纤维素/聚乙烯醇复合气凝胶制备及其性能研究

针对纤维素(CE)气凝胶机械回弹性、尺寸稳定性差等问题,基于冷冻干燥工艺和化学气相沉积技术,利用聚乙烯醇(PVA)对CE进行复配,以甲基三乙氧基硅烷(MTES)对CE/PVA进行改性,制备了具有轻质性、高弹性和疏水性的多孔S-CE/PVA复合气凝胶。研究了PVA添加量对S-CE/PVA复合气凝胶力学性能的影响,随着引入PVA质量分数的增加,纤维素气凝胶的压缩强度增加;当PVA添加量为纤维素质量的15%(S-CE/PVA-15%)时,气凝胶压缩应力增加至66 kPa,比纯的硅烷改性纤维素气凝胶提升了6.5倍。同时探究了MTES改性对复合气凝胶微观结构、热稳定性、亲/疏水性、比表面积和物理特性的影响,改性后的S-CE/PVA复合气凝胶具有紧密的片层结构,初始分解温度由284.0℃上升至314.6℃,水接触角高达115°,比表面积为109.42 cm³/g,密度为0.045 g/cm³,孔隙率大于95%。     

木质纤维素基复合碳气凝胶的制备及其电化学性能

以纤维素纳米纤丝和多壁碳纳米管为主要原料,采用一步水热法、冰模板法冷冻干燥以及高温煅烧法,成功制得具有多级连通类木材管胞状孔结构的氮掺杂碳点的复合衍生碳气凝胶,并对其微观形貌、化学结构、比表面积和孔隙度进行表征。通过循环伏安测试、恒电流充放电测试、交流阻抗测试和长循环测试等电化学表征手段分析其电化学性能。结果表明：碳气凝胶表面经高温煅烧得到大量氮、氧杂原子掺杂的碳微颗粒和碳微绒毛,提高了碳气凝胶的缺陷态结构含量和比表面积,其比表面积可达377.9 m²/g;在三电极测试体系下,比电容可达121.8 F/g(测试电流密度为0.2 A/g,电压窗口为-0.2～0.8 V);在2 A/g的电流密度下,进行5 000次充放电循环后,电容保持率可达131.7%。衍生碳气凝胶独特的微观形貌和高比表面积,为能量存储提供了更快速和便捷的电子/离子传输通道、优异的导电性和更高的比容量,为超级电容器等储能器件电极材料的设计提供了木基生物质资源利用的新思路。     

纳米纤维素气凝胶的制备、表征及其性能研究

以纳米纤维素纤丝(NCFs)为原料,在四氯化锡的催化下与1,4-丁二醇二缩水甘油醚(BDGE)发生交联反应制备了多孔的纳米纤维素气凝胶,采用扫描电镜、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪、X射线衍射仪、热重分析仪、X射线光电子能谱和全自动比表面积及物理吸附分析仪,对制备的纳米纤维素气凝胶的微观形貌、化学结构、晶型结构、热稳定性、表面元素及比表面积进行了表征,考察了纳米纤维素气凝胶的密度、溶剂吸收、形状恢复以及重复使用性能。结果表明:NCFs与BDGE发生了交联反应,制备的纳米纤维素气凝胶具有连续的多孔网络结构,其仍保持原来的纤维素I型结构,初始分解温度在300℃以上,m(BDGE)∶m(NCFs)为2∶1时,制备的气凝胶密度为0.020 2 mg/cm3,比表面积为25.6 m2/g,吸水倍数为36.5 g/g。气凝胶在水中5 s能迅速恢复其原来形状,在DMSO中20 s能恢复形状的90%,气凝胶重复使用5次,吸水倍数仍高达30.4 g/g。     

纤维素基超疏水材料的研究进展

纤维素是一种可再生的生物材料,具有良好的力学性能、柔韧性和透气性。通过对纤维素表面进行物理和化学改性,可实现纤维素表面超疏水化,从而扩大纤维素的应用范围。本文概述了纤维素基超疏水材料的研究成果和现状,重点介绍了浸渍法、喷涂法、接枝聚合法、气相沉积法、水热法等方法在滤纸、棉纤维、微球等纤维素基材上构建纤维素基超疏水材料。     

碳点/纤维素构建多色余辉气凝胶

以柠檬酸为碳源,采用一步水热法制备了柠檬酸碳点(CDs)。将CDs掺杂到纤维素纳米纤维(CNF)中,经过物理交联后,制得磷光CDs@CNF气凝胶,以CDs作为供体和罗丹明B(RhB)作为受体,通过三重态到单重态磷光能量转移(TS-FRET)策略制备出红色余辉CDs-RhB@CNF气凝胶。通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、紫外-可见(UV-Vis)吸收光谱、稳态/瞬态荧光光谱和国际照明委员会(CIE)色度图对气凝胶光物理性能和微观形貌表征分析,结果显示：CDs@CNF在535 nm处的磷光寿命为144.88 ms, CDs均匀分布在CNF气凝胶中,气凝胶呈蜂窝状多孔结构;CDs-RhB@CNF气凝胶在600 nm处的磷光寿命为102.49 ms, F9rster转移效率可达65.9%;掺杂罗丹明6G(Rh6G)和罗丹明123(Rh123)的荧光染料获得了具有黄色余辉发射的CDs-Rh6G@CNF及CDs-Rh123@CNF气凝胶;进一步将负载气凝胶的磷光纸应用于美观折纸和高级防伪领域,扩展了以天然生物质制备多色余辉材料的策略及应用领域。     

