Effects of food restriction on blood pressure, heart rate and certain organ weights of the chicken

Experiments were carried out to investigate some of the physiological effects, on chickens, of food restriction at the 70 per cent level from 3 to 21 weeks of age.

Blood pressure and heart rate were depressed after 18 weeks of food restriction, but rose to normal levels after a few weeks of full‐feeding.

Organ weights were measured at the end of the restriction period and at the end of the laying period. The thyroid, adrenal, pituitary, liver, heart, spleen and abdominal fat from the restricted birds weighed less than from the full‐fed birds at the end of the restriction period. The gizzard was increased in size. When the organ weights were adjusted for differences in body size most of the differences between treatments were eliminated. Of the three exceptions, the abdominal fat was less in the restricted birds, whereas the gizzard and pancreas were larger than for the full‐fed birds. By the end of the laying period, only the differences in pancreas weight remained.     

Effects of blood donation on arterial blood pressure in retired racing Greyhounds

The purpose of this study was to evaluate changes in systolic arterial blood pressure (SABP) immediately after collection of blood for transfusion in retired racing Greyhounds. We prospectively evaluated 19 blood donor Greyhounds before and after the collection of a unit (450 mL) of blood. The SABP was measured with Doppler in the right forearm after the dogs had been in the blood collection room for a few minutes (PRE-FLOOR) and again 5-10 minutes after the dogs were placed on the table where they would be bled (PRE-TABLE). A total of 3-5 minutes after completing the blood collection, the SABP was measured again while the dogs were still in lateral recumbency on the table (POST-TABLE) and once more 60-90 minutes later, when the dogs were on the floor after completing the donation (POST-FLOOR). All dogs were monitored for clinical signs of hypotension, including depression, weakness, collapse, and pallor, for a minimum of 2 hours after donation. There was a significant difference in SABP for the group between PRE-FLOOR and POST-TABLE (P = .02) and between PRE-TABLE and POST-TABLE determinations (P = .01). There were no significant differences for any of the other time points; there were no adverse events. Therefore, we conclude that the collection of 450 mL of blood from normal Greyhounds results in a short-lived yet significant decrease in SABP, but the likelihood of adverse events is negligible.     

亚慢性染毒三聚氰胺对小鼠主要脏器指数及血液生化指标的影响

为了探讨三聚氰胺亚慢性经口染毒对小鼠主要脏器指数和血液生化指标的影响,用三聚氰胺对昆明系SPF小鼠进行亚慢性经口灌胃试验。试验周期为30 d,分别设10 d、20 d、30 d三个取材时间,每个时间点均为一个对照组和低、中、高剂量(0 mg/kg·体重·d、3.0 mg/kg·体重·d、15.0 mg/kg·体重·d、17.5 mg/kg·体重·d)3个试验组。将60只4周龄昆明系SPF雄性小鼠随机分成12组,每组5只。每天连续进行不同剂量的三聚氰胺灌服。分别灌服10 d、20 d、30 d后剖检、眼眶采血检测血常规及主要生化指标和脏器指数计算分析。结果显示,三聚氰胺对试验组小鼠脾脏、肾脏、脑、睾丸指数均有显著影响;肝肾功能生化指标,血清尿素(UREA)、血肌酐(CREA)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)显著增高;血液学中白细胞含量(WBC)、血小板(PLT)显著降低,红细胞(WBC)、血红蛋白(HGB)显著增高。表明三聚氰胺亚慢性感染小鼠后,对小鼠主要脏器指数、血液生化指标、血液学指标均有一定的影响。     

苜蓿草颗粒饲料对鹅屠宰性能、器官和血液生化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究苜蓿草颗粒饲料对鹅屠宰性能、器官和血液生化指标的影响。选用21日龄、体重相近(出壳时间和体重基本一致)、健康的扬州鹅300只,将其随机分为5组,分别为对照组、试验Ⅰ组、试验Ⅱ组、试验Ⅲ组和试验Ⅳ组,每组3个重复,每个重复20只,整个饲养试验期7周。前3周添加的苜蓿草粉依次为:0,8%,12%,16%和20%,而后4周添加的苜蓿草粉依次为:0,12%,16%,20%和24%。结果表明,1)42和70日龄,试验Ⅲ组鹅的宰前活重、半净膛重、全净膛重、腿肌重、胸肌重和胫骨重均显著高于对照组(P0.05);2)42和70日龄,试验Ⅱ组鹅胸腺重量和试验Ⅲ组肝脏重量显著高于对照组(P0.05);3)42日龄,试验Ⅰ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ组鹅血清的TG、TC和LDL含量显著低于对照组(P0.05),而HDL则显著高于对照组(P0.05);70日龄,试验Ⅰ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ组鹅血清的TC和HDL含量显著高于对照组(P0.05),而各组TG含量差异不显著。综上所述,苜蓿草粉颗粒饲料能够提高扬州鹅屠宰性能,促进器官发育和改善血液生化指标。从本试验结果来看,21~42日龄和43~70日龄,苜蓿草粉最佳添加水平分别为16%和20%。     

