节水灌溉对精量穴直播超级稻根系生理特征的影响

研究了不同灌水量对精量穴直播水稻培杂泰丰(超级杂交稻)和玉香油占(超级常规稻)2个水稻品种各个生育期根系生理特征的影响,并与移栽常规灌溉进行了比较。结果表明,精量穴直播湿润灌溉在相对于精量穴直播常规灌溉节水23.51%、相对于移栽常规灌溉节水30.46%的情况下,从孕穗期开始精量穴直播湿润灌溉处理根系的每株总根长、每株根总表面积、平均直径、每株根总体积、每株根尖数、根系伤流量和土壤氧化还原电位都明显高于精量穴常规灌溉处理和移栽常规灌溉处理。     

不同节水灌溉模式对水稻生理生长和产量形成的影响

为研究水稻生理生长和产量形成对不同节水灌溉模式的响应规律,设计4种不同节水灌溉模式(浅水勤灌、湿润灌溉、控制灌溉和蓄水控灌),观测不同节水灌溉模式下水稻株高、叶绿素含量的动态变化,分析水稻总产量及其组成(每穴有效穗数、每穗粒数、结实率、千粒质量和每穴产量)。结果表明:不同节水灌溉模式下水稻株高变化规律的差异并不明显,水稻收获时的株高以蓄水控灌最高(103.4 cm),控制灌溉处理次之;线性模型和指数模型均能较好地模拟不同节水灌溉模式下水稻株高随移栽后时间的动态变化,相关系数分别为0.978 1～0.982 4和0.975 6～0.982 7;水稻叶绿素含量于移栽后76 d达到峰值,移栽76 d后进入衰退期,叶绿素含量逐渐下降,蓄水控灌处理水稻生长中后期叶绿素含量总体高于其他模式;不同节水灌溉模式对水稻每穴有效穗数、每穗粒数、结实率、千粒质量和每穴产量均存在影响,蓄水控灌模式下水稻产量最高,达到10 172 kg/hm~2,而浅水勤灌处理水稻产量处于最低水平(8 735 kg/hm~2)。     

不同节水灌溉方式及栽培模式下粳稻生长特性研究

【目的】缓解农业水资源供需矛盾,保障粳稻种植可持续发展,开展不同灌溉栽培模式下粳稻生长特性、耗水规律研究,为粳稻节水栽培技术提供支撑。【方法】利用称重式蒸渗仪,设置了湿润灌溉(SR)、控制灌溉(KZ)、浅湿灌溉(QS)3种节水灌溉方式,水直播(SZB)、旱直播(HZB)2种栽培模式,分析了不同节水灌溉方式和栽培模式下粳稻生长特性、耗水规律、产量及其构成因素。【结果】相同栽培模式不同节水灌溉方式下,KZ处理在有效分蘖数、耗水量、产量方面均最优,水分生产率与SR处理相当,是最优的节水高产灌溉制度;QS处理耗水量比KZ处理高19.90%,产量比KZ处理低4.22%,水分生产率比KZ处理低20.11%,产生无效分蘖多,株高高于KZ处理;SR处理水分控制严格,粳稻有效分蘖不足,耗水量低、水分生产率高,但产量远低于KZ处理和QS处理。相同节水灌溉方式不同栽培模式下,直播种植模式在生长期上较移栽种植滞后,但分蘖中后期直播种植分蘖和耗水表现出补偿效应,SZB处理分蘖数与KZ处理基本持平,HZB处理补偿效应后劲不足;直播种植在同种节水灌溉方式下产量低于移栽种植,HZB处理尤为明显,与移栽条件下不同节水灌...     

江淮地区不同灌溉与种植方式对水稻产量及水分利用效率的影响

【目的】研究不同灌溉与种植方式对水稻产量及水分利用效率的影响,提出适宜江淮地区的水稻灌溉和种植方式。【方法】于2018—2019年开展了为期2 a的田间试验,试验设置4个处理：传统淹灌+移栽（FI+PTR）、传统淹灌+直播（FI+DSR）、间歇灌溉+移栽（II+PTR）、间歇灌溉+直播（II+DSR）,研究不同灌溉与种植方式对水稻产量及其构成因素、需水量、水分利用效率的影响。【结果】与传统淹灌相比,间歇灌溉下水稻产量无显著变化,但需水量减少了8.16%～9.84%,水分生产率提高了10.68%～14.73%。直播水稻相比移栽水稻的产量下降了5.33%～10.46%,需水量增加了7.32%～8.00%,水分生产率下降了12.36%～23.14%。与移栽水稻相比,直播水稻的有效穗数有所增加,而穗粒数、千粒质量、结实率均有所下降。间歇灌溉下,直播水稻（II+DSR）较移栽水稻的产量下降了5.99%～12.59%,需水量增加了7.21%～7.63%,水分生产率下降了12.55%～24.79%。直播水稻需水量的增加主要是由于苗期需水量的增加所致,而分蘖期需水量与移栽水稻并无显著差异,且拔节后的需...     

