不同气调包装方式对冷却猪肉在冷藏过程中的理化及感官特性的影响

冷却猪肉分别采用真空包装、CO+CO₂+N₂气调包装、高浓度O₂+CO₂+N₂气调包装和低浓度O₂+CO₂+N₂气调包装后，在(4±1)℃贮存至21 d，贮存过程中每周测定理化指标(pH值、TVB-N值、TBA值、汁液流失率)，并进行感官评定。实验结果表明：1)CO-MAP是目前冷却肉保鲜方法中比较理想的一种，采用CO-MAP的冷却猪肉在21 d的贮存过程中，不仅TVB-N值和TBA值低，红色稳定，而且无任何异味。2)真空包装的冷却猪肉TVB-N值和TBA值也比较低，但色泽呈淡紫色，汁液流失率高。3)含氧气调包装中，冷却猪肉的TVB-N值和TBA值相对较高，特别是脂肪氧化加速，鲜红色泽1周后很快变为褐色，并有不良气味产生，但汁液流失率比较低，所以含氧包装仅适合保质期在1周以内的冷却猪肉。     

嫩茎花椰菜在不同气调贮藏下叶绿素和维生素C的降解及活化能研究

通过检测叶绿素和维生素C的变化，试验确定了花椰菜气调贮藏中主要成份的降解为一级动力学反应；根据Arrhenius方程，确定了不同气调贮藏条件下花椰菜主要成份的表观活化能。在两种温度2℃和8℃，两种气体组分3% O₂，2% CO₂，95% N₂和6% O₂，6% CO₂，88% N₂组合条件下贮藏试验，结果表明在2℃，3% O₂，2% CO_{2相似文献}   

不同气调包装方式的冷却猪肉在冷藏过程中的微生物变化

冷却猪肉分别采用真空包装、CO-MAP(CO+CO₂+N₂)包装、高氧-MAP(高浓度O₂+CO₂+N₂)和低氧-MAP(低浓度O₂+CO₂+N₂)包装后，在(4±1)℃贮存3周，每周测定各项微生物变化。结果表明：1)CO-MAP组可抑制腐败细菌的生长，除对乳酸菌抑制作用较弱外，对假单胞菌、肠杆菌科菌和热死环丝菌均具有很强的抑制作用     

红富士苹果自发气调保鲜技术研究

采用5种不同保鲜膜包装，在0℃和10℃条件下，研究不同改性聚乙烯保鲜膜和聚氯乙烯保鲜膜、包装量对红富士苹果自发气调贮藏保鲜效果与原理，为红富士苹果冷藏保鲜和保鲜膜筛选提供依据。结果表明：不同红富士苹果保鲜膜包装内10 d左右O₂和CO₂浓度达平衡值。0℃条件下不同包装的O₂平衡值为12%～19%，CO₂为1.8%～5.0%，10℃条件下不同包装的O₂平衡值为5%～16%，CO₂为3.5%～8.0%。同样条件下2#保鲜膜包装内O₂最低、CO₂最高。各保鲜袋内虎皮病发生率高低顺序为：2#＞1#＞3#＞5#。包装量越大，温度越高，虎皮病发生率越大、乙醇和乙醛含量越高。利用富士专用保鲜膜和适宜的PE保鲜膜包装贮藏7个月，红富士苹果质量商品价值基本不变。     

气调包装技术用于虾皮保鲜的效果研究

为改进虾皮贮藏质量，延长货架期，研究了气调包装(Modified Atmosphere Packaging)对虾皮的保鲜效果。采用3种不同浓度配比的N₂和CO₂气体和真空包装等方法对虾皮进行包装，分别于5℃、室温和35℃下贮藏。检测虾皮感观、色差、菌落总数和脂肪含量。结果表明：低温有利于虾皮保鲜，高浓度CO₂气调贮藏能抑制虾皮中的微生物繁殖，减缓脂肪蚝蛤败速度，但CO₂浓度过高易使虾皮产生异味，影响感观品质。气调与低温结合可延长虾皮的保鲜期2个多月，推荐的气调气体比例为70%N₂/30%CO₂，低温冷藏。     

