杂交再生稻不同密度对产量的影响及其成因分析

通过对杂交再生稻不同密度试验结果表明，以插植１１．７ｃｍ×２３．３ｃｍ和１１．７ｃｍ×２６．０ｃｍ两种规格较好，它比对照增产均达极显著水平。通过对产量构成因素的相关和通径分析，明确提高再生稻产量，应以抓好栽插规格、增加有效穗数、提高每穗总粒数和实粒数为主。     

超级稻分蘖特性研究初报

初步研究表明：（１）超级稻秧苗素质好，秧苗壮，假茎宽达０．６ｃｍ，比对照满仓５１５高２５％，发根力强比对照高１．０５倍，最长极比对照长４６．９％，地上部干重平均为０．７１ｇ／株，明显高于对照。（２）少蘖大穗，成穗率高，８个外超级稻穗数在４～９之间，成穗率高达８５％，比对照高１８．５％经切片观察，结果表明，低节位分蘖芽１／０～３／０基本处于败育，而５／０，６／０，７／０的腋芽原基正常分化，且有大量的     

培矮64S育性表达的温敏感部位研究

培矮６４Ｓ在育性转换敏感期（Ⅳ～Ⅵ期）主茎幼穗长为０．７０～９．３４ｃｍ，顶叶叶枕距为－２０．０～－３．５ｃｍ，穗尖离地面距离为２．７７～１５．５６ｃｍ，穗尖离第一节距离为６．７０～１９．９２ｃｍ，分蘖上述四项指标值均小于主茎指标值。敏感期幼穗感受自然低气温（平均日均温２１．６℃），表现为可育，花粉可染率为２１．８％，套袋结实率为１１．３％；感受人工垣定玫高水温（２５℃），表现为不育，花份可染率为０．４％，套袋结实率为０，表明敏感期幼穗为其育性表达的温敏感部位。另外，在低气温条件下（平均日均温２１．６℃），敏感期淹深水极显著降低可育性表达，花粉可染率为２．７％（对照为２１．１％），套袋结实率为０．２％（对照为１０．４％）。     

MS增抗剂对旱地冬小麦增产效应的研究

用ＭＳ增抗剂拌种，对旱地冬小麦具有抗旱保苗、促根增蘖、增穗增粒、增加粒重等多种效应。使用ＭＳ增抗剂拌种后，单株次生根条数较对照增加２０％；０－２０ｃｍ土层根量较对照增加５７．２％；２０－４０ｃｍ土层根量增加２６３．６％；株高、单株叶面积、单株干重分别较对照增加４．６％、７．２％、１６．９％；成穗大分蘖数、单位面积穗数、穗粒数、千粒重分别较对照增加１８．５％、９．６％、５．３％、８．９％。     

地膜覆盖对低群体冬小麦生长发育效应的研究

地膜小麦较常规小麦０～１０ｃｍ地温提高２．２５～２．８２℃;０～１０ｃｍ、１１～２０ｃｍ、２１～３０ｃｍ、３１～４０ｃｍ、４１～５０ｃｍ土壤含水量依次比ＣＫ提高１．９６％、１．３４％、２．３２％、１．６４％和１．０４％;穗分化提前３～５ｄ;分蘖质量和数量均发生了显著变化。冬前、返青和拔节期的增蘖幅度依次为１１．５％、３０．３％和１０．６％;成穗数增加９．７％;扩源增库效果显著,拔节到抽穗期主茎叶面积增加１１．５％～３０．４％,各器官物质积累量大幅度提高,产量结构发生明显变化,成穗数增加５２．５万／ｈｍ２,穗粒数增加４．６粒,每公顷净增产１３０６．５ｋｇ,增产幅度２２．６％。     

寒优1027

寒优１０２７的母本寒丰Ａ由上海农科院作物所育成，父本Ｔ１０２７由浙江省宁波市农科所育成，是由上海市农科院作物所配组的中熟晚粳稻杂交组合。１９９０年通过上海市农作物品种审定委员会审定。１主要特征特性寒优１０２７单季株高１００ｃｍ左右，双季８５ｃｍ左右，主茎叶片数１７～１８片，茎秆粗壮，根系发达。分蘖中等偏强，成穗率较高，亩有效穗可达２０万以上，每穗总粒数１４０粒左右，实粒数１１０～１２０粒，结实率８０％以上。千粒重２７～２８ｇ，出糙率８３％，精米率７４％左右，腹白小，透明度高，米质优良，食味好。耐…     

