种植密度与间伐强度对桉树人工林大径材的影响

桉树大径材培育是实现当前桉树产业可持续发展的有效途径。林分密度直接影响林木胸径生长,间伐是调整林分密度最为常用的手段。本试验以6 a生不同种植密度桉树优良无性系试验林为研究对象,探讨了进行不同强度的一次性间伐后,12 a生林分生长、径级分布、大径材生长及木材收益的变化。研究结果表明：不同种植密度与间伐强度试验林,林分胸径、树高、枝下高、冠幅、单株材积及林分蓄积量差异显著。其中,以1 100株·hm^-2种植密度+30%～50%间伐强度处理,林分胸径、树高、枝下高、冠幅、单株材积生长量最大,以1 100～1 650株·hm^-2种植密度未间伐时林分蓄积量最大;径级分布受种植密度与间伐强度影响显著,大径级(≥28 cm)林木数量占比以低种植密度(1 100株·hm^-2)+30%～50%强度间伐时较大,为82%～92%;间伐后林分保留株数与大径材蓄积量无关(R²=0.31),与林分中大径材蓄积量占比、大径材单株出材量、大径材出材率呈明显的负相关线性关系(R²=0.77～0.85);不同种...     

巨尾桉大径材间伐试验研究

为培育巨尾桉大径材,对造林密度为1650株·hm-2的10年生巨尾桉,开展二次间伐试验,首次间伐在造林后3 a进行,第二次问伐在第1次间伐后3 a进行,分别设置间伐株数2/3、1/2、1/3及不间伐(对照)4种间伐强度处理,采用随机区组试验设计.分析不同间伐强度对巨尾桉林分胸径、树高、单株材积、林分蓄积和经济效益的影响.结果表明:第2次间伐保留密度为645株·hm-2的林分,其平均胸径23.6 cm、立木单株材积0.552 5 m3、林分蓄积356.379 m3·hm-2、经济效益为293 385元·hm-2,分别比对照增加21.2％、54.2％、5.2％、28.4％,均优于其他不同处理.表明间伐强度以株数1/3为宜,保留密度为645株·hm-2的巨尾桉大径材林分,其胸径、单株材积、林分蓄积量和经济效益达到最大值.     

不同密度秃杉林分直径结构及生长差异性分析

以福建省连城邱家山国有林场19 a林龄未抚育间伐的秃杉人工林为研究对象,开展不同造林密度梯度下其直径结构与林分生长指标的研究。结果表明,不同密度林分偏度系数都是负值,随着密度增大,偏度系数大致以0.1的级距呈现等差递减;峰度系数都大于0,随着密度增大,峰度系数大致以0.2的级距呈现等差递增;不同密度梯度下秃杉人工林径阶株数分布规律表现为随着林分密度增大,小径阶比例增多,大径阶比例减少,径阶跨度减少,峰点前移,峰值增大;秃杉平均胸径、树高、单株材积、单位面积蓄积量与林分密度都呈现负相关,密度对其影响达显著或极显著水平。综合研究结果,在较好立地上秃杉造林初植密度以1500~1800株/hm2为宜,并提出了抚育间伐方案。     

肉桂人工林不同间伐强度对林分结构及桂皮产量的影响

为获得优质板桂和企边桂,探讨肉桂(Cinnamamun cassia)中大径材培育技术,以广西防城港肉桂人工林为研究对象,采用砍小留大的原则,分别在造林后5年,10年和14年进行间伐,比较分析了不同间伐强度对林分生长结构及桂皮产量的影响。结果表明,间伐后保留密度Ⅰ(3 100株/hm2)、Ⅱ(2 400株/hm2)、Ⅲ(2 100株/hm2)的3个密度林分中,中大径阶的树木较对照明显增多,单株桂皮产量显著增加,其中,密度Ⅱ林分的平均胸径、平均树高、平均皮厚及单株产量均高于其他密度林分,林分中的中大径阶林木分布较多,是培育肉桂中大径材,获得板桂、企边桂的最佳密度。     

