母源性免疫的功能及其在养殖业中的应用前景

母源性免疫即母体传递给子代的免疫力。许多动物在个体发育早期合成免疫相关因子的能力十分有限,它们主要依靠母源性免疫来抵抗各种病原的攻击。对母源性免疫的功能进行了综述,并对其应用前景进行了分析,以期推动我国母源性免疫的研究及开发利用。     

小鼠早期胚胎发育过程中母源基因降解相关内源性小干扰RNA筛选与鉴定

为探究endo-siRNA在小鼠胚胎母源基因降解过程中的功能,通过生物信息学分析对小鼠母源基因和对应小RNA作筛选与鉴定,研究发现近三分之二母源基因为小RNA靶标。母源基因在早期胚胎发育过程中表达模式分析表明endo-siRNA与母源基因表达呈较强负相关,预示endo-siRNA在母源基因降解过程中具有重要功能。验证表明, endo-siRNA可在转录后水平调控母源mRNA水平,调控母源基因降解。研究结果为哺乳动物母胚转换的相关研究提供理论基础。     

Maternal Antibody Protected Chicks from Growth Retardation and Immunosuppression Induced by Early Reticuloendotheliosis Virus Infection

To determine if the maternal antibody from breeders vaccinated with cell culture-adapted reticuloendotheliosis virus （REV） could protect chicks from early REV infection, one-day-old chicks with or without anti-REV maternal antibodies were inoculated with REV, and then their growth rates and antibody titers to Newcastle disease virus （NDV） and avian influenza virus （AIV）, after vaccination with inactivated vaccines, were compared. This study indicated that REV infection could cause growth retardation and severely inhibit immune reactions to inactivated vaccines against NDV and Avian influenza virus （AIV, H9 and H5） in one-day-old broilers without maternal antibodies specific to REV. Maternal antibody from breeders vaccinated with an attenuated REV vaccine effectively protected REV-challenged birds from growth retardation and immunosuppression on antibody reactions to NDV and AIV vaccines. Four weeks after vaccination, the HI titers to NDV, AIV-H9, and AIV-H5 in maternal antibody positive and negative groups were 3.36 ＋- 2.04 versus 1.58± 1.69 （P〈0.01）, 6.27±3.87 versus 0.71 ± 1.60 （P〈0.01）, and 6.72±3.92 versus 0.54± 1.44 （P〈0.01）. Maternal antibodies from breeders vaccinated with REV vaccine could successfully protect chicks from REV infection and effectively prevent REV-induced growth retardation and immunosuppression in antibody responses to NDV and AIV.     

胎膜早破孕妇白细胞介素8、C反应蛋白及白细胞计数的检测对绒毛膜羊膜炎的诊断意义

目的了解胎膜早破孕妇母血中白细胞介素8(IL-8)、C反应蛋白(CRP)及白细胞计数对绒毛膜羊膜炎的诊断意义.方法采用放射免疫法测定54例胎膜早破(早破组)和40例正常足月孕妇(对照组)血中的IL-8水平,并同步检测CRP水平及白细胞计数;每例组织绒毛膜羊膜炎通过产后胎盘病理证实,按病理结果将早破组分为绒毛膜羊膜炎组(n＝36)及非绒毛膜羊膜炎组(n＝18).结果早破组和对照组的IL-8、CRP及白细胞计数的差异均有非常显著性(P＜0.01)[(130.4±25.6)ng·L-1vs(75.2±15.8)ng·L-1、(125.4±10.4) mg·L-1vs(1.70±1.1) mg·L-1 (11.5±3.6)×109/Lvs(8.9±1.9)×109/L],而绒毛膜羊膜炎组和非绒毛膜羊膜炎组比较,IL-8、CRP及白细胞计数的差异也有显著性和非常显著性(P＜0.05～0.01)[(138.1±27.2)ng·L-1vs(100.7±20.6)ng·L-1、(127.6±3.2) mg·L-1vs(1.9±1.4)mg·L-1、(12.8±4.0)×109/Lvs(8.9±2.7)×109/L].结论检测胎膜早破孕妇母血中的IL-8、CRP及白细胞计数可早期发现组织绒毛膜羊膜炎,这对及早处理、改善妊娠预后有重要临床意义.     