水稻抛秧与插秧分蘖成穗规律研究初报

１９９６年我们对水稻盘育秧抛秧和湿润育苗插秧的两种栽培方式的叶龄、发育进程和分蘖成穗进行了跟踪调查，结果表明：抛秧水稻比插秧在本田里主茎出叶速度快０．５－１个叶；抛秧分蘖成穗集中在４０／－７／０节位上；插秧集中在５／０－８／０节位上；随着分蘖位次的升高，每穗实粒数依次减少。     

不同播栽方式下杂交籼稻茎秆生长和穗粒形成特点及与气象因子的关系

为探明不同播栽方式下杂交籼稻幼穗分化期茎秆和幼穗生长的规律及差异以进一步明确不同播栽方式穗粒形成特点,于2014年采用两因素裂区试验设计,研究了机直播、机插和手插3种播栽方式下2个不同穗粒型杂交籼稻组合[宜香优2115(中穗型)和F优498(大穗型)]的穗分化期茎秆和幼穗生长规律和穗粒形成特点,并分析了幼穗分化期气象因素与幼穗和茎秆生长的关系。结果表明:1)基部向上第1至第3伸长节间长度分别在抽穗前20d、16d、12d后趋于稳定,故基部第1、2节间的降长增粗应在抽穗前16d之前;穗干质量和穗茎比在抽穗前12d后迅速增加。2)从抽穗前16d开始至抽穗期,穗茎干重比与多数枝梗和颖花性状呈显著或极显著正相关,穗与茎秆竞争同化物的能力直接影响到穗粒形成。3)机插穗分化中后期穗茎干质量比较高,且抽穗期穗干质量显著高于手插和机直播,有利于提高其每穗粒数,且机插拔节后群体生长率及单茎和群体干物质积累量较高,抽穗期叶面积指数较高,粒叶比高于机直播,较机直播更利于粒重的提高和穗长及着粒数的增加;大穗型品种F优498抽穗期穗干质量显著高于中穗型品种宜香优2115,且穗分化后期穗茎干质量比高于宜香优2115,是其每穗粒数高的重要原因;F优498穗部着粒较密,较大的叶面积指数及粒叶比利于大穗的形成。4)机插全生育期最长,机直播最短,且机插穗分化期历时较长,穗分化期积温和日照时数较高,为穗粒形成提供了较好的温光条件;茎秆长度和干质量及穗长受气象因子影响较大,孕穗前适宜的温度和一定的积温有利于茎秆和幼穗伸长及茎秆的物质充实。生产上应针对不同播栽方式及品种的生育进程差异,适时采取措施调节茎秆和幼穗生长及物质分配,在培育壮秆的基础上提高穗分化期穗茎比以达到增粒增产的目的。     

抑特对稻麦分蘖和浅不育型两用小麦不育系不育度的影响

分蘖抑制剂抑特（主要成分为２，４－Ｄ和ＤＮＰ）在稻麦上的试验结果表明，分蘖前期施用，能抑制分蘖产生，加速小分蘖消亡，使水稻品种化四明单穴有效穗数比对照下降１４．４％，使两系杂交小麦组合Ｅ优１０２比对照下降４９．１％；在两用浅不育型小麦雄性不育系ＥＳ－１４分蘖后期施用，能减少小分蘖成穗，提高不育穗率。抑特除减少分蘖外，还能降低株高８～１２ｃｍ，提前孕穗１～２ｄ，井增加穗实粒数。     

两系粳杂双晚超稀播壮秧的分蘖穗型质量研究初报

播量、穴栽插本数、分蘖发生时期、植伤诸因素均显著影响穗型质量,分蘖发生时期最为突出。一次分蘖节位、二次分蘖见蘖期分别与穗总粒数、穗粒重显著相关,随着分蘖节位每升高１个和见蘖期推迟３ｄ,穗总粒数减少７．６６～２１．７１粒;穗粒重降低０．１５～０．４１ｇ。综合粒、重等因素,穗质量为主茎＞第１节位分蘖＞秧田期一次分蘖＞本田一次分蘖＞二次分蘖。提高穗质量除稀播培育多蘖壮秧外,要以促进低节位分蘖和同伸的二次分蘖早生快发为重点,其次要控制９节位以上分蘖及其同伸的二次分蘖发生     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).