First occurrence of the garnet-ilmenite transition in silicates

Pyrope garnet (Mg(3)Al(2)Si(3)O(12)) has been found to transform to an ilmenite-type phase at a loading pressure between 240 and 250 kilobars and at about 1000 degrees to 1400 degrees C in a diamond-anvil press coupled with laser heating. The lattice parameters for the ilmenite-type phase of (Mg(.75) Al(.25))(Si(.75) Al(.25))O(3) are a(0) = 4.755 +/- 0.002 and c(0) = 13.360 +/- 0.005 angstroms. The zero-pressure volume change associated with the garnet-ilmenite transition is calculated to be -7.1 percent. This result verifies the prediction that pyrope garnet would transform to the ilmenite structure at high pressure first suggested in 1962 by Clark et al. and Ringwood.     

The silica-alumina system: stable and metastable equilibria at 1.0 atmosphere

Diffusion couples, consisting of sapphire and fused silica, which were annealed in the temperature range from 1678 degrees to 2003 degrees C and analyzed by electron beam microprobe, have provided data on the stable phase equilibrium of the silica-alumina system. Under stable equilibrium conditions, the intermediate compound of this system, mullite (3Al(2)O(3) . 2SiO(2)), melts incongruently at 1828 degrees +/- 10 degrees C and its solid solution field extends from 70.5 to 74.0 percent (by weight) alumina. The stable phase diagram is a composite of the two binary eutectic diagrams: silica-mullite in the absence of alumina and silica-alumina in the absence of mullite. Under metastable conditions, mullite melts congruently at approximately 1890 degrees +/- 10 degrees C and its solid solution field extends to approximately 83.2 percent (by weight) alumina.     

0.2μm Al2O3陶瓷膜微滤清络通痹水提液的污染机制研究

[目的]探讨0.2μm Al2O3陶瓷膜微滤清络通痹水提液过程中的膜污染机制。[方法]以清络通痹组方水提液为研究对象,根据Darcy-Poiseuille定律确定过滤阻力分布情况,对污染膜表面和截面进行高分辨扫描电镜观测,同时对污染膜表面沉积层的组成物质进行了傅里叶变换红外光谱分析和粒径分析。[结果]阻力分布和SEM图结果显示：0.2μm Al2O3膜污染主要发生在膜表面。膜表面污染物主要是含C=O、CO-NH和C-O-C官能团的化学物质。表面污染物的粒径以体积百分数计主要集中在21.157μm左右;以数量计主要集中在0.596μm左右。[结论]研究微滤过程中的膜污染机制对于减缓膜通量减少及寻找有效的膜再生方法有重要指导意义。     

Kaolinite Synthesis at 25{degrees}C

The addition of quercetin, an organic flavone (C(15)H(10)O(7)), to aqueous solutions containing silica and aluminum and adjusted to final pH's from 6.5 to 8.5 produced a 1 : 1 alumninosilicate precipitate which, after 6 to 16 months of aging in solution at 25 degrees C, contained as much as 5 percent well-formed kaolinite plates. Similar solutions containing no organic material produced relatively amorphous precipitates with the same composition and stability (standard free energy of formation = -897+/-1 kilocalories per mole) but with substantially smaller amounts of crystaline material even after 2 years of aging.     

X-ray diffraction study of the ultrathin Al2O3 layer on NiAl110

Ultrathin Al2O3 layers on alloys are used as templates for model catalysts, tunneling barriers in electronic devices, or corrosion-resistant layers. The complex atomic structure of well-ordered alumina overlayers on NiAl110 was solved by surface x-ray diffraction. The oxide layer is composed of a double layer of strongly distorted hexagonal oxygen ions that hosts aluminum ions on both octahedral and tetrahedral sites with equal probability. The alumina overlayer exhibits a domain structure that can be related to characteristic growth defects and is generated during the growth of a hexagonally ordered overlayer (Al2O3) on a body-centered cubic (110) substrate (NiAl).     