硬脂酸/TiO_2/CNF超疏水复合材料的制备与表征

研究了一种利用硬脂酸对纳米二氧化钛(Nano-TiO_2)和纤维素纳米纤维(CNF)复合物进行有机表面修饰的新方法,主要包括纳米二氧化钛、纤维素纳米纤维的制备和利用硬脂酸对Nano-TiO_2/CNF复合体系进行有机表面修饰制得超疏水材料三个工艺过程。通过傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FTIR)和场发射扫描电子镜(SEM)等对所得的样品进行表征,得出硬脂酸中的—COOH基团与TiO_2/CNF复合体系表面的—OH基团发生脱水反应,并将疏水性—CH_3基团引入复合体系中,复合体系表面构建的纳米级粗糙结构协同体系内引入的疏水基团使最终产物具有超疏水性。     

纳米纤维素基吸油气凝胶的制备及性能

以竹粉为原料制备纳米纤维素基体材料,以聚乙烯醇(PVA)为增强相,在酸性环境下采用冷冻干燥法制得PVA/CNFs(纳米纤维素)复合气凝胶;采用三甲基氯硅烷(TMCS)对其进行疏水改性处理,随后将其浸渍到还原氧化石墨烯(r GO)悬浮液中,最终制得疏水型r GO/PVA/CNFs复合气凝胶;通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、拉曼光谱(Raman)、接触角(CA)和吸油性能测试,对所制气凝胶的微观形貌、化学结构、疏水性能及吸油性能进行表征。结果表明:制得的复合气凝胶密度为6.78 mg/cm3,具有均匀的三维网状多孔结构,且孔洞结构表面均被石墨烯片层覆盖;经过TMCS疏水处理后,在气凝胶表面形成疏水层结构。FT-IR和Raman分析表明,TMCS疏水改性处理并未改变PVA/CNFs复合气凝胶的化学结构。经疏水处理后气凝胶与水的接触角为138°左右,吸油倍率为78 g/g左右,且吸附过程迅速,饱油后也能悬浮于溶液表面,便于回收再利用。     

纳米纤维素疏水改性的研究进展

纳米纤维素是从天然纤维素中提取的一种纳米级纤维素,它不仅具有纤维素的基本特征,还具有因纳米尺寸带来的大的比表面积和独特的强度以及光学性能,但纤维素中存在的游离羟基具有亲水性,使纳米纤维素材料在潮湿环境中的挺度下降,这限制了它的应用领域,因此,对纳米纤维素进行疏水改性可扩大其适用范围。本文综述了近年来对纳米纤维素进行疏水改性的方法,主要包括物理吸附改性、酯化/乙酰化改性、接枝共聚改性、硅烷偶联剂改性等,总结了上述方法的研究成果及优缺点,对今后的发展方向做出展望,以期为疏水改性研究提供借鉴和参考。     

木基多孔油水分离材料研究进展

随着水体油类污染造成的环境和健康危害问题日益严重,开发高效、低成本且绿色环保的油水分离材料受到越来越多的关注。木材作为一种可持续、可再生、可生物降解的环境友好型天然材料,具有多尺度分级结构、高度各向异性、丰富的孔隙构造以及结构可调控等特点。直接利用木材的层级多孔结构,通过“自上而下”策略对木材的化学组成、孔隙结构以及表面润湿性进行调控,可为开发高性能油水分离材料提供新思路和新方法。本文从过滤和吸附两种主要的油水分离方式出发,介绍近年来基于天然木材的多孔过滤膜和吸油材料的构建策略,并综述这两类木基功能材料用于分离不混溶油水混合物、油水乳液和水面高黏度原油的最新研究进展,讨论存在的问题以及未来潜在的研究方向。     

Selection gains for essential oil traits using micropropagation of Eucalyptus polybractea