川西高山林区人工林生态学研究--种群结构

采用标准地调查方法及种群结构分析法,对川西云杉人工林种群的表现结构、立木蓄积结构、生物量结构进行分析表明：(1)高密度种群高度集中分布在4～8高度级,约占77％,中密度种群高度集中分布在6～10高度级,约占82％;(2)株数按径阶分布的峰值出现在低于平均直径的6cm径阶(5．0～6．9cm之间),然后两侧株数逐渐减少,呈左偏截尾正态分布;(3)总蓄积量按径级分布以10cm和12cm径阶林木蓄积量最大,分别占总蓄积的19．0％和18．80％;(4)株数总生物量和器官生物量随径级变化基本呈正态分布,而径级生物量最大出现在林木株数最多的12径级,生物量占总生物量的28．0％,低于平均直径的2～8径级生物量仅有13．719T／hm^2。仅占总生物量的12．7％。     

造林密度对云南石梓幼林生长的影响

通过对云南石梓不同造林密度4 a的生长影响效应进行分析,结果表明:5种不同造林密度(4 444,2 500,1 600,1 111,816株/hm2)对4年生云南石梓冠幅影响差异显著,对胸径、树高和枝下高的影响差异未达显著水平。胸径、冠幅生长量和径阶结构分化率(≥6 cm株数百分比率)随着密度降低而增大,枝下高随着密度降低而减小,树高生长量不随密度的变化而产生有规律的变化。培育云南石梓大径材,初植密度采用816~1 111株/hm2较为有利。     

安宁河北部流域云南松群落林分径阶大小多样性研究

采用1 km×2 km机械布点的方法，在四川省德昌县安宁河流域北部区域,共调查云南松树种组成≥6成的样地74块，探究云南松群落的林分直径大小多样性。结果表明：74个调查样地中，共调查胸径≥5 cm的乔木树种2 758株，平均密度为932株·hm^-2；径阶以6～20 cm为主，占总株数的84.63%；云南松径阶香农-维纳指数和辛普森指数较总体的波动幅度大；典范对应分析表明，径阶的分布及其多样性主要受到密度、海拔和坡度的影响。综上所述，云南松群落林分通过密度、海拔和坡度的变化，影响了其径阶大小的多样性。     

间伐对侧柏人工林生物量的影响

利用相对生长法研究了间伐对于徐州市石灰岩山地侧柏人工林总生物量、单株生物量和径级生物量的影响。结果表明：未间伐样地生物量总量为67．64t／hm^2,1次间伐提高了整个林分的生物量,总量提高到了70．11t／hm^2,2次间伐林分生物量反而明显减少,减少到了54．19t／hm^2;1次间伐（间伐强度27．7％）和2次间伐（间伐强度44．7％）都提高了树干生物量在林分总生物量中的比例,由53．12％提高到了58．68％和58．69％。1次间伐和2次间伐后,单株侧柏各器官及单株总生物量都比未间伐林地有显著增加,单株生物量由28．78k增加到41．24kg和41．68kg,树干生物量增长最为显著,由15．29k增加到24．20kg和24．46kg。未间伐样地,生物量集中在小径级的立木,间伐后生物量集中到了大径级立木。对照样地14cm和≥16cm径级的生物量所占比例分别为22．44％和6．57％,1次间伐之后,14cm和≥16cm径级的生物量所占比例增加到了26．44％和30．57％,2次间伐后,14cm和≥16cm径级的生物量所占比例达到了34．78％和28．94％。     