薄膜气调包装对枇杷果实冷藏期间呼吸和品质性状的影响

通过对呼吸速率、总可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、pH值、果肉硬度、维生素C、失重率和品质及感官指标的变化进行分析，研究了薄膜气调包装对枇杷(Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.，品种：解放钟）果实冷藏期间呼吸和品质特性的影响，气调包装用的薄膜为低密度聚乙烯薄膜(LDPE，厚度20 μm)，以打孔的低密度聚乙烯薄膜包装为对照。结果表明，低密度聚乙烯薄膜包装枇杷果实后，3～4 d后可维持一个相对稳定的适宜枇杷贮藏的O₂和CO₂的气体浓度，即CO₂(4.8±0.67)%，O₂(11.5±0.85)%；薄膜气调包装结合低温可明显地降低枇杷果实的呼吸速率；薄膜气调包装可以最大限度地减小冷藏期间的枇杷果实的失重率、果肉硬度、维生素C、总可溶性固形物、可滴定酸和固酸比的变化，维持枇杷的新鲜品质，延长货架期。因此，低密度聚乙烯薄膜（LDPE，厚度20 μm）气调包装可用于枇杷的贮藏保鲜。     

气调包装对冷却肉护色保鲜效果的研究

不同气体成分比例和不同包装材料影响冷却肉的贮藏保鲜品质。本研究通过填充不同比例的CO、CO₂和N₂,结合不同阻隔性能的包装材料,分析气调包装对冷却肉护色保鲜的效果。结果表明当充气比例为1%CO、25%CO₂和74%N₂时冷藏21d,冷却肉的出水率为1.54%,红度值(a*)值最大,细菌总数增加量最少,挥发性盐基氮含量最低,色泽、风味和外观感官性能最佳,综合护色保鲜效果最优。同时,高阻隔性的包装材料能显著性地维持冷却肉的色泽,降低失水率,抑制微生物的生长。本研究显示适宜的气体成分组成配合高阻隔性的包装材料,更加有利于冷却肉的护色保鲜。     

干燥过程气体成分对蔬菜干制品质的影响

采用自制的QTM试验装置对蔬菜进行气调干制试验，研究了不同温度条件下气体成分对苦瓜片、萝卜丝和香葱干制品质量的影响。结果表明：采用N₂或CO₂进行气体调节，降低干燥过程气体的O₂含量，可明显提高蔬菜干制品叶绿素含量和降低干制过程维生素C质量分数的损失。用指数函数拟合蔬菜干制品的叶绿素含量与O₂含量间的关系，用幂函数拟合维生素C质量分数损失率与O₂含量间的关系，回归方程置信水平都大于95%。     

双孢蘑菇片气调干制工艺优化研究

以提高双孢蘑菇片干制质量为目的，采用自制小型气调干燥试验设备，以CO₂、N₂置换部分空气作为干燥介质对双孢蘑菇片进行干制对比试验。采用正交试验方法，分析了不同干燥介质对双孢蘑菇片干制质量的影响。结果表明，在干燥室气体的O₂含量相同条件下，以N₂置换部分空气为干燥介质，可提高双孢蘑菇片的脱水率，干制品褐变度降低、维生素C保存率较高。用均匀试验设计回归分析程序拟合产品的褐变度、维生素C和ADF质量分数随干燥室气体O₂含量、干制温度和干制时间变化的回归方程，置信水平达95%，可用于指导实际生产。     

不同气体成分贮藏对大久保桃果实品质的影响

该文研究了大久保桃在不同气体成分下贮藏60 d以及出库后在20℃下货架期3 d后果实硬度、褐变指数、可溶性固形物含量、pH值、膜透性、出汁率和感官品质的变化。结果表明，1%的O₂对桃果实产生伤害，表现为表面色泽非正常变化、桃固有风味丧失并产生严重异味；(5～10)%O₂、(5～10)%CO₂气体成分能够在60 d的贮藏期内保持桃果实的品质，尤其是10%O₂＋10%CO₂处理较好地保持了果实的风味、质地和色泽，出库后果肉不褐变。与冷藏对照相比，气调贮藏能有效地延缓果实软化，抑制pH值和出汁率的升高，但对可溶性固形物的影响不大；在相同O₂浓度下，随CO₂浓度升高(<10%)，果实在货架期期间的软化程度、褐变指数下降幅度、pH值上升程度和膜透性增加幅度均增大，表明果实能够进行正常后熟。本研究推荐的大久保桃果实气调贮藏的适宜气体指标是10%O₂＋10%CO₂。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.     

