贵州高海拔地区马铃薯平衡施肥效益研究

在贵州威宁县连续开展一系列的平衡施肥试验示范研究 ,研究结果认为 :最佳N、P2 O5 、K2 O施用以 10 4～ 150kghm- 2 ,60～ 90kghm- 2 ,150～ 2 10kghm- 2 或 10 0 :40～ 60 :14 0～ 150的配比合理 ,其肥料的产投比可达 7以上 ,钾肥在合理的配比情况下的产投比可达 10左右 ,钾肥的净收益可达 480 0元hm- 2 。试验证明平衡施肥可以使马铃薯的产量和收入比常产增加 1/ 3至 1/ 2 ,能提高商品品质 ,产生良好的社会经济效益     

氮磷钾配施对砂田西瓜产量和品质的影响

【目的】施肥不平衡是影响砂田西瓜产量和品质的主要因子。研究氮、 磷、 钾不同施肥量和配施比例对砂田西瓜产量和品质的影响,探明旱砂田西瓜高产、 优质的适宜氮、 磷、 钾施用量和配比,对提高砂田西瓜的生产效率具有重要的现实意义。【方法】本研究以中晚熟西瓜品种陇抗九号为试材,在砂田西瓜全膜覆盖栽培条件下,采用氮、 磷、 钾三因素的“311-B”D饱和最优设计,进行田间微区试验。对西瓜产量和品质结果进行二次回归拟合,建立养分回归数学模型。【结果】因素效应分析结果表明,不同因素对西瓜产量的影响以磷肥最大,氮肥次之,钾肥较小; 对西瓜品质的影响以磷肥最大,钾肥次之,氮肥较小,表明在砂田碱性土壤中,磷是影响西瓜产量、 品质的首要因素,当氮、 磷、 钾肥用量分别达231.61、 204.34、 191.78 kg/hm2时,边际产量效应值降至0。氮磷、 氮钾、 磷钾的交互作用对西瓜的产量也有显著影响,某一单一肥料施用量偏高或偏低均不利于西瓜产量的形成,而由于肥料间的交互作用,两者配施则对产量的提高有较强的促进作用。对氮而言,磷的交互效应大于钾; 对磷而言,氮的交互效应大于钾; 对钾而言,磷的交互效应大于氮,其交互作用最显著的区域为N 115.0~341.8 kg/hm2、 P2O5 86.5~298.2 kg/hm2、 K2O 101.6~298.4 kg/hm2。利用模型进行决策表明,砂田西瓜产量超过50 t/hm2的施肥方案为N 193.19~238.18 kg/hm2、 P2O5 162.41~206.72 kg/hm2、 K2O 164.85~214.53 kg/hm2; 西瓜品质综合评分在85分以上的施肥方案为N 195.96~239.44 kg/hm2、 P2O5 167.86~207.52 kg/hm2、 K2O 212.87~267.62 kg/hm2。【结论】砂田西瓜产量达50 t/hm2、 品质综合评分达85分以上的施肥方案为N 195.96~238.18 kg/hm2、 P2O5167.86~206.72 kg/hm2、 K2O 212.87~214.53 kg/hm2,适宜的N、 P2O5、 K2O施用比例约为1∶0.86∶0.98。     

安徽江淮丘陵区杂交水稻钾肥效应初报

试验结果表明:杂交水稻每公顷施用K2O135kg时产量最高,达7735kg/hm2,比对照(NPK0)增产12 1%。钾肥经济效益也以每公顷施K2O135kg最高,比对照增收1008元/hm2,产投比为3 3∶1。钾肥施用量在K2O180kg/hm2以下时,土壤中的钾素亏损,不能保持土壤中钾素平衡。     

氮磷钾配施对滴灌甜菜经济产量的影响

为探寻干旱区滴灌甜菜氮磷钾最佳施用模式,以KWS9147为材料,采用“3414”试验设计,分析氮磷钾配比对甜菜经济产量的影响。结果表明,不同肥料配比对甜菜块根产量、含糖率与产糖量影响显著。施肥因子对甜菜块根产量的单独效应为氮肥>钾肥>磷肥;对含糖率与产糖量的单独效应均为磷肥>氮肥>钾肥。在本试验中,单独施以足量的氮、磷肥有利于提高甜菜产量。然而,当钾肥(K2O)施入量超过46.74 kg·hm-2时产量下降,施入量超过72.79 kg·hm-2时产糖量下降;磷肥(P2O5)施入量超过35.91 kg·hm-2时块根含糖率下降。氮磷肥配施条件下,在施氮肥(N)0～39.1 kg·hm-2、磷肥(P2O5)0～89.5 kg·hm-2范围内,随着施用水平的增加,甜菜产糖量显著增加。氮磷肥、磷钾肥与氮钾肥互作均可以有效提高甜菜块根含糖率。本试验中施肥配比N∶P2O5∶K2O为2.7∶1∶1.1时,可获得最高产糖量(26772.1 kg ·hm-2)。     

