新疆伊犁夏牧场铁、铜、锰、锌、硒营养生态环境的研究(Ⅱ)

本试验通过研究伊犁夏牧场不同年龄、不同性别绵羊羊毛与血液中铁、铜、锰、锌、硒5种微量元素的含量及变化规律,为夏季放牧绵羊科学补饲微量元素提供依据。选择在新疆伊犁夏牧场卡拉卓恩(南坡)和唐布拉草地(北坡)1 400~2 999 m垂直带放牧的中国美利奴羊(新疆型)羊毛和血液样品,测定其铁、铜、锰、锌和硒含量,并评估其微量元素的营养生态环境。结果表明,放牧绵羊羊毛铁、铜、锰、锌和硒含量分别为520.70、3.89、30.16、102.64 mg/kg和41.18 μg/kg,其中铜和硒分别低于正常值48.3%和79.7%,而铁高于正常值603.4%;血液中铁、铜、锰、锌和硒含量分别为357.05、4.18、0.25、3.08 mg/L和45.23 μg/L,其中铜、硒分别低于正常值29.9%和73.9%,而铁高于正常值95.5%。羊毛与血液中铁、铜、锰、锌、硒含量均随年龄而增加。不同性别绵羊间血液中锌、硒含量差异明显。     

Techniques for objective outcome assessment

Companion animal rehabilitation, a collaborative practice of physical therapy and veterinary medicine, can only demonstrate the effectiveness of its theories, techniques, interventions, and modalities through evidence-based practice, utilizing standardized, reliable, and valid outcome measures, correlated with objective diagnostic data. This essay examines existing and potential objective outcome measures utilized in companion animal rehabilitation and physical therapy regarding pain, vital signs, body condition and composition, range of motion, muscle strength, inflammation, functional mobility, and gait. Discussion is included of the traditional disablement model and the evolution of the physical therapy diagnosis, prognosis, and plan of care.     

猪GDF11基因部分序列的克隆及组织表达分析

为了探讨生长分化因子11(Growth differentiation factor11,GDF11,又名BMP11)在胸腰椎数变异中的作用,本试验克隆了该基因包含外显子2在内的部分编码区,并进一步采用RT-PCR技术对其在猪胚胎和初生仔猪中的表达进行了分析。结果表明,在35d的猪胚胎中,后肢、牙龈、脑、肝脏、肾脏、胸椎、腰椎各组织均有明显的表达,而在前肢、眼、心脏、肺脏中的表达较弱,在颈椎和荐尾椎中没有观察到GDF11的表达。在45d猪胚胎的后肢、脑、眼、胸椎组织中GDF11的表达较强,而在前肢、牙龈、肺脏、肾脏、腰椎和荐尾椎的表达相对较弱,在肝脏中的表达极其微弱。在心脏和颈椎中没有检测到GDF11的表达。在55d的猪胚胎中,前肢、后肢、脑、眼、肝脏、颈椎、胸椎、腰椎组织中有明显的表达,肺脏和肾脏组织中的表达较强,牙龈和荐尾椎中的表达较弱,而在心脏中没有检测到GDF11的表达。3d仔猪的后肢、牙龈、脑、肾脏和腰椎组织中GDF11有明显的表达,脾脏组织的表达量较高,前肢、肝脏、心脏、背腰最长肌和肺脏中的表达相对较弱,在眼、颈椎和荐尾椎中的表达极弱,在胸椎中没有检测到表达。在所检测的不同时期的所有组织中,脑和肾脏组织表达明显地高于其他组织。     