In-situ enrichment and analysis of atrazine-degrading microbial communities using atrazine-containing porous beads

We examined the community composition of microbes that colonized atrazine-containing beads buried in agricultural soils that differed in atrazine treatment history. Bacterial abundance was 5-40-fold greater in atrazine-fortified beads. In beads containing 20 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ buried in soil with a history of atrazine application (conditioned soil), the abundance of Actinobacteria increased approximately 80-fold whereas in control soil, Actinobacteria were enriched only 10-fold and the gamma-Proteobacteria and Planctomycetes increased by 60- and 25-fold, respectively. The gamma-Proteobacteria were enriched by 120- and 230-fold in beads containing 200 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ in conditioned and control soil, respectively. The results demonstrate that BioSep^® beads are a suitable matrix for recruiting a diverse subset of the bacterial community involved in atrazine degradation.     

Genetic similarities among Spanisch populations of Agropyron, Elymus and Thinopyrum, using PCR-based markers

Arbitrary oligonucleotides were used as primers to amplifygenomic DNA of 48 wild Spanish populations of Agropyroncristatum, Elymus hispanicus,E. caninus,E. repens,Thinopyrum curvifolium, Th.junceum and Th.intermedium. Genetic diversity was analysedusing nineteen primers. The number of amplified products ranged from8 to 18 per primer and a total of 240 markers were scored. Differentlevels of intraspecific genetic diversity were found, the allogamousspecies E. repens andTh. intermedium being themost variable. Jaccard's similarity coefficients for internalmeasure within and between populations were used to produce a clusterdiagram. The results demonstrate differences in the degree ofsimilarity between taxonomic units. Interpopulational variability andinterspecific genomic relationships of these species arediscussed.     

Mycorrhizae,biocides, and biocontrol. 4. Response of a mixed culture of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and host plant to three fungicides

The effects of three commonly used fungicides on the colonization and sporulation by a mixture of three arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi consisting of Glomus etunicatum (Becker & Gerd.), Glomus mosseae (Nicol. & Gerd.) Gerd. & Trappe, and Gigaspora rosea (Nicol. & Schenck) in symbiosis with pea plants and the resulting response of the host-plant were examined. Benomyl, PCNB, and captan were applied as soil drenches at a rate of 20 mg active ingredient kg^-1 soil 2 weeks after transplanting pea seedlings in a silty clay-loam soil containing the mixed inocula of AM fungi (AM plants). Effects of fungicides were compared to untreated plants that were inoculated with fungi (AM control). The effect of mycorrhizal inoculation on plant growth was also examined by including nonmycorrhizal, non-fungicide-treated plants (non-AM control). Fungicides or inoculation with AM fungi had only a small effect on the final shoot weights of pea plants, but had greater effects on root length and seed yield. AM control plants had higher seed yields and lower root lengths than the corresponding non-AM plants, and the fungicide-treated AM plants had intermediate yields and root lengths. Seed N and P contents were likewise highest in AM control plants, lowest in non-AM plants, and intermediate in fungicide-treated AM plants. All three fungicides depressed the proportion (%) of root length colonized by AM fungi, but these differences did not translate to reductions in the total root length that was colonized, since roots were longer in the fungicide-treated AM plants. Pea plants apparently compensated for the reduction in AM-fungal metabolism due to fungicides by increasing root growth. Fungicides affected the population of the three fungi as determined by sporulation at the final harvest. Captan significantly reduced the number, relative abundance, and relative volume of G. rosea spores in the final population relative to the controls. The relative volume of G. etunicatum spores was greater in all the fungicide-treated soils, while G. mosseae relative volumes were only greater in the captan-treated soil. These findings show that fungicides can alter the species composition of an AM-fungal community. The results also show that AM fungi can increase seed yield without enhancing the vegetative shoot growth of host plants.