小麦幼穗离体培养一步再生全苗影响因素的初步研究

以京花１号、晋２１４８、西安８号、豫麦３５号、豫麦１８号、豫麦２５号和Ａｌｏｎｄｖａｓ７个不同麦品种的幼穗进行离体培养,培养基与培养环境共分４种组合：①ＭＳ＋ＫＴ１ｍｇ／Ｌ＋２,４－Ｄ０．５ｍｇ／Ｌ,照光１１ｈ／ｄ;②Ｎ６＋ＫＴ１ｍｇ／ＬＫ＋２,４－Ｄ０．５ｍｇ／Ｌ,照光１１ｈ／ｄ;③ＭＳ＋ＫＴ０．２ｍｇ／Ｌ＋２,４－Ｄ２ｍｇ／Ｌ,照光１１ｈ／ｄ;④ＭＳ＋ＫＴ１ｍｇ／Ｌ＋２,４－Ｄ０．５ｍｇ／Ｌ,     

1998年长江流域棉花品种区域试验概述

１试验概况１９９８年长江流域棉花品种区域试验供试品种（组合）为９２０８００７、川Ｄ４５、鄂８２３９、湘杂２号Ｆ１、泗阳１６７、慈９６～６和淮杂２号Ｆ１,以泗棉３号原种为统一对照。全流域共设１５个试点,其中上游片２个、中游片７个、下游片６个。试验采用统...     

“稻米品质温度钝感材料的发掘利用与成果产业化”成果取得国际领先水平

日前 ,中国水稻研究所主持完成的“稻米品质温度钝感材料的发掘利用与成果产业化”项目通过了鉴定委员会鉴定 ,其研究成果在同类研究中居国际领先水平。“稻米品质温度钝感材料的发掘利用与成果产业化”利用异地、异季、人工气候箱温控试验 ,结合ＲＶＡ、近红外、微卫星标记等品质快速鉴定技术 ,从国外大量资源中筛选到Ｄ５０、Ｄ３２、Ｄ６等品质温度钝感材料。利用这些材料创制出ＤＴ１７等温度钝感实用中间材料 ,构建了重组自交系、近等位基因系等遗传基础群体 ,选育出长粒型一级优质籼稻新品种中健２号、中佳２号、优质不育系中２Ａ等 ,…     

渗透胁迫对花生幼叶活性氧伤害和膜脂过氧化作用的影响

对３种不同抗旱性的花生栽培品种进行渗透胁迫处理。结果表明,渗透胁迫使花生幼叶水势（ΨＬ）下降,花生幼叶的Ｏ２、产生速率随渗透胁迫处理强度加大而增加,ＭＤＡ含量以及ＳＯＤ、ＰＯＤ和ＣＡＴ的活性水平变化与Ｏ２产生速率的变化趋势相似。ＭＤＡ含量明显增高,其过程与不势呈负相关与ＲＰＭＰ呈正相关,均达极显著水平,渗透胁迫处理过程中,ＧＳＨ和ＡＳＡ含量下降。与泉花１０号和汕油７１相比白皮１号ＲＰＭＰ增加幅度、     

大豆抗SMV生化机制的初步研究

以对ＳＭＶ－ａ株系抗性不同的３个大豆品种为材料,分析了感染ＳＭＶ后苯丙氨酸解氨酶,过氧化物酶,超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶活性的动态变化。结果表明,抗病品种科丰１号接种ＳＭＶ的早期,ＰＡＬ和ＰＯＤ活性显著升高,ＳＯＤ和ＣＡＴ活性明显下降,相反感病品种１１３８－２和徐豆１号的ＳＯＤ和ＣＡＴ活性明显上升,ＰＯＤ活性的增加幅度则小于抗病品种,而１１３８－２的ＰＡＬ活性则低于相应对照。     