An evaluation of pulse oximeters in dogs, cats and horses

Objective Evaluation of five pulse oximeters in dogs, cats and horses with sensors placed at five sites and hemoglobin saturation at three plateaus. Study design Prospective randomized multispecies experimental trial. Animals Five healthy dogs, cats and horses. Methods Animals were anesthetized and instrumented with ECG leads and arterial catheters. Five pulse oximeters (Nellcor Puritan Bennett‐395, NPB‐190, NPB‐290, NPB‐40 and Surgi‐Vet V3304) with sensors at five sites were studied in a 5 × 5 Latin square design. Ten readings (SpO₂) were taken at each of three hemoglobin saturation plateaus (98, 85 and 72%) in each animal. Arterial samples were drawn concurrently and hemoglobin saturation was measured with a co‐oximeter. Accuracy of saturation measurements was calculated as the root mean squared difference (RMSD), a composite of bias and precision, for each model tested in each species. Results Accuracy varied widely. In dogs, the RMSD for the NPB‐395, NPB‐190, NPB‐290, NPB‐40 and V3304 were 2.7, 2.2, 2.4, 1.7 and 2.7% respectively. Failure to produce readings for the NPB‐395, NPB‐190, NPB‐290, NPB‐40 and V3304 were 0, 0, 0.7, 0, and 20%, respectively. The Pearson correlation coefficients for the tongue, toe, ear, lip and prepuce or vulva were 0.95, 0.97, 0.69, 0.87 and 0.95, respectively. In horses, the RMSD for the NPB‐395, NPB‐190, NPB‐290, NPB‐40 and V3304 were 3.1, 3.0, 4.7, 3.3 and 2.1%, respectively while rates of failure to produce readings were 10, 21, 0, 17 and 60%, respectively. The Pearson correlation coefficients for the tongue, nostril, ear, lip and prepuce or vulva were 0.98, 0.94, 0.88, 0.93 and 0.94, respectively. In cats, the RMSD for all data for the NPB‐395, NPB‐190, NPB‐290, NPB‐40 and V3304 were 5.9, 5.6, 7.9, 7.9 and 10.7%, respectively while failure rates were 0, 0.7, 0, 20 and 32%, respectively. The correlation coefficients for the tongue, rear paw, ear, lip and front paw were 0.54, 0.79,.0.64, 0.49 and 0.57, respectively. For saturations above 90% in cats, the RMSD for the NPB‐395, NPB‐190, NPB‐290, NPB‐40 and V3304 were 2.6, 4.4, 4.0, 3.5 and 4.8%, respectively, while failure rates were 0, 1.7, 0, 25 and 43%, respectively. Conclusions and clinical relevance Accuracy and failure rates (failure to produce a reading) varied widely from model to model and from species to species. Generally, among the models tested in the clinically relevant range (90–100%) RMSD ranged from 2–5% while failure rates were highest in the V3304.     

三探草坪的起源、演化及其概念——几种外文、外语“草坪”一词及其他

初步发掘、整理了英、德、拉丁、俄、日等五种文字、语言中草坪一词内积淀的有关草坪起源与演化的信息。三证草坪草的分化 ,草坪的起源与早期演化均属自然。人类活动于草坪中 ,认识、利用和发展了草坪 ,可以劲直、也可以曲折。人类利用草坪的方式 ,无论中、外大致相同 ,利用的水平与社会整体发展的水平大体相应。草坪由草地分化发育 ,是草地的一个特殊类型。     

苗期低温胁迫下烯效唑对红小豆根系抗寒生理及产量的影响

为探讨烯效唑(S3307)在寒地红小豆生长中缓解低温伤害、保护根系的作用,建立红小豆抗冷生产技术体系,达到保产增产的目的,在盆栽条件下,以两个红小豆品种宝清红(耐冷型品种)和天津红(冷敏型品种)为材料,于苗期在人工气候室进行低温(15℃,分别持续1,2,3,4,5d)和叶面喷施20mg·L^-1S3307处理,对红小豆根系抗寒生理指标、产量及不同温度敏感性红小豆品种的S3307响应差异进行测定和分析。结果表明,幼苗期低温导致红小豆根系逆境生理指标发生变化,低温诱导SOD、POD和CAT活性的增强,引起可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量的提高,同时也促使MDA含量上升,最终导致红小豆产量下降。与常温条件相比,喷施清水的宝清红和天津红,低温处理3d时,可溶性糖含量分别提高了59.21%和52.57%;脯氨酸含量分别提高了10.12%和25.39%;SOD、POD和CAT活性分别提高了14.92%和11.01%、5.93%和0.75%、53.33%和13.33%。低温处理5d时,可溶性蛋白含量分别提高了6.27%和3.15%;MDA含量分别显著提高了45.41%和51.08%、产量分别显著下降了19.39%和41.69%。低温条件下,喷施S3307与喷施清水的宝清红和天津红相比较,处理3d时,可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量分别提高了22.01%和0.46%、8.55%和1.40%;SOD活性分别提高了13.45%和24.06%、POD活性分别显著提高了23.60%和15.95%,CAT活性分别提高了4.35%和5.88%。处理5d时,MDA含量分别降低了9.05%和4.37%;产量分别显著提高23.06%和43.88%。综上,S3307通过增加可溶性物质和脯氨酸的含量,提高保护酶活性,降低MDA含量,从而缓解低温伤害,进而降低低温对红小豆造成的产量影响。     