The value of eucalyptus oil for medicinal purposes is based largely on its cineole content, and the prime commercial species for pharmaceutical grade eucalyptus oil is Eucalyptus polybractea (blue mallee). This study applies a recently developed micropropagation protocol to selected elite oil yielding blue mallee seedlings and investigates the potential of a trial plantation based on micropropagated clones to increase cineole yields. The study aims to assess two micropropagated clones of blue mallee for growth and key essential oil traits in comparison to two related half-sibling families, and to assess consistency for oil traits within clones. After 23 months growth in a plantation, all ramets from the micropropagated clones appeared healthy and showed similar growth forms to the half-sibling saplings at the time of harvest. Total above ground biomass was significantly greater in the half-sibling families compared to their relative clones. Nevertheless, the foliar essential oil concentration and the proportion of the total oil as cineole was greatest in the clones compared to their related half-sibling families, reflecting the oil traits of the ortets. The oil composition profiles were very consistent within clones. This was particularly evident for cineole which had the remarkably narrow ranges of 90–92% in one clone and 92–94% in the other, suggesting strong genetic control of essential oil composition. Overall, the results suggest that micropropagation has great potential for the establishment of blue mallee plantations using genotypes selected for key oil traits. The application of the micropropagation protocol to older plants of blue mallee (for which both key oil and biomass traits are known) is likely to produce greater selection gains for cineole yield.     

Ni/HZSM 5催化裂解光皮梾木油制备生物烃基燃料试验

光皮梾木(Cornus wisoniana)是一种优良的能源树种,适种面积广泛,其油脂成分主要包含油酸、亚油酸、棕榈酸、硬脂酸等。笔者以光皮梾木油为原料,采用等体积浸渍法自制Ni/HZSM 5固体催化剂进行催化裂解制备生物烃基燃料。分别考察了反应时间、反应温度和催化剂用量等因素对催化裂解反应的影响,得出最佳单因素工艺参数为反应时间60 min,反应温度440℃,催化剂用量为2.0%(质量分数),在该反应条件下液体产物产率高达79.53%;在单因素试验基础上进行响应面试验条件优化,探讨了各因素之间交互作用对产品转化率的影响,结果表明,各因素的一次项对转化率影响呈现显著水平,其中反应温度对转化率影响最为显著,最佳条件为反应时间59.1 min、反应温度443.7℃、催化剂用量2.3%(质量分数)。产品经气质联用仪(GC MS)分析可知,其主要组成成分为烷烃类、烯烃类、羧酸类、醛类和醇类物质。对所制烃基燃料经燃料性能测定,结果表明,产品接近石化燃料且具有良好的燃料性能,热值为42.720 kJ/g,密度和运动黏度等均达到0#柴油标准,值得进一步深入开展相关研究。     

Magnetic resonance imaging used for the evaluation of water presence in wood plastic composite boards exposed to exterior conditions

Abstract

Two wood plastic composite (WPC) boards, one experimental and one commercial, were exposed to exterior conditions and evaluated non-destructively using a clinical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) unit for moisture content (MC) and distribution. The experimental board was exposed in Vancouver, British Columbia, for more than 8 years, and the commercial board was exposed near Hilo, Hawaii, for 2 years. Both boards were characterized in terms of wood content, density, water uptake properties and voids content. The experimental board was additionally destructively analysed for water absorption of the WPC and MC calculated based on the wood content for verification of MRI results. MRI detected the presence of free water and its distribution in both of the WPC boards. Fibre saturation in the experimental board was found to be about 22–24%, in comparison to 25–30% present in most wood species. There was good correlation between the detection of free water by MRI and by destructive testing. Magnetic resonance images showed various major points of water entry in the WPC boards such as the support area, the cut ends, the dripping edge and the sides of the boards. For the experimental board, significant water entry also occurred at the upper exposed surface.     

Capacity of stem water conductivity for two eucalyptus ( Eucalyptus urophylla ) plantations in South China

The sap flux density (SFD) was used as a measure of water capacity through stems of eucalyptus in this paper. It was found that daily SFD increased with daily vapor pressure deficit (VPD) in nonlinear regression Y=AX ³+BX ²+CX+D (R ²=0.702 1, n=135, p=0.01) at both sites (Hetou and Jijia) in the Leizhou Peninsula, Guangdong Province, China, where Y was daily SFD, X was mean daily VPD, A, B, C, D were constants. But extremely high VPD might limit stem water conductivity. The environmental factors, such as air vapor pressure deficit (VPD), solar radiation (RAD), etc., were the main determinants of SFD for E. urophylla plantations. The upper threshold of diurnal SFD was 51.55–55.65 mL·cm⁻²·h⁻¹ under the selected extremely high environmental conditions.     

Composition and biological activity of essential oil of Achillea ligustica All. (Asteraceae) naturalized in central Italy: Ideal candidate for anti-cariogenic formulations

Essential oil from flowers (FL) and vegetative parts (VP) of Achillea ligustica (Asteraceae), naturalized after cultivation in central Italy, was investigated by GC–FID and GC–MS. The most abundant components were linalool, viridiflorol, β-pinene, 1,8-cineole and terpinen-4-ol. The antioxidant assays (DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assays, and β-carotene bleaching test) demonstrated a moderate activity of essential oils. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated by the broth micro-dilution method on 6 microbial strains and showed to be quite strong against the cariogenic Gram-positive Streptococcus mutans, suggesting that this essential oil could be a valid candidate for anti-cariogenic formulations. Moderate cytotoxic activity was observed in assays on four tumour cell lines by MTT assay.