玉米籽粒淀粉含量的遗传效应分析

以玉米完整籽粒为试验材料,采用偏最小二乘回归法建立近红外反射光谱测定其淀粉含量的数学模型,光谱预处理结果表明,采用一阶导数+多元散射校正建立淀粉含量的校正模型效果最佳,外部验证结果表明,校正后模型预测结果与化学值之间的相关系数达0.924 0。用13个普通玉米自交系,按NCⅡ设计(6×7)研究玉米籽粒品质性状的遗传效应,结果表明:粗淀粉含量不同程度地体现为种子、母体和细胞质效应,而母体遗传效应和种子直接效应占主导,细胞质效应相对较小,遗传效应以母体加性和胚乳直接加性为主,存在显著的正向母体杂种优势。遗传效应预测值表明,铁7922、郑58是选育高淀粉品种的优良材料,同时说明以校正模型测定其含量结果准确、可靠。     

A cluster of metabolic defects caused by mutation in a mitochondrial tRNA

Hypertension and dyslipidemia are risk factors for atherosclerosis and occur together more often than expected by chance. Although this clustering suggests shared causation, unifying factors remain unknown. We describe a large kindred with a syndrome including hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and hypomagnesemia. Each phenotype is transmitted on the maternal lineage with a pattern indicating mitochondrial inheritance. Analysis of the mitochondrial genome of the maternal lineage identified a homoplasmic mutation substituting cytidine for uridine immediately 5' to the mitochondrial transfer RNA(Ile) anticodon. Uridine at this position is nearly invariate among transfer RNAs because of its role in stabilizing the anticodon loop. Given the known loss of mitochondrial function with aging, these findings may have implications for the common clustering of these metabolic disorders.     

鸡新城疫首次免疫采用饮水法的可行性研究

采用饮水法给予不同剂量的新城疫活疫苗对雏鸡进行免疫,探讨饮水免疫法在雏鸡首免中的可行性。结果表明,雏鸡母源抗体在9日龄达峰值,饮水法效果较滴鼻、点眼法差。     

光裸方格星虫人工繁殖及苗种培育技术

对光裸方格星虫(Sipunculus nudus)亲虫培育习性进行观察、人工催产及育苗研究.结果表明,光裸方格星虫在自然海区分布的雌雄比例约为1∶1.1;其亲虫在中细沙质(粒径0.1 ～2.0 mm)底质环境下培育的成活率最高;采用阴干刺激3h+流水刺激+精液诱导相结合的诱导方法进行催产,催产效果最佳;胚胎发育在26.5～31.5℃的范围时,随着温度的升高,受精卵孵化出初期海球幼虫所需的时间逐渐变短.人工育苗试验共获得光裸方格星虫苗15.2万条,平均体长2.8 cm.     

甘蓝型油菜显性核三系脂肪酸性状的遗传分析

采用M INQUE(1)的统计方法,利用ADM模型,估算甘蓝型油菜4个显性纯合两用系与7个显性恢复系以及F1代28个组合的7项脂肪酸性状的遗传效应。结果表明,棕榈酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸、花生烯酸具有极显著母体效应,芥酸无母体效应存在。棕榈酸、油酸、亚油酸主要受加性效应影响,显性效应也起着较大的作用;硬脂酸、亚麻酸、花生烯酸显性效应都达到了极显著水平,但没有检测到加性效应的存在。7项脂肪酸性状的广义和狭义遗传率均达到极显著水平。利用AD模型估算各组合F1,F2脂肪酸品质性状的杂种优势,群体超亲优势的预测值除亚麻酸外均达到显著水平,其中油酸为负向优势,其余都为正优势,表明甘蓝型油菜脂肪酸品质性状无有益杂种优势。     

Model Selection in Estimation of Covariance Functions for Growth of Angora Goats

Covariance functions have been proposed as an alternative to model longitudinal data in animal breeding because of their various merits in comparison to the classical analytical methods.In practical estimation,different models and polynomial orders fitted can influence the estimates of covariance functions and thus genetic parameters.The objective of this study was to select model for estimation of covariance functions for body weights of Angora goats at 7 time points.Covariance functions were estimated by fitting 6 random regression models with birth year,birth month,sex,age of dam,birth type,and relative birth date as fixed effects.Random effects involved were direct and maternal additive genetic,and animal and maternal permanent environmental effects with different orders of fit.Selection of model and orders of fit were carried out by likelihood ratio test and 4 types of information criteria.The results showed that model with 6 orders of polynomial fit for direct additive genetic and animal permanent environmental effects and 4 and 5 orders for maternal genetic and permanent environmental effects,respectively,were preferable for estimation of covariance functions.Models with and without maternal effects influenced the estimates of covariance functions greatly.Maternal permanent environmental effect does not explain the variation of all permanent environments,well suggesting different sources of permanent environmental effects also has large influence on covariance function estimates.     

Genetic Analysis of Embryo, Cytoplasm and Maternal Effects and Their Environment Interactions for Isoflavone Content in Soybean [Glycine max （L.） Merr.]

