人工诱变和自发突变产生的水稻核雄性不育突变体的花粉特征和遗传研究

对２３个水稻（Ｏｒｙｚａ　Ｓａｔｉｖａ Ｌ．）核雄性不育（ｍｓ）突变体的花粉特征、不育性遗传和不育基因等位性 进行了研究。 １０个突变体由乙基甲烷磺酸（ｅｔｈｙｌ　ｍｅｔｈａｎｅ　ｓｕｌｆｏｎａｔｅ）诱变而来，１个由亚乙基亚胺 （ｅｔｈｙｌｅｎｅｉｍｉｎｅ）引变，７个通过ｒ射线诱变，１个被链霉素（ｓｔｒｅｐｔｏｍｙｃｉｎ）引变，１个通过组织培养而成，还有３个 大田中自发突变产生。在这些ｍｓ突变体中观察到４种花粉败育类型；３个属无花粉型（ＮＰ），６个为花粉完全败 育型（ＣＰＡ），１３个属花粉部分败育型（ＰＰＡ）和１个为花粉染败型（ＳＰＡ）。 ２年的后代测定（Ｐｒｏｇｅｎｙ ｔｅｓｔｓ）表明每种突变体都是一对隐性基因遗传。对 ２３个ｍｓ。突变体的不完全双列 杂交试验表明，突变体Ｅ２与Ｇ４等位，Ｅ５与Ｅ９等位，Ｎ２和Ｎ３等位，其它３个突变体Ｅ２、Ｇ６和Ｔ１具有相同的 ｍｓ位点。这些突变体的基因符号已被命名为ｍｓ－４６（ｔ）～ｍｓ－６３（ｔ）。     

大豆雄性不育突变体NJ89-1的遗传学与细胞学鉴定

花粉发芽实验ＮＪ８９—１雄性不育度高达９９．２５％以上且稳定,人工授粉试验ＮＪ８９—１的雌性育性正常,说明ＮＪ８９—１是一个雄性不育雌性可育突变体。不育株自然授粉后代中育性分离结果表明ＮＪ８９—１雄性不育性受单隐性核基因控制。等位性测验表明ＮＪ８９—１不育基因与ｍｓ１～ｍｓ５均不等位。ＮＪ８９—１在败育时期、减数分裂、四分体形成、小孢子壁发生、花药壁发育、花粉粒形态等诸多方面与ｍｓ１～ｍｓ６突变体均存在差异,而与ｓｔ２～ｓｔ５突变体却有相似的减数分裂变异如联会异常等,但是ＮＪ８９—１的雌性育性正常,ｓｔ２～ｓｔ５突变体的雌性均高度不育。因而ＮＪ８９—１是一个既不同于ｍｓ类型又不同于ｓｔ类型的新雄性不育突变体。建议将ＮＪ８９—１雄性不育基因符号定为ｍｓ７。     

甘蓝型油菜波里马雄性不育的感温性

选用２１个不同育性水平的波里马细胞质雄性不育杂交组合和２个普通品种，对花器官形态和花粉量及活性进行观察鉴定，结果表明：１）试验涉及的波里马质不育组合为高温不育类型，其温度的影响还表现在雄蕊长度、♂／♀比值和花型大小。中间型材料温敏性较强，育性正常材料和１级高不育组合相对较弱。育性水平较稳定；２）在大田试验条件下，可根据花型、雄蕊长度和♂／♀来判断和选择不育性。一般盛花后，♂／♀＜０．４０，花瓣开放，肉眼未见花粉的组合可考虑选择利用；３）１级不育系雄蕊短、花粉量微、自交结实率极低且结实不正常，但开放授粉下，结实率和结实性均趋于正常，是目前较为理想的不育类型。     

玉米自交系P_（502）花粉生产能力的改良

玉米自交系Ｐ＿（５０２）花粉生产能力的改良──（Ｖ．Ｉ．Ｋｏｓｔｙｖｃｈｅｍｏ），Ｓｅｌｅｋｔｓｉ－ｙａｉＳｅｍｅｎｏｖｏｄｓｔｖｏ，Ｍｏｓｋｖａ，１９９２，Ｎｏ．１，１８～２１（俄文）试图通过增加玉米雄穗侧枝数目来改良花粉产生，测定了来源于杂交种Ｐ...     

影响黄果西番莲授粉受孕率的一些因子

黄果西番莲花形大,其结构和显花过程对昆虫传粉有一定限制,自然授粉坐果率不高。人工授粉试验表明授粉受孕率与花粉贮藏时间、分潮显、花粉潮显、授粉量和花粉种、株间来源有关：当天采集的花粉授粉受孕率为９７．５％;室温下保藏１ｄ,受孕率为１２．８％,保藏２ｄ受孕率为０;柱头粘着花粉量大,受孕率为９２．５％,败育率１３．５％,花粉量少,受孕率为２２．５％,败育率为４０．７％;种、株间授粉受孕率１００％,自花授     

玉米花粉选择对草不绿耐性的作用

玉米花粉选择对草不绿耐性的作用Ｅ．Ｆｒａｓｃａｒｏｌｉ等近年，许多研究报道过有关花粉选择对自然群体遗传结构的影响和作为一种育种工具的可能性（Ｈｏｒｍａｚａ和Ｈｅｒｒｅｒｏ，１９９２；Ｓａｒｃｙ，１９９２）。花粉选择的原理基于两个主要的生物学假设：１．...     