撩壕施肥对毛竹林分结构的影响

历时10年对撩壕施肥的毛竹林生长特性和林分结构变化进行调查研究,结果表明:(1)不同径级毛竹均分布在林分密度3 750~10 305株/hm~2的中密度到高密度的范围之内,当林分密度为8 250株/hm~2的中密度时,林分平均胸径和新竹平均胸径达到生长高峰;当林分密度为10 305株/hm~2的高密度时,平均枝下高、秆全高和枝下高占全高的比例也达到最大值。(2)撩壕施肥竹林立竹株数为8 625株/hm~2,其中胸径12~17 cm的大径竹占该竹林总株数61.2%,比对照竹林增加4.02倍;胸径9~11 cm的中径竹占该竹林总株数33.2%,比对照竹林增加38.4%;胸径8 cm以下的小径竹占该竹林总株数5.6%,为对照竹林的87.4%。(3)撩壕施肥竹林Ⅰ~Ⅳ度竹为幼、壮、中龄竹,立竹株数和蓄积量占林分比例均在70%以上,处于绝对优势,繁殖功能旺盛;Ⅴ~Ⅶ度竹为次老龄竹和老龄竹,立竹株数和蓄积量占林分比例均在30%以下,繁殖能力有所下降,但因能增加立竹密度,有利于为新竹提供营养。     

马尾松天然次生林间伐效应研究

于平均年龄为23年生、地位指数为14和12的2种立地的马尾松天然次生林中,分别设置固定标准样地,并分别设计5个和6个密度水平,对其抚育间伐4年后的间伐效应进行研究。结果表明:不同地位指数的林分,其间伐前或间伐后立木径级分布均呈现正态分布的规律;间伐前林分分化强烈,立木径级大小悬殊;间伐后林分最小株距和平均株距较接近,大径级林木比例提高;间伐4年后平均径级左右的立木比例明显增加。间伐4年后,当14地位指数林分的密度大于1 500株/hm2,12地位指数林分的密度大于1 950株/hm2时,其胸径离散度较间伐当年间伐后的反而明显增大;平均胸径和单株材积的增长均随保留密度的加大而减小,但单位面积蓄积量增长则在其适宜密度时最大;不同保留密度各处理间平均胸径、单株材积以及单位面积材积增长的差异均达极显著,但树高和比重增长的差异均不显著;间伐各处理的平均胸径、单株材积以及单位面积材积增长均大于对照;14地位指数马尾松林以保留密度为1 500/hm2处理的单位面积材积增长最大,增长30.29%;12地位指数马尾松林以保留密度为1 950/hm2处理的单位面积材积增长最大,增长24.38%。     

Effects of five tree-selection strategies when thinning spruce (Picea abies) stands: a case study in a field trail in southern Sweden

The aim of this study was to show the effects of five tree-selection strategies when thinning on quality and growth properties of Norway spruce stands, and their potential for improving quality in the stands. The five strategies were thinning to retain high-quality (HQ) and low-quality (LQ) trees, thinning from above (A) and below (B) and thinning to obtain an even distribution of residual trees (S). The study was conducted in two planted stands close to rotation age, located in southern Sweden, which had been thinned twice since the establishment of the thinning experiment. In the two quality-based treatments trees were selected for harvest on the basis of the following growth and quality traits: tree class, vitality, dbh, height, straightness, branch diameter and quality defects. The quality traits were found to be largely independent of tree size, thus the selection strategies based solely on dbh (A and B) did not improve quality within the stands. Thinning targeting HQ traits promoted the retention and growth of HQ trees, and improved overall quality of the stands compared to the other treatments. HQ thinning increased the share of straight trees by 15%, on average. Significant proportions of stem crooks and quality defects detected before the first thinning were invisible 21 years after it. All thinned stands had higher proportions of naturally pruned trees than unthinned stands. The selection method had no influence on periodic annual increment after thinning.     

A Structural Alternative to Chronosequence Analysis for Uneven-Aged Northern Hardwood Forests

Abstract

Structural changes over time in forests of shade-tolerant species are difficult to study because these stands are often broadly uneven-aged and not suitable for traditional chronosequence analysis. Yet because of past disturbances of variable intensity and frequency, there is often substantial structural variation among stands of a given site quality class. In this study, diameter distributions from 70 primary northern hardwood stands were analyzed to determine if certain structural indices might allow placement of stands in a developmental sequence.