Soybean seed products contain isoflavones （genistein, daidzein, and glycitein） that display biological effects when ingested by humans and animals. These effects are species, dose and age dependent. Therefore, the content and quality of isoflavones in soybeans is a key factor to the biological effect. Our objective was to identify the genetic effects that underlie the isoflavone content in soybean seeds. A genetic model for quantitative traits of seeds in diploid plants was applied to estimate the genetic main effects and genotype x environment （GE） interaction effects for the isoflavone content （IC） of soybean seeds by using two years experimental data with an incomplete diallel mating design of six parents. Results showed that the IC of soybean seeds was simultaneously controlled by the genetic effects of maternal, embryo, and cytoplasm, of which maternal genetic effects were most important, followed by embryo and cytoplasmic genetic effects. The main effects of different genetic systems on IC trait were more important than environment interaction effects. The strong dominance effects on isoflavone from residual was made easily by environment conditions. Therefore, the improvement of the IC of soybean seeds would be more efficient when selection is based on maternal plants than that on the single seed. Maternal heritability （65.73%） was most important for IC, followed by embryo heritability （25.87%） and cytoplasmic heritability （8.39%）. Based on predicated genetic effects, Yudou 29 and Zheng 90007 were better than other parents for increasing IC in the progeny and improving the quality of soybean, The significant effects of maternal and embryo dominance effects in variance show that the embryo heterosis and maternal heterosis are existent and uninfluenced by environment interaction effects.     

Production of new early ripening hybrids of large fruited pumpkin (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cucurbita maxima</Emphasis>) based on functional male sterility

Breeders of the All-Russia Research Institute of Irrigated Vegetable and Melon Growing created new breeding valuable maternal lines CL fms (cut-leaved, choriphyllous) and EL fms (entire-leaved, integrifolious) with the functional male sterility and high general combining ability suitable for the production of early ripening F₁ hybrids of large fruited pumpkin. The conducted analysis of pollen of the forced open anthers of flowers with the functional male sterility demonstrated its high fertility (90.2%) allowing the use of this pollen for artificial pollination. It was found that the functional male sterility of large fruited pumpkin is inherited recessively and controlled by the one gene. Maternal lines CL fms and EL fms demonstrated a high level of general combining ability for the “ripeness” trait. F₁ hybrids obtained based on these lines were superior to the standard mid-early ripening pumpkin variety Kroshka at 10–18 days; isolated hybrid combinations were at the level of standard variety in terms of yield and solids content. Maternal lines CL fms and EL fms allow the production of the hybrid offspring with brightly colored fruits in contrast to the maternal line LF fms (large fruited) that provided the hybrids with fruits that had different shades of gray color of the cortex. The majority of hybrid combinations allow obtaining fruits of portion size with an average weight of 1–3 kg and high productivity. F1 hybrid combination EL fms × Konfetka-ultra early ripening with colored fruits of portion size and high biochemical indexes was distinguished based on the complex of agronomic characters.     

Identification of diapause-associated proteins in migratory locust,Locusta migratoria L. (Orthoptera: Acridoidea) by label-free quantification analysis

Maternal photoperiodic response is a key factor that affects offspring diapause in migratory locust, Locusta migratoria L. (Orthoptera: Acridoidea). Although many aspects of insect diapause have been studied, little is known about the molecular mechanisms of maternal photoperiodic response that influence diapause regulation. To gain insight into the possible mechanisms of maternal photoperiod influence on diapause regulation, proteomics data by label-free quantification analysis were generated from non-diapause and diapause eggs. A total of 175 proteins were differentially expressed between diapause and non-diapause eggs. Among them, 24 proteins were upregulated, and 151 proteins were downregulated. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichments were performed on all differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) and showed that peroxisome, insect hormone biosynthesis, and longevity regulating pathway may be related to diapause of migratory locust. Furthermore, we used qRT-PCR to verify some results of the proteomic analysis. Proteins such as hexamerin-like protein 4, juvenile hormone epoxide hydrolase 1 (JHEH1), cytochrome P450 and heat shock protein (HSP) 20.7 were predicted to be involved in diapause. This study provides an important reference for future research that will explore the mechanisms of diapause induced by maternal effects in migratory locust.     