饲粮钙、磷水平对泌乳期伊犁母马营养物质消化代谢和血浆生理生化指标的影响

本试验旨在探讨饲粮钙、磷水平对泌乳期伊犁母马体重、胸围、营养物质表观消化率和代谢以及血浆生理生化指标的影响,为确定泌乳期伊犁母马钙、磷适宜需要量提供参考。选取年龄(11~14周岁)、体重[(371±21)kg]和胎次(4~6胎)接近的处于第2泌乳月的伊犁母马25匹,随机分为5组,每组5匹。第3泌乳月Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ和Ⅴ组母马钙饲喂水平分别为45.03、48.50、51.96、55.43和58.89 g/d,磷饲喂水平分别为30.05、32.03、34.01、35.99和37.97 g/d;第4和第5泌乳月Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ和Ⅴ组母马钙饲喂水平分别为43.60、46.42、49.25、52.07和54.92 g/d,磷饲喂水平分别为27.63、29.24、30.86、32.47和34.12 g/d。试验为期90 d,每30 d为1个试验周期。结果显示:饲粮钙、磷水平对母马体重和胸围以及干物质、有机物和中性洗涤纤维的表观消化率均无显著影响(P0.05)。Ⅴ组的粗蛋白质表观消化率最高,分别比Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ组提高12.26%、12.37%和18.28%(P0.05);Ⅰ组的总能表观消化率最高,分别比Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ组提高8.32%、7.19%和11.24%(P0.05);Ⅰ和Ⅲ组的钙表观消化率分别较Ⅳ组提高17.74%和14.49%(P0.05);Ⅲ组的磷表观消化率最高,比Ⅱ组提高35.39%(P0.05)。饲粮钙、磷水平对母马氮和钙代谢均无显著影响(P0.05)。Ⅰ组的代谢能较Ⅱ和Ⅳ组分别增加7.95%和11.33%(P0.05);Ⅰ组的能量沉积率较Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ组分别提高9.30%、8.50%和12.10%(P0.05);Ⅰ、Ⅲ和Ⅴ组的磷沉积量显著高于Ⅱ组(P0.05),其中Ⅲ组在各组中最高,比Ⅱ组提高42.59%;Ⅰ和Ⅲ组的磷沉积率显著高于Ⅱ和Ⅳ组(P0.05),其中Ⅰ组在各组中最高,分别比Ⅱ和Ⅳ组提高49.67%和46.32%;Ⅰ、Ⅲ和Ⅴ组的磷利用率显著高于Ⅱ组(P0.05),分别比Ⅱ组提高17.74%、18.80%和16.79%。饲粮钙、磷水平对血浆中离子钙、磷、降钙素、骨钙素、胎盘催乳素、垂体泌乳素、雌二醇、孕酮和雌酮水平均无显著影响(P0.05)。Ⅲ组的血浆中甲状旁腺素水平显著高于Ⅳ和Ⅴ组(P0.05),分别提高70.61%和47.58%。由此得出,Ⅰ组饲粮(在第3泌乳月钙、磷饲喂水平分别为45.03和30.05 g/d,第4和第5泌乳月钙、磷饲喂水平分别为43.60和27.63 g/d)即可满足伊犁母马泌乳期的钙、磷需要。适宜的饲粮钙、磷水平有助于维持较高水平的能量和钙的表观消化率以及能量和磷的沉积和利用。     