Modal stand diameter and the fraction of total overstory crown area in large trees (> 46 cm dbh) were among the most useful measures for distinguishing stages of development. Modal diameter ranged from 10 cm to 62 cm for stands on good sites. Correlations between diameter and age were highly significant (P < 0.0001) for the three principal species on all three site quality classes, suggesting that stands with a greater proportion of large trees are generally in a later stage of development. Stands with < 45% of the crown area in large trees have predominantly unimodal size distributions. As modal stand diameter increases, the shape of the size distribution changes from positively skewed to nearly symmetric. As the proportion of crown area in large trees exceeds 45% and the ratio of crown area in large to mature (26-45 cm dbh) trees exceeds 1.5, the form of the size distribution changes to multimodal, irregular, or descending monotonic.     

不同密度杉木林分下套种闽楠的生长分析

以福建省顺昌县杉木-闽楠复层林为研究对象,对不同保留密度杉木林下套种闽楠的林分生长进行调查分析。结果表明,随着杉木保留密度的增加,闽楠的平均胸径、树高、单株材积、冠幅、枝下高以及最大分枝粗均降低。西坑试验点内,1~6号样地(杉木保留密度为180株·hm^-2)的林下闽楠平均胸径和树高较7~8号样地(杉木保留密度为480株·hm^-2)的分别增加149.01%和88.95%;八一工区试验点内,1~2号样地(杉木保留密度为485株·hm^-2)的林下闽楠平均胸径和树高较3~4号(杉木保留密度为630株·hm^-2)、5~6号样地(杉木保留密度为825株·hm^-2)分别提高了19.75%、7.02%和40.04%、42.46%;西坑试验点内,1~6号样地,胸径超过30 cm的杉木株数占杉木总株数的88.30%,径阶分布更集中,7~8号样地,这一比例则仅为69.40%;八一工区试验地内,1~2号样地,胸径30~40 cm的杉木株数占杉木总株数的比例较3~4号、5~6号样地分别提高了70.89%和221.29%。结果表明,降低杉木保留密度(或增加间伐强度)有利于下层闽楠的生长和上层杉木大径材的培育。     

闽北毛竹林密度变化相关因子的动态规律研究

本文针对１９８５年及１９９２年森林资源二类调查资料，采用列联表方法，对毛竹林立竹密度与海拔及林分平均胸径对毛竹林分布的影响进行卡方检验、剩余分析和ｌｏｇ－线性模型拟合，得出：闽北毛竹林密度多在１８００株／ｈｍ２以下，胸径为第四级（８ｃｍ）以下，海拔最适分布区为４００－１０００ｍ；现实毛竹林密度及平均胸径偏低，应提高毛竹林经营水平，促使林分达到合理结构以实现速生丰产的目标。     

抚育间伐对栓皮栎人工林直径和树高分布的影响

[目的]以河南登封林场栓皮栎人工林为研究对象,研究抚育间伐对林分不同生长阶段林木株数、林木直径分布和树高分布的影响,为制定科学合理的抚育经营措施奠定理论和技术基础.[方法]在株数强度为31.55％的间伐林分和条件基本一致的未间伐林分内,分别设置1个1 hm2样地,间伐作业2 a后获取每木检尺数据,分别利用Normal分...     

Tree species diversity of a 20-ha plot in a tropical seasonal rainforest in Xishuangbanna, southwest China

We censused all free-standing trees ≥1?cm diameter at breast height (dbh) in a 20-ha plot established in a tropical seasonal rainforest in Xishuangbanna National Nature Reserve, southwest China. A total of 95,834 free-standing trees ≥1?cm dbh were recorded, and 95,498 individuals (accounting for 99.65% of the total), including 468 morphospecies in 213 genera and 70 families, were identified. Thirteen of 468 species (2.78%) had more than 1,000 individual ≥1?cm dbh, which represented 56.36% individuals of the total. On the other hand, 230 of 468 species (49.14%) had a mean density of ≤1 tree per ha, and 69 of 468 species (14.74%) were singletons in the 20-ha plot. The mean species richness, density and basal area per ha were 216.50 species, 4,791.70 stems and 42.34?m², respectively. Pittosporopsis kerrii (20,918 stems, ≥1?cm dbh) of Icacinaceae and Parashorea chinensis (7,919 stems, ≥1?cm dbh) of Dipterocarpaceae were the two most abundant species dominating the emergent layer and treelet layer, respectively. Compared with other 50-ha plots established in other equatorial regions, tree species richness per ha and tree abundance per ha of the plot were at the moderate level.     