Effects of atracurium on intraocular pressure, eye position, and blood pressure in eucapnic and hypocapnic isoflurane-anesthetized dogs

OBJECTIVE: To determine effects of atracurium on intraocular pressure (IOP), eye position, and arterial blood pressure in eucapnic and hypocapnic dogs anesthetized with isoflurane. ANIMALS: 16 dogs. PROCEDURE: Ventilation during anesthesia was controlled to maintain Paco2 at 38 to 44 mm Hg in group- I dogs (n = 8) and 26 to 32 mm Hg in group-II dogs (8). Baseline measurements for IOP, systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial blood pressure, central venous pressure (CVP), and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Responses to peroneal nerve stimulation were monitored by use of a force-displacement transducer. Atracurium (0.2 mg/kg) was administered i.v. and measurements were repeated at 1, 2, 3, and 5 minutes and at 5-minute intervals thereafter for 60 minutes. RESULTS: Atracurium did not affect IOP, HR, or CVP Group II had higher CVP than group I, but IOP was not different. There was no immediate effect of atracurium on arterial blood pressure. Arterial blood pressure increased gradually over time in both groups. Thirty seconds after administration of atracurium, the eye rotated from a ventromedial position to a central position and remained centrally positioned until 100% recovery of a train-of-four twitch response. The time to 100% recovery was 53.1 +/- 5.3 minutes for group I and 46.3 +/- 9.2 minutes for group II. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Atracurium did not affect IOP or arterial blood pressure in isoflurane-anesthetized dogs. Hyperventilation did not affect IOP or the duration of effect of atracurium.     

Effects of blood collection for transfusion on arterial blood pressure, heart rate, and PCV in cats

BACKGROUND: Collection of 50 mL of blood (standard unit) in cats is a common procedure. There are several studies on the health status of donors, but to our knowledge there are no reports on the effects of blood collection on the feline donor. HYPOTHESIS: Collection of a standard unit of blood from cats does not significantly change arterial blood pressure (BP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), systolic arterial pressure (SAP), diastolic arterial pressure (DAP), PCV, and heart rate (HR) in healthy blood donor cats. ANIMALS: Twenty-six healthy blood donor cats (6 spayed females and 20 castrated males). METHODS: An oscillometric method was used to measure MAP, SAP, DAP, and to quantify HR before and after blood collection; PCV was obtained before and immediately after blood collection. RESULTS: Despite a significant decrease (P < .05) in all variables (ie, BP, PCV, HR) after blood collection, no adverse events were observed. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: The collection of a unit of blood for transfusion from healthy donor cats weighing more than 5 kg appears to be safe, but this procedure leads to a decrease in arterial BP, PCV, and HR.     