欢迎订制农业机械化主推技术展架展板

<正>本刊编辑部最新推出《农业机械化主推技术》展架展板,共30幅。内容涵盖:多用途履带耕作技术、农具水平自动控制技术、水稻全基质旱地育秧技术、水稻种植同步侧深施肥技术、水稻钵苗机械化移栽技术、水稻机械化精量穴直播技术、粮食机械化烘干技术、油菜毯状苗高速移栽技术、油菜机械化收获技术、马铃薯生产全程机械化技术、鲜食大豆机械化采摘技术、秸秆机械化处理技术、蔬菜机械化移栽技术、节水灌溉技术(喷灌)、节水灌溉技术(微灌)、果品机械化分级技术、冷藏保鲜技术、茶树机械化修剪采摘技术、茶叶自动化加工技术、食用菌棒自动化生产及接     

将乐县水稻机械化精量穴直播技术浅析

水稻机械化精量穴直播技术是使用水稻直播机将种子精量穴播到大田中,减少了育秧和移栽环节,节约生产成本,减轻劳动强度。文章通过将乐县开展两年的水稻机械化精量穴直播技术试验示范,分析总结了该项新技术在水稻生产过程中的技术要求及配套管理技术。     

碧浪2BD-10水稻直播机

现代农装株洲联合收割机有限公司与华南农大共同研制的2BD-10型水稻精量穴直播机是国内唯一形成批量生产的水稻精量穴直播机型,与国内其他直播机相比具有明显的优势：该机可同步进行开沟、起垄和播种,可有效地实现水稻的节水栽培和防止倒伏;其行距可选、     

不同水稻机械化直播技术应用与对比

为了给水稻生产提供便捷高效的机械化种植技术方案,项目组通过对比试验,分析了水稻精量穴直播和无人机直播对水稻生产的影响。分析结果表明:水稻通过无人机撒播相比精量穴直播更容易获得较高的基本苗数、每穗总粒数、每穗实粒数、结实率、千粒重、产量和效益;精量穴直播有利于水稻亩有效穗的提高,有助于提升水稻的抗倒伏能力;无人机撒直播和精量穴直播是轻简化水稻种植的重要方式。     

生物炭施用对节水灌溉稻田甲烷排放的影响

为了揭示生物炭施用对节水灌溉稻田甲烷排放的影响,基于田间试验,阐明了不同生物炭施用量条件下节水灌溉稻田甲烷排放通量及排放量变化规律,分析了生物炭施用对节水灌溉水稻产量及灌溉水分生产率的影响。结果表明,节水灌溉稻田CH_4排放集中在水稻生育前期(移栽后40 d之前),后期维持在较低水平。移栽后20 d之前,施用生物炭增加了节水灌溉稻田CH_4排放通量,之后降低了稻田CH_4排放通量。中量(20 t/hm2)与高量(40 t/hm2)生物炭施用量均减少了节水灌溉稻田稻季CH_4排放量,降低率分别为29.8%与6.3%。与此同时,生物炭施用后节水灌溉水稻产量增加9.3%~15.9%,灌溉水分生产率提高15.1%~15.9%。节水灌溉稻田施用生物炭在减少CH_4排放同时,能够实现节水增产。     

广东：水稻精量穴直播机研制成功

最近，广东省科技厅在广东省雷州市雷穗粮食发展有限公司生产基地对华南农业大学主持研发的水稻精量穴直播机进行了现场测产验收。结果表明，常规稻优质1号精量穴直播亩产比手工撒播增产17．1％，杂交稻T优5537精量穴直播比手工插秧增产6．9％，这标志着水稻精量穴直播机的研制成功。该机可同步进行开沟、起垄和播种，垄沟可作为灌溉水沟之用，实现了节水栽培，较好地解决了一般直播稻播在泥面上而根系入土较浅、容易倒伏的问题。与此同时，排种器设计也有数处创新之处。     