Coking- and sintering-resistant palladium catalysts achieved through atomic layer deposition

We showed that alumina (Al(2)O(3)) overcoating of supported metal nanoparticles (NPs) effectively reduced deactivation by coking and sintering in high-temperature applications of heterogeneous catalysts. We overcoated palladium NPs with 45 layers of alumina through an atomic layer deposition (ALD) process that alternated exposures of the catalysts to trimethylaluminum and water at 200°C. When these catalysts were used for 1 hour in oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane to ethylene at 650°C, they were found by thermogravimetric analysis to contain less than 6% of the coke formed on the uncoated catalysts. Scanning transmission electron microscopy showed no visible morphology changes after reaction at 675°C for 28 hours. The yield of ethylene was improved on all ALD Al(2)O(3) overcoated Pd catalysts.     

上海园林植物生态功能评价——以上海绿色建筑环境绿化植物为例

用Rotronic Al温湿度仪和AIC 1000空气离子测定仪,对适合上海绿色建筑环境绿化且长势良好的27个群落的降温增湿能力和空气质量状况(由空气中每立方厘米的离子个数换算得出)进行测量的结果表明:群落降温效益较好比对照温度低4℃以上的有5个,降温效益较差低于对照温度不足3℃的有2个;群落的增湿效益与降温效益趋势基本一致;群落空气质量属于B级清洁空气的有7个,属于C级中等清洁空气的有16个,属于D级允许清洁空气的有4个,对照处空气质量为E级不清洁空气。结合上海实际情况和所测数据设计配置了功能性植物群落。     

油菜根尖细胞壁果胶含量及其甲基酯化程度与耐铝性的关系

以耐铝性差异显著的2个油菜基因型湘油杂3号(耐性)和赣油杂2号(敏感)为材料,研究了铝胁迫条件下根系生长情况,根尖铝含量,根尖细胞壁果胶含量及其甲基酯化程度与耐铝性的关系。结果表明,湘油杂3号的耐铝性显著高于赣油杂2号;0~5 mm根段积累的铝显著高于5~10 mm根段;距油菜根尖0~5 mm根段,敏感基因型果胶含量高于耐性基因型,且前者根尖及细胞壁对铝的积累量也显著高于后者;采用1.0 mol/L NH3.H2O预处理根尖2 h降低细胞壁果胶甲基酯化程度后,耐性和敏感基因型根尖细胞壁对铝的积累量分别下降了14.5%和19.1%。这些结果表明,细胞壁果胶含量及其甲基酯化程度可能是导致不同油菜基因型根尖及细胞壁铝含量、耐铝性差异的重要原因。     

Ammonium micas: possible sources of atmospheric ammonia and nitrogen

Ammonium muscovite, NH(4)Al(2)AlSi(3)O(10)(OH)(2), and ammonium phlogopite, NH(4)Mg(3)AlSi(3)O(10)(OH)(2), have been synthesized hydrothermally at gas pressures of 2 kilobars and temperatures between 550 degrees and 730 degrees C. Both micas are stable only in environments of high ammonia fugacity. Ammonia or nitrogen, or both, are released by thermal decomposition, cation exchange, or oxidation. The ammonia : nitrogen ratio in the gas depends primarily on the hydrogen fugacity and the temperature of the environment. Calculations show that, even in a predifferentiated Earth, nitrogen may have predominated. The total amount of nitrogen present on the surface of Earth could be accounted for by the decomposition of a layer of ammonium muscovite 170 meters thick.     

模拟酸雨和铝添加对茶树生长及生理生化特性的影响

以茶树(Camellia sinensis)种子实生苗为材料,研究了模拟酸雨和铝添加对茶树生物量、抗氧化酶及一些抗性指标的影响.结果表明,适量的铝和适度的酸雨有利于茶树生物量的积累,较高的铝和较高酸度酸雨不利于茶树生物量的积累.随着铝处理浓度的增加,茶树叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)先增加后下降.随着酸雨强度的增加,SOD、POD、CAT和APX总体上增加,在较低浓度铝处理下,酸雨加剧SOD、POD、CAT和APX的增加,存较高铝浓度(30 mg/L)处理下,酸雨加剧SOD、POD、CAT和APX的下降.10 mg/L铝浓度处理茶树叶片超氧阴离子产生速率(O2-)和丙二醛(MDA)含量与无铝处理的相比没有明显差异,随着铝处理浓度的增加其O2-产生速率和MDA含量增加.酸雨强度对茶树叶片O2-产生速率和MDA含量没有明显影响.酸雨加剧铝引起茶树叶片O2-产生速率和MDA积累的增加.随着铝处理浓度的增加,茶树叶片脯氨酸含量增加.而酸雨单独作用对脯氨酸含量没有明显影响,但酸雨加剧铝对茶树叶片脯氨酸积累的增加.随着铝处理浓度的增加,茶树叶片可溶性糖含量先增加后下降.pH 3.0的酸雨明显提高茶树叶片可溶性糖含量.结果表明,茶树可通过提高抗氧化酶活性和一些渗透调节物质(脯氨酸和可溶性糖)增强对酸雨和低浓度铝的适应性和耐受能力.高浓度的铝(30 mg/L)损伤茶树抗氧化系统,减少一些抗性物质的合成,影响其生长,而酸雨加剧高铝对茶树的伤害.     