紫果西番莲正常型和花柱直立型花的花粉萌发和花粉管生长

本研究采用人工培养基来分析：１、各种ＰＨ值和糖类（即葡萄糖和果糖）对紫果西番莲花粉萌发和花粉管生长的影响；２、正常型花和花柱自立型花的花粉萌发情况．采用含２％琼脂、３０％蔗糖、０．０２％硼酸和０．１０％硝酸钙作为基本培养基．加上正常型花柱头液汁．实验结果表明：（１）花粉管萌发和花粉管生长的最适培养基ＰＨ值为为４．０．ＰＨ为３．０时花粉萌发率低．（２）以葡萄糖和果糖作为糖源对促进花粉萌发和花粉管生长效果较蔗糖差．（３）培养基ＰＨ为４．０时，采自花柱自立型花的花粉萌发率高．因此．花柱自立型花的花粉是解育的．这种花粉可用于正常型花和下弯型花的授粉．     

苎麻厌氧菌脱胶研究──Ⅱ．脱胶条件试验

本着从工厂生产实际出发，降低成本的原则，对筛选到的优良厌氧脱胶菌株进行了①最佳Ｃ源，Ｎ源试验；②脱胶接种量试验；③菌株对数生长期测定；④菌种的扩大培养试验；⑤扩大脱胶试验；⑥生物－化学联合脱胶试验及脱胶麻纤维强度测定。研究结果表明：厌氧脱胶菌株在以麸皮（或淀粉）作Ｃ源，以（ＮＨ４）２ＳＯ４作Ｎ源时，脱胶酶活达最高。脱胶时采用１％的接种量与采用２０％的接种量其脱胶酶活没有差别。试验菌株的对数生长期均在２０—３２小时之间．以５Ｌ／ｍｉｎ的Ｎ２气流量通气培养４５小时的菌液，用于５ｋｇ水平浸麻脱胶总残胶在１４—１７％。１ｋｇ水平生物脱胶麻经５ｇ／ＬＮａＯＨ，１ｋｇ／ｃｍ２压力蒸煮２小时后，其总残胶为０．２—１．４％。５ｋｇ水平生物脱胶麻经５ｇ／ＬＮａＯＨ＋２ｇ／Ｌ三聚磷酸钠，１ｋｇ／ｃｍ２压力蒸煮２小时后，总残胶降至１．５％以下。生物－化学脱胶麻的纤维强度不比纯化学脱胶麻低。     

PP333,磷,钾和镁的混合物对花生生长和产量的影响

５年的试验和大田应用调查结果在明，于春花生始花后２５～３０天，叶面喷施ＰＰ３３３、磷酸二氢钾和硫酸镁（每６６７ｍ２的药量依次为２．２５ｇ、１４．２５ｇ和９．５ｇ）混合液，防止高温多湿条件下植株的徒长，株高比对照矮８ｃｍ左右，但比ＰＰ３３３单独处理高３ｃｍ；主茎青叶数不但比ＰＰ３３３单独处理增加１．３片．而且也比对照多０．４片，有利于增加饱果数和产量；分枝数、荚果数、饱果数和产量不但比对照增加，而且比单独ＰＰ３３３处理分别增加０．３条／株、１２个／株、１．３个／株、１７．１ｋｇ／６６７ｍ￣２。     

湖南省茶园土壤养分丰缺指标及配方施肥

对湖南省３６个县（市）６７个茶场的１３６份茶园土样进行了肥力水平测定。结果表明：茶园土壤ｐＨ适宜，钾素较丰富。土壤有机质含量０～２０ｃｍ土层为（２．４±０．０９）％，２０～４０ｃｍ土层（１．６０±０．０６）％。８５％的土样０～２０ｃｍ土层有机质含量超过１．５％，３８％的土样超过２．５％；４９％的土样２０～４０ｃｍ土层的有机质含量超过１．５％。全氮含量０～２０ｃｍ土层为（０．１３３±０．００４）％，２０～４０ｃｍ土层为（０．１００±０．００３）％。碱解氮含量大于１００ｍｇ／ｋｇ土的土样占７６％，２０～４０ｃｍ占４５％。全磷含量低于０．１％的０～２０ｃｍ土层达５３％，２０～４０ｃｍ土层达６２％。速效磷含量低于１０ｍｇ／ｋｇ土的频率，两土层各为４６％和６５％，显示低磷土壤较多。代换性镁含量较低，茶园严重缺镁。依据调查结果，建立了茶园土壤主要养分与茶叶产量之间的数学模型，据此提出了茶园土壤养分的丰缺指标：产量在２２５０ｋｇ／ｈｍ２干茶的茶园土壤０～４０ｃｍ土层全磷（Ｐ２Ｏ５）含量＞０．１２％，碱解氮含量＞１４９ｍｇ／ｋｇ土，速效磷含量＞３２ｍｇ／ｋｇ土，速效钾含量＞１１０ｍｇ／ｋｇ土。通过试验，确定了４种主要土类适?     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).