膜下滴灌对加工番茄水分利用效率与品质的影响

在新疆石河子研究了膜下滴灌对加工番茄耗水特征、水分利用效率和品质的影响。结果表明,膜下滴灌处理番茄总耗水量较常规沟灌降低8.37%~59.33%,总耗水量也随滴灌量的增加而增加。膜下滴灌加工番茄耗水量以盛果期最高,开花座果期次之,成熟期和苗期最低,其日耗水强度表现出先升后降的变化趋势,总体低于常规沟灌处理。与常规沟灌相比,膜下滴灌能提高番茄果实硬度、可溶性固形物、番茄红素、Vc、可溶性酸和总糖含量以及糖酸比。从节水高产灌溉的角度考虑,当地加工番茄膜下滴灌量以6150 m3/hm2较为适宜。     

A mathematical model for simulating water balances in cropped sandy soil with conventional flood irrigation applied

In this paper, a model that integrates various complex model components for the purposes of water balance modeling throughout crop development in arid inland region under the conventional flood irrigation practiced is presented. These components are modules for calculating dynamic soil water content based Richard's equation, potential and actual evapotranspiration, and crop root water uptake. Soil water content in the active root zone and soil evaporation simulation obtained from the model were test using field data in 2003. The low values of MARE and high values of R² and PE in the active root zone of soil profile as well as daily soil evaporation indicated that the soil water balance simulation model presented in the paper can be used with reliable accuracy to simulate the components of water balance in cropped sandy soil under the conventional flood irrigation condition in arid inland regions. The model simulation on components of water balance using observed field data in 2004 indicated that large quantities – about 43% of irrigation water (amounting to 840 mm) – were consumed by deep percolation, only small (less than 41%) proportions of irrigation water used by the plants for transpiration. The current irrigation scheme is characterized by the unreasonable agricultural water management with the waste of water in the irrigational system in this region. The impact of irrigation scheduling on water balance presented in this paper showed that the reasonable irrigation scheme with more frequent irrigation and less amounts is more suitable for the irrigation of spring wheat in Heihe River basin, northwest China. Therefore, to establish a decision-making system for agricultural irrigation scheme and to utilize the limited water resources in this region have become an urgent problem that needs to be solved.     

Does partial root-zone drying improve irrigation water productivity in the field? A meta-analysis

Partial root-zone drying improves irrigation water productivity (IWP, yield per unit applied irrigation water) with respect to controls receiving substantially more water, but similar gains are often achieved with conventional deficit irrigation. This paper presents a meta-analysis of IWP for a broad range of horticultural crops and environments. Two comparisons were preformed: (a) crops managed with either partial root-zone drying or conventional deficit irrigation against controls receiving substantially more water than the two water-saving techniques, (b) crops managed with partial root-zone drying and their counterparts with conventional irrigation where both received similar amounts of irrigation. In relation to controls receiving substantially more water, conventional deficit irrigation increased IWP by an average 76% and partial root-zone drying by 82%; the gains from both water-saving methods were statistically undistinguishable. Yield per unit applied irrigation water of crops under partial root-zone drying was significantly (P = 0.007) but modestly (5%) higher than in their counterparts with conventional irrigation where both received similar amounts of irrigation. In 80% of cases the difference in IWP between the two methods was in the ±20% range. Considering the cost and management complexity of implementing partial root-zone drying, it is critical to identify the rare conditions where this method could be economically justified.     

Crop response of drought-tolerant and conventional maize hybrids in a semiarid environment

In the High Plains, corn (Zea mays L.) is an important commodity for livestock feed. However, limited water resources and drought conditions continue to hinder corn production. Drought-tolerant (DT) corn hybrids could help maintain high yields under water-limited conditions, though consistent response of such hybrids is unverified. In this two-year study, the effects of three irrigation treatments were investigated for a DT and conventional maize hybrid, Pioneer AQUAMax P0876HR and Pioneer 33Y75, respectively. In 2013, the drier of the 2 years, irrigation amounts and crop water use (ET_c) were greater for the conventional hybrid, but grain water use efficiency (WUE) and harvest index were significantly greater for the DT hybrid. In 2014, grain yields and WUE were not significantly different between hybrids. However, irrigation amounts, ET_c and biomass yields were greater for the conventional hybrid. Results from both years indicate that the DT hybrid required less water to maximize grain yield as compared to the conventional hybrid. Producing relatively high yields with reduced amounts of water may provide a means for producers to continue corn production in a semiarid environment with declining water supplies.     