玉米酒精糟和复合酶对生长育肥猪血液生化指标和肠道健康的影响

本试验旨在探讨生长育肥猪饲粮中添加一定量的玉米酒精糟(DDGS)和复合酶对生长育肥猪血液生化指标和肠道健康的影响。150头70日龄杜×长×大三元杂交商品猪,根据体重和性别随机分成3个处理,每个处理5个重复,每个重复10头猪,进行两阶段饲养。对照组饲喂玉米-豆粕型日粮,试验1组和2组在生长期和育肥期饲料中分别以10%和15%的玉米DDGS替代部分玉米和豆粕,试验2组添加200 g/T的复合酶。于试验开始后的第24,48,70和90天,每栏随机选取一头猪,直肠无菌采集粪样以检测其中的乳酸菌和大肠杆菌的数量。试验结束时,每栏随机选取一头猪进行屠宰,采集血液和组织样品,进行血液生化指标的测定和小肠形态的观察。结果显示,添加玉米DDGS和复合酶对肝、脾指数和血液AKP、γ-GT、GOT和GPT水平没有显著影响(P>0.05);试验组猪的十二指肠和回肠绒毛高度与隐窝深度之比值大于对照组,且试验2组在育肥期达到显著水平(P<0.05)。试验2组育肥期粪样中乳酸菌数量较对照组显著升高(P<0.05),试验1组生长期粪样中大肠杆菌数量则显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。因此,本研究中玉米DDGS的添加量不仅没有对生长育肥猪的肠道形态和肝脏等器官产生明显的毒害作用,而且结合复合酶的使用有利于提高十二指肠和回肠绒毛高度与隐窝深度之比值,一定程度上促进了生长育肥猪后肠中乳酸菌的生长,抑制了大肠杆菌的生长,有助于维持肠道健康。     

Effects of intravenous lidocaine overdose on cardiac electrical activity and blood pressure in the horse

This study aimed to identify blood serum lidocaine concentrations in the horse which resulted in clinical signs of intoxication, and to document the effects of toxic levels on the cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary systems. Nineteen clinically normal mature horses of mixed breed, age and sex were observed. Lidocaine administration was initiated in each subject with an i.v. loading dose of 1.5 mg/kg bwt and followed by continuous infusion of 0.3 mg/kg bwt/min until clinical signs of intoxication were observed. Intoxication was defined as the development of skeletal muscle tremors. Prior to administration of lidocaine, blood samples for lidocaine analysis, heart rate, mean arterial blood pressure, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, respiratory rate and electrocardiographic (ECG) data were collected. After recording baseline data, repeat data were collected at 5 min intervals until signs of intoxication were observed. The range of serum lidocaine concentrations at which the clinical signs of intoxication were observed was 1.85-4.53 microg/ml (mean +/- s.d. 3.24 +/- 0.74 microg/ml). Statistically significant changes in P wave duration, P-R interval, R-R interval and Q-T interval were observed in comparison to control values, as a result of lidocaine administration. These changes in ECG values did not fall outside published normal values and were not clinically significant. Heart rate, blood pressures and respiratory rates were unchanged from control values. This study establishes toxic serum lidocaine levels in the horse, and demonstrates that there were no clinically significant cardiovascular effects with serum lidocaine concentrations less than those required to produce signs of toxicity.     

Effects of propofol on the electrocardiogram and systolic blood pressure of healthy cats pre-medicated with acepromazine

OBJECTIVE: To obtain and analyze the electrocardiogram and systolic blood pressure of cats before, during, and after a continuous infusion of propofol. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective, uncontrolled experimental trial. ANIMALS: Twenty healthy adult crossbred male and female cats aged between 3 and 5 years, weighing 2.8-5.0 kg (mean 3.9 kg). METHODS: Cats were pre-medicated with acepromazine 0.1 mg kg(-1) subcutaneously and anesthesia was induced with intravenous (IV) propofol 6 mg kg(-1) and maintained with a continuous infusion of propofol at 0.5 mg kg(-1) minute(-1) for 60 minutes. Electrocardiographic parameters and systolic blood pressure obtained by Doppler ultrasound were recorded before pre-medication (T0), 30 (T30), and 60 (T60) minutes after beginning the continuous infusion, and 30 minutes after its cessation (T90). Repeated measures anova was used to perform statistical analysis. RESULTS: A significant decrease in heart rate was observed at all time points when compared with T0 values. The PR interval increased significantly at T60 and T90. Systolic blood pressures during anesthesia were significantly lower than at T0 and T90. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The changes seen were not clinically important in normal cats but given the reduction in heart rate and systolic blood pressure, careful consideration should be given before using this technique in patients in which hypotension or a reduction in heart rate would be poorly tolerated.     

Effects of adrenergic agonists and antagonists on the blood pressure and heart rate of the pig fetus

The effects of adrenergic agonists and antagonists on blood pressure and heart rate were investigated in 18 chronically catheterised pig fetuses aged between 102 and 109 days of gestation (term is 114 days). One fetus had been decapitated in utero at 42 days of gestation. The alpha adrenergic agonist methoxamine produced a small but dose dependent hypertension and a dose related slowing in heart rate. The beta adrenergic agonist isoprenaline decreased mean arterial pressure in a dose related manner and produced tachycardia. Propranolol, a beta adrenergic blocker, increased mean arterial pressure and decreased heart rate. The response to subsequent alpha adrenergic blockade with phentolamine was hypotension and a slight bradycardia. Decapitation at 42 days of gestation did not seem to change the fetal responsiveness to adrenergic agonists but removed the blood pressure response to beta blockade. These observations indicate that the heart and circulation of the pig fetus are under adrenergic vasomotor control during late gestation.     