虎纹蛙肠道微生物结构与功能分析

利用高通量测序方法对虎纹蛙前肠、中肠和后肠微生物结构和功能进行分析。结果表明,虎纹蛙(Rana rugulosa)肠道核心菌群是厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、梭杆菌门(Fusobacteria)和放线菌门(Actinobacteria)。Romboutsia属、鲸杆菌属(Cetobacterium)、叶杆菌属(Phyllobacterium)是绝对优势菌属。肠道中存在弧菌(Vibro)、邻单胞菌(Plesiomonas)、气单胞菌(Aeromonas)、爱德华氏菌(Edwardsiella)不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)、黄杆菌属(Flavobacterium)、脱硫弧菌属(Desulfovibrio)、鞘脂单胞菌属(Sphingomonas)、伊丽莎白菌(Elizabethkingia)等常见的条件致病菌和芽孢杆菌(Bacillus)、乳酸杆菌(Lactobacillus)和双歧杆菌(Bifidobacterium)等潜在益生菌。比较发现,前肠和中肠微生物丰度和多样性显著高于后肠,且在门和属水平菌群结构差异明显;前肠和中肠微生物功能相似,与能量代谢、维生素代谢、氨基酸代谢、脂代谢、外源物质降解和代谢关联微生物丰度较高,而后肠中与核酸代谢、碳水化合物代谢关联微生物丰度较高。前肠和中肠中与信号转导、神经系统、内分泌系统、转运和分解等关联微生物丰度较高,后肠中与信号分子互作、细胞过程与信号、增殖与修复、免疫系统、翻译、转录、酶家族、环境适应、膜转运等关联微生物丰度较高。本研究解析了虎纹蛙肠道菌群结构和功能,为虎纹蛙健康养殖提供理论基础。     

Study on the Nutritional-ecologic Environment of Fe,Cu,Mn,Zn and Se in Yili Summer Pasture of Xinjiang (Ⅱ)

This experiment objective was to study the Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, Se five kinds of trace element contents and change rule in the blood and wool of sheep pastured of different age and different gender, provide the basis for summer grazing sheep scientific supplementary feeding trace elements.At the altitudinal belt of 1 400 to 2 999 m of the summer pasture of the Karajon grassland (South slope) and Tangbula grassland (North slope) of Yili, Xinjiang, Chinese merino (Xinjiang type) sheep wool and sheep blood were collected, to determine their contents of Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn and Se for evaluating the nutritional-ecologic environment of trace elements of summer pasture of Yili.The results showed that the contents of Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn and Se in wool of grazing sheep wool were 520.70, 3.89, 30.16, 102.64 mg/kg and 41.18 μg/kg, respectively, in which the contents of the Cu and Se were lower than normal value by 48.3% and 79.9%, respectively, and that of Fe was higher by 603.4%.The contents of Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn and Se in blood were 357.05, 4.18, 0.25, 3.08 mg/L and 45.23 μg/L, respectively, in which the contents of the Cu and Se were lower than normal value by 29.9% and 73.9%, respectively, and that of Fe was higher by 95.5%.The contents of Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn and Se in the wool and blood were increased with the age.The blood contents of Zn and Se between male and female were extremely different.     

Viscoelastic materials in veterinary ophthalmology

Viscoelastic materials have applications in both human and veterinary ophthalmology and orthopedics and for humans in otorhinolaryngology, urinary incontinence, cosmetic surgery and cosmetics. In ophthalmology, viscoelasties are most commonly used in facilitating cataract and other anterior segment surgeries, but also have applications in posterior segment surgery and in the topical management of keratoconjunctivitis sicca. Viscoelastics are routinely used during anterior segment surgery in filling and maintaining the anterior chamber, repositioning the iris, and to coat and protect the corneal endothelium, and expand the capsular bag prior to intraocular lens implantation. Viscoelastics can also be essential in the management of intraoperative complications such as miosis, hemorrhage, posterior capsular tears, and vitreous presentation. The most common products available for ophthalmic use include various concentrations of sodium hyaluronate, chondroitin sulfate, and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose. The physical properties of each viscoelastic material are dependent on chain length, and intra-and interchain interactions. The rheologic properties of viscosity, pseudoplasticity, viscoelasticity, and surface tension dictate the usefulness of each material for a specific purpose.