S2O8化学氧化后的抗氧化部分,在LN、NN和HN水平下,分别增加16.4%、21.7%和降低3.8%;使土壤经硫酸水解后的第一组分分别降低2.2%,增加9.5%和7.5%,第二组分分别增加4.7%、17.6%和降低4.9%,第三组分分别增加7.3%,降低4.2%和2.6%。表明土壤有机质的化学稳定性有所增加,可能与高CO2浓度条件下向土壤输入的有机质量及化学组成有关,且受N水平的影响较大。     

高CO2浓度对番茄土壤微生物生物量的影响

以番茄品种月光、合作903为试材,在CO2浓度为1000μl／L条件下,研究高CO2浓度对番茄土壤微生物生物量、土壤呼吸的影响,结果表明：高CO2浓度处理使番茄土壤微生物生物量碳、氮显著升高;对番茄土壤呼吸速率影响显著,即先抑制后促进。     

大豆光合特性对大气CO2浓度升高的响应

通过不同CO2浓度处理的大豆实验观测,分析了大豆叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率、水分利用效率、叶绿素含量等光合特性对大气CO2增加的响应,探讨了未来高CO2水平下水分利用效率的变化趋势。结果表明,高CO2浓度下,大豆开花期叶片光合午休现象得到缓解和消除,净光合速率提高19.4%~33.0%。大豆蒸腾速率随大气CO2浓度升高而下降。大气CO2增加促使大豆水分利用效率提高,在不同生育期提高幅度不同,表明为分枝期、开花期较大,结荚期、鼓粒期较小。在大气CO2增加情景下,叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶绿素总量均有增加的趋势,分别提高8.6%~11.6%,13.8%~20.0%和9.9%~13.8%。但叶绿素a与叶绿素b的比值则下降。     

Interactive Effects of Elevated CO2 and Temperature on Rice Planthopper,Nilaparvata lugens

It is predicted that the current atmospheric CO2 concentration will be doubled and global mean temperature will increase by 1.5-6＆#176;C by the end of this century. Although a number of studies have addressed the separate effects of CO2 and temperature on plant-insect interactions, few have concerned with their combined impacts. In the current study, a factorial experiment was carried out to examine the effect of a doubling CO2 concentration and a 3℃ temperature increase on a complete generation of the brown planthopper （Nilaparvata lugens） on rice （Oryza sativa）. Both elevated CO2 and temperature increased rice stem height and biomass of stem parts. Leaf chlorophyll content increased under elevated CO2, but only in ambient temperature treatment. Water content of stem parts was reduced under elevated temperature, but only when coupled with elevated CO2. Elevated CO2 alone increased biomass of root and elevated temperature alone enhanced leaf area and reduced ratio of root to stem parts. Brown planthopper （BPH） nymphal development was accelerated, and weight of and honeydew excretion by the F1 adults was reduced under elevated temperature only. Longevity of brachypterous females was affected by a signiifcant interaction between CO2 and temperature. At elevated temperature, CO2 had no effect on female longevity, but at ambient temperature, the females lived shorter under elevated CO2. Female fecundity was higher at elevated than at ambient temperature and higher at elevated CO2 than at ambient CO2. These results indicate that the combined effects of elevated temperature and CO2 may enhance the brown planthopper population size.