Effects of flunixin meglumine on blood pressure and fluid compartment volume changes in ponies given endotoxin

A study was conducted to determine whether body fluids undergo a net shift from one compartment to another during endotoxin-induced shock in the pony, and whether flunixin meglumine alters these endotoxin-induced changes in the volumes of body fluid compartments. Total blood, RBC, and plasma volumes were determined, using 51Cr-labeled RBC and PCV that were corrected for trapped plasma. Total body water was measured by distribution of 3HOH. Arterial blood pressure was measured directly, using a blood pressure transducer. Treatment (flunixin meglumine, 1.1 mg/kg of body weight) was given to 6 of the 12 ponies 1 minute before an IV injection of Escherichia coli endotoxin (100 micrograms/kg of body weight, LD100). The PCV and RBC volume increased in both groups; however, the hemoconcentration was less in flunixin meglumine-treated ponies. In nontreated ponies, total blood volume and plasma volume decreased significantly during the first hour after endotoxin administration. In treated ponies, total blood volume did not vary significantly, and plasma volume decreased only slightly. In both groups, the increase in PCV was apparently due to splenic contraction, which increased the number of circulating RBC. Hemoconcentration was further increased in nontreated ponies by the loss of plasma into the interstitial space. Flunixin meglumine reduced plasma loss, minimized hemoconcentration, and maintained normal blood volume. Total body water remained constant in treated and nontreated ponies.     

饲粮碘添加水平对獭兔氮代谢、血液成分及内脏器官发育的影响

为研究饲粮碘添加水平对獭兔氮代谢、血液成分及内脏器官发育的影响,试验选用体重相近的3月龄獭兔200只,随机分为5组(每组40个重复,每个重复1只试验兔),分别饲喂在基础饲粮中添加0、0.2、0.4、0.8、1.6 mg/kg碘(碘的添加形式为碘化钾)的试验饲粮。预试期7 d,正试期53 d。结果表明:饲粮不同碘水平对獭兔的沉积氮(RN)有显著影响(P < 0.05),并且添加水平为0.8 mg/kg时达到最大值。饲粮碘的添加水平对獭兔血液中促甲状腺激素(TSH)、四碘甲腺原氨酸(T4)、游离态的四碘甲腺原氨酸(FT4)、三碘甲腺原氨酸(T3)有显著的影响(P < 0.05),并分别在添加水平为0.4、0.8、0.8 mg/kg和0.8 mg/kg时达到最大值。另外,饲粮不同碘水平对獭兔的内脏器官发育和脂肪沉积无显著影响(P> 0.05)。综合本试验测定指标,3~5月龄生长獭兔饲粮适宜的碘添加水平为0.8 mg/kg(饲粮中碘的实测值为0.92 mg/kg)。     

Effects of dobutamine on cardiac index and arterial blood pressure in isoflurane-anaesthetized horses under clinical conditions

Volatile agent-induced hypotension may contribute to anaesthetic-related morbidity and mortality in horses. Dobutamine is commonly used to support arterial blood pressure (ABP) but little is known about its cardiovascular effects under clinical conditions. The aim of this clinical study was to elucidate the relationship between cardiovascular function and dobutamine infusion in isoflurane-anaesthetized horses. Forty-four horses anaesthetized for a variety of surgical procedures were studied. Premedication with acepromazine, methadone and detomidine was followed by induction of anaesthesia with ketamine and midazolam. Anaesthesia was maintained with isoflurane vaporized in oxygen. Routine anaesthetic monitoring was applied and cardiac output was measured by lithium dilution. Dobutamine was infused to maintain mean ABP above 70 mmHg. The relationship between dobutamine infusion rate, heart rate (HR), ABP and cardiac index was investigated immediately prior to ( T ₀) and 15 min ( T ₁) after dobutamine infusion started, followed at 30 min intervals ( T ₂, etc.). Arterial blood pressure increased significantly after dobutamine infusion started, HR and cardiac index increased significantly only with dobutamine infusion in combination with surgical stimulus. Although isoflurane decreases blood pressure mainly by vasodilation, dobutamine is an effective treatment for hypotension under clinical conditions in isoflurane-anaesthetized horses. The effect of dobutamine is not directly proportional to dose and surgical stimulus probably contributes to the cardiovascular improvement.     