Comparison of diameter-distribution-prediction,stand-table-projection,and individual-tree-growth modeling approaches for young red alder plantations

A red alder planting spacing study was used to compare three modeling approaches that have been successfully used for other tree species. These three approaches predict stand structure and dynamics in plantations that are 7 to 16 years old, with planting densities of 976 to 13 899 trees/ha. The diameter-distribution-prediction approach tended to over-predict the diameter at breast height (dbh) for larger trees in stands planted at low density and to under-predict dbh for smaller trees in stands planted at high density. This approach may be useful for comparing planting densities when a tree list is not available. The stand-table-projection approach tended to under-predict dbh for smaller trees in young stands planted at low density and to over-predict dbh for smaller trees in young stands planted at high density. This approach, however, provided consistency between stand- and tree-level growth projections, and should be useful for comparing planting densities when a tree list is available. The individual-tree-growth approach provided the best representations of observed diameter distributions at all planting densities, stand ages, and growth intervals. This approach may be best suited for stands that have been thinned, stands with mixtures of species, and stands with heterogeneous size classes.     

Effects of wide spacing and thinning strategies on wood quality in Norway spruce (Picea abies) stands in southern Sweden

Abstract

The initial density of a stand influences both the prethinning growth and the quality of the harvested trees. This study investigated the effects of different square spacings (2.0, 2.5 and 3.0 m) with thinning from above and thinning from below on stand development and tree characteristics in a 33-year-old Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] plantation in southern Sweden. Before thinning the total standing volume was not significantly different between treatments. Diameter at breast height (dbh) and diameter of the thickest branch were positively correlated. Before thinning, dbh of the trees and their thickest branches were significantly higher in the stands with 3.0 m spacing. After thinning, the dbh and the diameter of the thickest branch did not significantly differ between the 3.0 m spacing with thinning from above and 2.0 and 2.5 m spacing with thinning from below. Spacing did not significantly influence the presence or size of spike knots. The results suggest that a combination of wide spacing with thinning from above may yield timber of similar quality to denser spacing with thinning from below.     

密度对大叶相思林生物量分配的影响

以密度为10 000、4 444和1 667株/hm2的4年生大叶相思林为研究对象,对各种不同密度林分中大叶相思各器官生物量分配、生物量径级结构和群落生物量进行了研究。结果表明:各密度大叶相思干的生物量占林分生物量的55%以上,根占14.11%~15.50%,叶占8.34%~10.76%,而在枝和皮的分配比例上差异较大;三种密度大叶相思林的总生物量径阶分配呈正态分布;群落总生物量随林分密度的增加而增加,但林下植物生物量随林分密度的增加而减小。     

大强度抚育对油松人工林天然更新的影响

以油松人工林为研究对象,在大强度抚育条件下,通过林分层次结构、各层次林木胸径结构、树高结构及其林木分布格局等指标研究林下天然更新状况,结果表明:油松人工林在22a、32a时分别进行株数强度50%和40%的下层抚育,后经20a天然更新(林分年龄52a),林分形成明显层次结构,分为主林层、演替层及更新层,整个林分林木胸径、树高结构均呈多峰分布,其中主林层、演替层林木胸径和树高结构均呈单峰山状分布,更新层林木胸径和树高结构呈多峰分布,各林层平均胸径分别为23.2cm、12.6cm和3.1cm,平均树高分别为18.4m、14.5m和2.8m,而对照标准地胸径、树高结构均呈单峰分布,平均胸径、树高分别为18.6cm及17.9m;主林层、演替层各层林木空间分布呈均匀分布,密度分别为840株/hm~2和1 125株/hm~2,更新层林木空间分布呈聚集分布,密度为675株/hm~2,对照样地林木空间分布偏向均匀分布,密度为1 605株/hm~2。