盐碱地滴灌对新疆杨生长及土壤盐分分布影响

通过田间试验研究高垄覆膜滴灌模式下不同土壤基质势对盐碱地新疆杨生长以及土壤盐分分布的影响。试验设5个水平的土壤基质势处理：-5kPa（S1）,-10kPa（S2）,-15kPa（S3）,-20kPa（S4）,-25kPa（S5）,每个处理重复3次,按随机区组布置。试验结果表明,2009年生育末期,根系周围土体中的盐分比...     

Integrated effect of transplanting date, cultivar and irrigation on yield, water saving and water productivity of rice (Oryza sativa L.) in Indian Punjab: Field and simulation study

Individual effect of different field scale management interventions for water saving in rice viz. changing date of transplanting, cultivar and irrigation schedule on yield, water saving and water productivity is well documented in the literature. However, little is known about their integrated effect. To study that, field experimentation and modeling approach was used. Field experiments were conducted for 2 years (2006 and 2007) at Punjab Agricultural University Farm, Ludhiana on a deep alluvial loamy sand Typic Ustipsamment soils developed under hyper-thermic regime. Treatments included three dates of transplanting (25 May, 10 June and 25 June), two cultivars (PR 118 inbred and RH 257 hybrid) and two irrigation schedules (2-days drainage period and at soil water suction of 16 kPa). The model used was CropSyst, which has already been calibrated for growth (periodic biomass and LAI) of rice and soil water content in two independent experiments. The main findings of the field and simulation studies conducted are compared to any individual, integrated management of transplanting date, cultivar and irrigation, sustained yield (6.3-7.5 t ha⁻¹) and saved substantial amount of water in rice. For example, with two management interventions, i.e. shifting of transplanting date to lower evaporative demand (from 5 May to 25 June) concomitant with growing of short duration hybrid variety (90 days from transplanting to harvest), the total real water saving (wet saving) through reduction in evapotranspiration (ET) was 140 mm, which was almost double than managing the single, i.e. 66 mm by shifting transplanting or 71 mm by growing short duration hybrid variety. Shifting the transplanting date saved water through reduction in soil water evaporation component while growing of short duration variety through reduction in both evaporation and transpiration components of water balance. Managing irrigation water schedule based on soil water suction of 16 kPa at 15-20 cm soil depth, compared to 2-day drainage, did not save water in real (wet saving), however, it resulted into apparent water saving (dry saving). The real crop water productivity (marketable yield/ET) was more by 17% in 25th June transplanted rice than 25th May, 23% in short duration variety than long and 2% in irrigation treatment of 16 kPa soil water suction than 2-days drainage. The corresponding values for the apparent crop water productivity (marketable yield/irrigation water applied) were 16, 20 and 50%, respectively. Pooled experimental data of 2 years showed that with managing irrigation scheduling based on soil water suction of 16 kPa at 15-20 cm soil depth, though 700 mm irrigation water was saved but the associated yield was reduced by 277 kg ha⁻¹.     

不同种植方式和亏缺灌溉对设施黄瓜生理特性及WUE的影响

【目的】揭示滴灌水分亏缺和种植方式对设施黄瓜叶片光合特性、物质积累与水分利用效率的调控效应,筛选适宜的亏缺灌溉栽培模式。【方法】以"津优316"黄瓜为试材,在定植密度相同时,设置了"等行距+70%灌溉量"(T1)、"宽窄行+70%灌溉量"(T2)、"等行距+常规灌溉量"(T3)、"宽窄行+常规灌溉量"(T4)4个处理,定植后第5天开始不同灌溉量处理,分析了定植后6周内黄瓜叶片生理特性、光合作用、水分利用率(WUE)、形态指标和物质积累、以及全生育期黄瓜总产量对滴灌水分亏缺和种植方式的响应规律。【结果】不同种植方式对黄瓜生理特征、光合作用、形态指标、物质积累、水分利用效率的影响均不显著。亏缺灌溉黄瓜植株受到不同程度水分胁迫,可溶性物质量和脱落酸量显著增加;由于气孔限制值(Ls)增加,净光合速率(Pn)降低了10.75%,蒸腾速率(Tr)降低了15.03%,物质积累减少了15.46%,总产量降低了12.60%,但水分利用效率提高了20.97%。不同处理中,T4处理产量最高,作物水分利用效率(WUEET)最低,与T4处理相比,T1处理的黄瓜植株受到一定程度的水分胁迫,Pn显著降低了13.68%,干物质积累显著降低了9.41%,黄瓜总产量降低了9.30%,但WUEET提高了23.96%;T2处理黄瓜叶片过氧化物酶(POD)活性、丙二醛(MDA)量、可溶性蛋白量、脱落酸(ABA)量显著增加,植株受到水分胁迫,Pn显著降低了10.52%,干物质积累显著降低了23.55%,总产量显著降低了12.37%,但WUEET显著提高了23.96%;T3处理黄瓜植株未受到水分胁迫,Pn、干物质积累、总产量、WUEET差异不显著。【结论】亏缺灌溉黄瓜虽然产量降低,但由于耗水量的大幅降低,水分利用效率显著提高。T1处理虽然总产量降低了9.30%,但提高黄瓜水分利用率23.96%,是适宜的滴灌水分亏缺模式。     