Chemical methods for removing radon and radon daughters from air

Liquid bromine trifluoride and the solid complexes ClF(2)SbF(6), BrF(2)SbF(6), BrF(4)Sb(2)F(11), IF(4)(SbF(6))(3) and BrF(2)BiF(6) react spontaneously with radon and radon daughters at 25 degrees C, converting the radioelements to nonvolatile ions and compounds. The reagents can be used in gas-scrubbing units to remove radon and radon daughters from air. The halogen fluoride-antimony pentafluoride complexes may be suitable for purifying air in uranium mines and analyzing radon in air, since they have low dissociation pressures at 25 degrees C and are less hazardous to handle than liquid halogen fluorides.     

High-thermoelectric performance of nanostructured bismuth antimony telluride bulk alloys

The dimensionless thermoelectric figure of merit (ZT) in bismuth antimony telluride (BiSbTe) bulk alloys has remained around 1 for more than 50 years. We show that a peak ZT of 1.4 at 100 degrees C can be achieved in a p-type nanocrystalline BiSbTe bulk alloy. These nanocrystalline bulk materials were made by hot pressing nanopowders that were ball-milled from crystalline ingots under inert conditions. Electrical transport measurements, coupled with microstructure studies and modeling, show that the ZT improvement is the result of low thermal conductivity caused by the increased phonon scattering by grain boundaries and defects. More importantly, ZT is about 1.2 at room temperature and 0.8 at 250 degrees C, which makes these materials useful for cooling and power generation. Cooling devices that use these materials have produced high-temperature differences of 86 degrees , 106 degrees , and 119 degrees C with hot-side temperatures set at 50 degrees, 100 degrees, and 150 degrees C, respectively. This discovery sets the stage for use of a new nanocomposite approach in developing high-performance low-cost bulk thermoelectric materials.     

高温热化法制备磷脂酰胆碱方法研究

[目的]用高温热化法来制备磷脂酰胆碱。[方法]将磷脂原料高温加热,使所有非胆碱磷脂降解,然后用丙酮处理磷脂原料热化物,沉淀出包含磷脂酰胆碱在内的丙酮不溶物(AI),接着用乙醇处理AI,离心分离,得墨黑色乙醇可溶物(ES)溶液,最后对ES溶液进行脱色,得磷脂酰胆碱产品,采用氧化铝层层析、活性炭多次吸附、氧化铝二次吸附、活性炭吸附结合氧化铝吸附几种方法对ES溶液进行脱色,并进行比较研究。[结果]结果表明:这几种脱色方法对产品的品质都有不同程度的改善,不同的脱色方法所得产品的PC有很大差别。[结论]氧化铝层层析法对ES溶液脱色效果最好,其产品的PC含量可达90%以上。     

Reaction of plutonium dioxide with water: formation and properties of PuO(2+x)

Results show that PuO(2+x), a high-composition (x 相似文献   

辣椒耐高温高湿生理生化性状灰色关联度分析

采用灰色关联分析(Gray correlation analysis), 探讨辣椒生理生化性状与耐高温高湿的关系.对分别处于高温高湿和正常条件下的10个辣椒品种(系)21个生理生化性状耐高温高湿系数进行了分析和评价.依据各品种(系)的加权关联度对参试品种(系)进行了聚类分析,参试品种(系)中极耐高温高湿的品种(系)有I、G二个品种(系).与耐高温高湿关联度最大的是花青素含量、过氧化氢含量、超氧化物歧化酶活性和脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶活性4个生理生化性状,它们在高温高湿双重逆境胁迫下所受的影响最大,与辣椒耐高温高湿性关系最密切.因而可以选用花青素含量、过氧化氢含量、超氧化物歧化酶活性、脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶活性等生理生化性状进行辣椒耐高温高湿的以性状为基础的选择,以提高选择效率.     