大豆品种蛋白质、油分含量的遗传特点

 利用9个蛋白质、油分及二者总量含量高低不同亲本的23个组合，研究了亲子代及F#-1、F#-2和F#-3世代间均值的相互关系。结果表明，不同含量类型品种间的杂交均以双亲含量高的，其后各世代的表现较好，双亲中只要有一亲较好，其后代的表现不会太差。父母本含量的高低对后代表现的影响基本相似，同母本上伴随着父本或同父本上伴随着母本含量的提高，其后各世代的含量提高，但也有一定的父母本之间及含量与世代的互作。蛋白质和总量含量的遗传可能无细胞质效应，但油分含量在少数组合中可能存在细胞质效应。中亲与后代的相关值比父本或母本与后代的相关值高，世代间的相关显著，相关值以邻近世代间较高。     

商品肉鹅新城疫母源抗体的消长规律及其最佳首免日龄

[目的]探讨商品肉鹅新城疫母源抗体消长规律及最佳首免日龄。[方法]通过血凝(HA)试验和血凝抑制(HI)试验,对商品肉雏鹅在不同时间首次接种鹅源新城疫油乳剂灭活疫苗后的免疫效果进行监测,以确定最佳首免日龄,并对ND母源抗体进行动态分析。[结果]霍尔多巴吉肉鹅的母源抗体由1日龄的10 log2下降到25日龄的0.6 log2。母源抗体水平4 log2作为免疫接种的临界点。7日龄免疫组HI抗体水平20日龄后一直维持在临界点以下,不能达到疫苗保护水平;11日龄免疫组HI抗体水平在免疫后16 d达到临界点,到出栏前仍维持较高水平;14日龄免疫组HI抗体水平在免疫后约22 d达到临界点。[结论]霍尔多巴吉肉鹅母源抗体半衰期约为2.7d,11日龄为霍尔多巴吉商品肉鹅新城疫的最佳首免日龄。     

多环境下水稻品质性状的遗传分析

稻米品质性状的遗传分析表明 :三套遗传控制体系对各品质性状具有不同的遗传效应。胚乳核基因主要以加性方式作用于直链淀粉含量、碱消值和粒长 ,以显性方式作用于胶稠度和蛋白质含量 ,粒重的直接加性效应和直接显性效应几乎同等重要 ;而母体植株核基因主要以显性方式作用于直链淀粉含量、胶稠度、碱消值、粒长、粒宽和粒重 ,长宽比的母体加性效应与母体显性效应差异不大。基因型×环境互作对稻米品质性状的影响一般为母体效应×环境互作和细胞质×环境互作 ,但胶稠度、蛋白质含量和粒重三性状还存在直接加性×环境的互作。不同品质性状的遗传率大小、来源均有一定差异 ,直链淀粉含量、碱消值和粒重以直接遗传率为主 ,而胶稠度、蛋白质含量和长宽比以及粒重的互作遗传率主要表现为母体互作遗传率 ,胶稠度主要表现为直接互作遗传率。稻米品质性状的杂种优势包括胚乳直接杂种优势 (简称胚乳杂种优势 )和母体杂种优势。直链淀粉含量、胶稠度、碱消值和粒重既具有胚乳杂种优势 ,又具有母体杂种优势 ;蛋白质含量仅存在胚乳杂种优势 ,而粒长、粒重和长宽比只有母体杂种优势。此外 ,环境对直链淀粉含量、胶稠度和长宽比的杂种优势有较大的影响。     

Regulation of the oocyte-to-zygote transition

Oocytes, the female germ cells, contain all the messenger RNAs necessary to start a new life but typically wait until fertilization to begin development. The transition from oocyte to fertilized egg (zygote) involves many changes, including protein synthesis, protein and RNA degradation, and organelle remodeling. These changes occur concurrently with the meiotic divisions that produce the haploid maternal genome. Accumulating evidence indicates that the cell-cycle regulators that control the meiotic divisions also regulate the many changes that accompany the oocyte-to-zygote transition. We suggest that the meiotic machinery functions as an internal pacemaker that propels oocytes toward embryogenesis.     

Cytoplasmic partitioning of P granule components is not required to specify the germline in C. elegans

Asymmetric segregation of P granules during the first four divisions of the Caenorhabditis elegans embryo is a classic example of cytoplasmic partitioning of germline determinants. It is thought that asymmetric partitioning of P granule components during mitosis is essential to distinguish germline from soma. We have identified a mutant (pptr-1) in which P granules become unstable during mitosis and P granule proteins and RNAs are distributed equally to somatic and germline blastomeres. Despite symmetric partitioning of P granule components, pptr-1 mutants segregate a germline that uniquely expresses P granules during postembryonic development. pptr-1 mutants are fertile, except at high temperatures. Hence, asymmetric partitioning of maternal P granules is not essential to specify germ cell fate. Instead, it may serve to protect the nascent germline from stress.