Soil water distribution, uniformity and water-use efficiency under alternate furrow irrigation in arid areas

Soil water distribution, irrigation water advance and uniformity, yield production and water-use efficiency (WUE) were tested with a new irrigation method for irrigated maize in an arid area with seasonal rainfall of 77.5–88.0 mm for 2 years (1997 and 1998). Irrigation was applied through furrows in three ways: alternate furrow irrigation (AFI), fixed furrow irrigation (FFI) and conventional furrow irrigation (CFI). AFI means that one of the two neighboring furrows was alternately irrigated during consecutive watering. FFI means that irrigation was fixed to one of the two neighboring furrows. CFI was the conventional method where every furrow was irrigated during each watering. Each irrigation method was further divided into three treatments using different irrigation amounts: i.e. 45, 30, and 22.5 mm water for each watering. Results showed that the soil water contents in the two neighboring furrows of AFI remained different until the next irrigation with a higher water content in the previously irrigated furrow. Infiltration in CFI was deeper than that in AFI and FFI. The time of water advance did not differ between AFI, FFI and CFI at all distances monitored, and water advanced at a similar rate in all the treatments. The Christiansen uniformity coefficient of water content in the soil (CU_s) was used to evaluate the uniformity of irrigated water distribution and showed no decrease in AFI and FFI, although irrigation water use was smaller than in CFI. Root development was significantly enhanced by AFI treatment. Primary root numbers, total root dry weight and root density were all higher in AFI than in the FFI and CFI treatments. Less irrigation significantly reduced the total root dry weight and plant height in both the FFI and CFI treatments but this was less substantial with AFI treatments. The most surprising result was that AFI maintained high grain yield with up to a 50% reduction in irrigation amount, while the FFI and CFI treatments all showed a substantial decrease of yield with reduced irrigation. As a result, WUE for irrigated water was substantially increased. We conclude that AFI is an effective water-saving irrigation method in arid areas where maize production relies heavily on repeated irrigation. Received: 16 October 1999     

旱作水稻水肥耦合模型及经济效应

为了探讨膜下滴灌旱作水稻水分、肥料与产量之间的关系,采用通用旋转组合设计试验方法,进行膜下滴灌旱作水稻水肥耦合模型试验,并对其应用前景进行了比较分析.在供试土壤膜下滴灌条件下,灌溉定额、氮、磷与水稻产量之间符合三元二次回归模型,其一次项、二次项及水氮交互项回归系数均达显著水平,三因素的增产作用从大到小依次为灌溉定额、施氮量、施磷量.采用此模型计算的预测产量与实际产量之间呈高度正相关,预测准确度达99%.由此计算得出最高产量灌溉定额及其施肥量、经济最佳灌溉定额及其施肥量.提出实现目标产量的水肥最优组合方案:若以9 300~9 600 kg/hm²为目标产量,则灌溉定额、氮、磷用量分别为9 730~10 500 m³/hm²,272~363 kg/hm²,136~147 kg/hm²;若同时考虑经济效益,则最佳的灌溉定额、氮、磷肥用量分别为8 500~9 015 m³/hm²,225~240 kg/hm²,90~120 kg/hm².对比不同种植模式表明,膜下滴灌旱作水稻的产量与播后上水直播基本持平,其成本与育秧移栽种植持平,但水分生产效率(1.06 kg/m³)远远高于其他3种种植方式.与传统育秧移栽种植相比较,膜下滴灌旱作水稻节水50%,节约肥料30%以上.