川南浅丘区双晚汕优63、D优63的产量优势和栽培要点

四川省自７０年代末推广杂交晚籼及配套栽培技术后，双季晚稻产量有较大增长，晚稻亩产现已达３００公斤，双季亩产７００～８００多公斤。１９８４年前的主要当家组合是汕优２号。１９８４年引进新组合汕优６３、筛选了Ｄ优６３，表现抗病、高产、米质好，生育期与汕优２号相近。１９８６年泸州市合江县化育乡示范双晚汕优６３、Ｄ优６３共１５８２亩，亩产达４１６．３公斤；１９８７年沙县种植双晚汕优６３、Ｄ优６３共３２万亩，亩产３８３公斤。在川南用汕优６３、Ｄ优６３与早杂威优４９配套，可充分利用当地温光条件，实现双杂高产。汕优６３、Ｄ优６３作双晚的栽培要点是：适期播种、保证安全齐穗，麦壳育秧，小苗寄插；合理密植与施肥，加强管理。     

黑胚对小麦幼芽某些生理生化代谢的影响

比较研究了三个不同程度抗感黑胚病的小麦品种病粒和健粒的幼根和胚芽鞘中ＳＯＤ、ＰＯＤ、ＰＰＯ和ＰＡＬ活性及幼根中总酚与类黄酮含量的变化。结果表明,抗病品种豫麦２号黑胚种子的幼根和胚芽鞘中ＳＯＤ和ＰＯＤ活性显著升高;高感品种豫麦４０号的ＳＯＤ和ＰＯＤ活性变化不大。抗病品种幼根中ＰＰＯ和ＰＡＬ活性显著升高,胚芽鞘中ＰＰＯ和ＰＡＬ活性显著降低;高感品种幼根和胚芽鞘ＰＰＯ活性升高,ＰＡＬ活性下降。抗病品种总     

胃家“八五”科技攻关选育鉴定的甘蔗新品种介绍（三）

用α－萘乙酸、吲哚丁酸、ＡＢＴ３号生根偻、２，４－Ｄ四种激素，每种激素３个农度，浸泡侧柏苗木根系２ｈ后，进行造林试验。结果表明每种激素的适宜浓处理对提高干瘠立地条件下侧柏造林成活率都有促进作用。以１００ｐｐｍ吲哚丁酸效果最大，造林成活率可达９３％；其次为５０ｐｐｍＡＢＴ３号生根粉，成活率达８８％。     

优质稻D702优多系1号特性及作再生稻高产栽培技术

Ｄ７０２优多系１号是四川农业大学水稻研究所用不育系Ｄ７０２Ａ与多系１号配组而成的中晚稻杂交新组合。１９９６年尤溪县良种生化研究所与福建省种子总站合作引进 ,２０００年通过福建省品种审定。近年来在尤溪县大面积示范。现对其特征特性和作再生稻高产栽培的技术总结如下 :一、主要特征特性１.产量表现１９９９年在尤溪县管前乡作单晚示范０．４３３ｈｍ２ ,平均产量９．３ｔ／ｈｍ２ ,比汕优６３增产１８．１%。２０００年在下保村作再生稻种植 ,面积１０８．５ｈｍ２,经专家现场抽样实割 ,头季稻平均产量９．６ｔ／ｈｍ２,再生季平…     

大豆抗感SCN基因的一个RAPD标记

对组合ＲＮｇ（抗）× ７７０５（感）的Ｐ１、Ｐ２、Ｆ１、Ｆ２、ＢＣ１Ｆ１和ＢＣ１Ｆ２分离群体进行抗病性鉴定,遗传分析的结果表明,大豆对ＳＣＮ１号小种的抗性由４对相互独立的主基因、包括一对显性基因和三对重叠的隐性基因决定。用 ＢＳＡ法筛选在五个 ＢＣ１Ｆ２分离家系内具有多态性的 ＲＡＰＤ标记,发现 ＲＡＰＤ标记 ＯＰＡ０１９１２００在亲本间及 ＢＣ１Ｆ２分离群体内具有多态性,只能在感亲、 ＢＣ１Ｆ２家系 １１和 ４３的感病单株中扩增出来,表明和这两个家系独有的感病基因有关。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).