Serpentine stability to mantle depths and subduction-related magmatism

Results of high-pressure experiments on samples of hydrated mantle rocks show that the serpentine mineral antigorite is stable to approximately 720 degrees C at 2 gigapascals, to approximately 690 degrees C at 3 gigapascals, and to approximately 620 degrees C at 5 gigapascals. The breakdown of antigorite to forsterite plus enstatite under these conditions produces 13 percent H(2)O by weight to depths of 150 to 200 kilometers in subduction zones. This H(2)O is in an ideal position for ascent into the hotter, overlying mantle where it can cause partial melting in the source region for calc-alkaline magmas at a depth of 100 to 130 kilometers and a temperature of approximately 1300 degrees C. The breakdown of antigorite in hydrated mantle produces an order of magnitude more H(2)O than does the dehydration of altered oceanic crust.     

Kyanite-Andalusite Equilibrium from 700{degrees} to 800{degrees}C

The metastable kyaniteandalusite equilibrium in the Al(2)SiO(5) system has been reversed at 700 degrees , 750 degrees , and 800 degrees C at elevated water pressures, with a variety of natural and synthetic kyanites and andalusites as starting materials. Sillimanite, the stable form of Al(2)SiO(5) under these conditions, did not appear. The value of the transition pressure at 750 degrees C is 6.6 +/- 0.4 kilobars, several kilobars below pressures given by several convergent previous determinations. The Al(2)SiO(5) pressure-temperature triple point now indicated lies far from the points found by others. The revised aluminum silicate phase diagram indicates that many rocks crystallized at lower pressures than formerly thought possible.     

用两室根箱系统法对土壤氮素转化的空间变异及N2O的产生之初探

用特制的带有9根采气管的两室根箱系统,采集和分析根箱中9个不同部位土壤空气中N2O的浓度,结合使用具有选择性的硝化抑制剂(包括低浓度的C2H2和DCD),研究在不同铵态氮水平下的硝化过程及其对N2O气体释放的贡献;结合使用高浓度的C2H2,抑制反硝化过程中N2O到N2的还原,研究在不同铵态氮水平下的反硝化过程及其对N2O气体释放的贡献。同时还研究铵态氮、硝态氮转化及其释放N2O气体的时间和空间变异性和植物对它们的影响。结果表明,根箱系统结合使用抑制剂的方法,是一种研究土壤氮素转化过程、N2O气体释放及植物对前两者影响的有效方法。     

溶胶凝胶法铁基载氧体的制备与反应性能研究

采用以金属醇盐和无机盐为前驱物的两种溶胶凝胶法,以Al2O3为惰性载体,制备了Fe2O3质量分数为70%的载氧体Fe2O3/Al2O3。X射线衍射分析(XRD)表明,载氧体主要成分为Fe2O3和Al2O3。X射线荧光光谱(XRF)证明,样品中Fe2O3/Al2O3含量与设计值接近;利用不同升温速率的程序升温还原(TPR-H2)测试发现,与商业氧化铁相比,溶胶凝胶法制备的载氧体反应峰向高温区移动,说明惰性载体Al2O3对反应活性的提高作用有限。利用同步热重分析仪(TGA)对载氧体进行循环周期测试,合成的载氧体较商业载氧体具有较高的传氧能力和还原反应速率,并且在循环周期内保持了良好的反应性能。说明惰性组分Al2O3通过优化载氧体物理结构,提高了反应过程热效应的稳定性,进一步加强了Fe2O3晶格氧持续、高效的反应活性。     

The effect of alumina on the electrical conductivity of silicate perovskite

Measurements of the electrical conductivity of silicate perovskite at 25 gigapascals and 1400 degrees to 1600 degreesC show that the conductivity of (Mg,Fe)SiO3 perovskite containing 2.89 weight percent Al2O3 is about 3.5 times greater than that of aluminum-free (Mg0.915Fe0.085)SiO3 perovskite. The conduction mechanism in perovskite between 1400 degrees and 1600 degreesC is most likely by polarons, because Mossbauer studies show that the aluminum-bearing perovskite has about 3.5 times the amount of Fe3+ as the aluminum-free sample. A conductivity-depth profile from 660 to 2900 kilometers based on aluminum-bearing perovskite is consistent with geophysical models.