Effects of topical nipradilol and timolol maleate on intraocular pressure, facility of outflow, arterial blood pressure and pulse rate in dogs

Nipradilol is an alpha(1), beta-blocker with milder side effects than other beta-blockers used in humans. In this study the effects of nipradilol were compared with those of timolol maleate in dogs. Twelve clinically normal dogs (nine mongrels, two beagles, and one Akita) were used. We applied 0.25% nipradilol or 0.5% timolol maleate drops for a period of 28 days. Intraocular pressure (IOP) was measured before and after administration on the 2nd, 4th, 7th, 14th, 21st and 28th day. Blood pressure, pulse rate and coefficient of aqueous outflow (C-value) were also measured before and after administration on the 7th, 14th, 21st and 28th day. Both nipradilol and timolol maleate significantly lowered IOP from the 2nd day to the end of the study period. Nipradilol lowered IOP to an equivalent degree to timolol maleate. There was no significant change in blood pressure and pulse rate throughout the study period with administration of nipradilol. C-value showed a significant rise from the 14th day with administration of nipradilol, while it did not show any significant change during the study period with administration of timolol maleate. The reduction of IOP by nipradilol was similar to that by an existing beta-adrenergic antagonist, timolol maleate, but nipradilol was associated with fewer systemic side effects in dogs. Nipradilol appears to be a useful drug for treatment of glaucoma in dogs.     

Effects of two different dosages of dobutamine on pulmonary artery wedge pressure, systemic arterial blood pressure and heart rate in anaesthetized horses

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of two different dobutamine concentrations on pulmonary artery wedge pressure (PAWP) and on mean systemic arterial blood pressure (MAP) in horses anaesthetized with isoflurane, after induction of general anaesthesia with xylazine, ketamine and diazepam. Eight healthy warm-blood horses were included in the study. Each horse was subjected to general anaesthesia twice with two different dosages of dobutamine, 3 and 5 microg/kg bw/min, being infused over 15 min, starting 50 min after induction of general anaesthesia (T(0)). The heart rate, the PAWP and the MAP were recorded after 10 min (T(1)) and then every 5 min until 15 min after cessation of intravenous dobutamine administration (T(3)-T(5)). The PAWP was measured by a right heart catheter, which was positioned in the pulmonary capillaries. Mean systemic arterial blood pressure was monitored at the facial artery for the duration of general anaesthesia. All parameters increased at both dosage rates of dobutamine and decreased significantly when dobutamine administration ceased. The increase in heart rate was significantly higher after administration of 3 microg/kg bw/min dobutamine compared with the dosage of 5 microg/kg bw/min dobutamine. The increase in MAP was also higher at this dosage, but not significantly different to the dosage of 5 microg/kg bw/min dobutamine. During both dosages the MAP was above a value considered to be compatible with good peripheral circulation. The greater increase in PAWP was observed during administration of 5 g/kg bw/min dobutamine, but PAWP was not significantly different with the dosage of 3 microg/kg bw/min dobutamine. In conclusion, the administration of dobutamine led to an increase in MAP and PAWP above a value considered to be compatible with a good peripheral circulation. The results of the present study indicate that dobutamine improves circulation, in addition to its well-known effect on the periphery.     

桦木酸对小鼠血液指标及免疫器官指数的影响

目的:研究桦木酸对小鼠血液指标的影响。方法:将健康昆明系小鼠28只,随机分为空白对照组及桦木酸0.25、0.5、1.0mg/mL组,灌胃给药,1次/d,连续14d。后检测桦木酸对小鼠免疫器官指数、血液指标以及血清溶菌酶活性的影响。结果:桦木酸能提高机体的免疫器官指数;使白细胞、淋巴细胞、红细胞数目等血液指标显著升高,并呈现量效关系;桦木酸还能够提高血清溶菌酶活性(P0.01)。结论:桦木酸对小鼠血液指标及免疫器官指数升高有积极作用。