磷钾配施对旱砂田西瓜产量、品质及养分利用率的影响

为了探明旱砂田西瓜产量、 品质及养分利用率同步提高的最佳氮磷钾施用量和配比,制定合理的栽培措施,本试验以中晚熟西瓜品种陇抗九号为试材,在砂田西瓜氮肥施用量为200 kg/hm2的基础上,设置了3个施钾水平（0、 130、 260 kg/hm2）和4个施磷水平（0、 90、 130、 170 kg/hm2）,研究了磷、 钾肥配施对西瓜产量、 品质和肥料利用率的影响。结果表明,西瓜产量和品质均随施磷量和施钾量的增加而提高,其中P170处理的西瓜单瓜重和产量较P0分别显著提高了13.75%和43.79%; 西瓜平均含糖量、 Vc和蛋白质含量较P0分别显著提高了13.75%、 9.48%和11.90%; K260处理的西瓜单瓜重和产量较K0分别显著提高了9.22%和7.54%; 西瓜平均含糖量和硝酸盐含量较K0分别显著提高了5.86%和11.24%。磷钾肥配施对西瓜光合、 产量及养分吸收利用的互作效应显著,且均表现出在低钾条件下,各指标随施磷量的增加先增加后趋于稳定或降低; 高钾条件下,则随施磷量的增加而增加,并以磷肥效应较大,钾肥次之,在磷、 钾配施的所有处理中,K260P170处理的西瓜光合速率、 产量和养分利用率均最高。本试验在施用氮肥200 kg/hm2条件下,砂田西瓜的磷、 钾最优施肥量分别为170 kg/hm2和260 kg/hm2,相应的N、 P2O5、 K2O比例为1∶0.85∶1.3。     

氮磷钾肥用量对紫云英产量效应的研究

采用"3414"肥料效应试验设计方案对紫云英氮、磷、钾肥施用效应及养分的交互作用进行了研究,结果表明:与不施肥处理(CK)相比,13个施肥处理紫云英鲜草平均增产21.1 t·hm-2,平均产量为不施肥处理的2.35倍;分别固定磷(P2O5 60 kg·hm-2)、钾(K2O 60 kg·hm-2)肥,氮(N75 kg·hm-2)、钾(K2O 60 kg·hm-2)肥和氮(N 75 kg·hm-2)、磷(P2O5 60 kg·hm-2)肥用量,在施N 0～112.5 kg·hm-2,P2O5 0～90 kg·hm-2和K2O 0～90 kg·hm-2范围内,紫云英产量随相应肥料用量的增加而显著提高,N、P、K各养分施用的最高增产率分别为65.0%、27.8%和44.5%;从养分效率看,中量水平的氮(N 75.0 kg·hm-2)、磷(P2O5 60 kg·hm-2)和低量水平的钾(K2O 30 kg·hm-2)增产效果最好;氮、磷、钾肥之间存在一定的交互作用,互相影响肥效的发挥,中量水平的养分用量(N 75.0 kg·hm-2、P2O5 60 kg·hm-2和K2O 60 kg·hm-2)有利于各养分效果的发挥.结果说明,施肥对紫云英增产效果明显,氮、磷、钾肥用量和配比是影响紫云英产量的重要因素.     

钾肥施用量对中牟大白蒜产量及品质影响

本实验从2006～2008年连续3年在中牟对大蒜钾肥施用技术进行多点研究。结果表明,以施用钾肥为中心的平衡施肥可大幅度提高大蒜的产量和品质,蒜苗、蒜苔和蒜头3年平均产量较不施钾肥的对照分别提高11.1%～30.8%、10.5%～44.7%和9.0%～27.7%。增施钾肥能有效提高蒜苗和蒜苔中维生素C及可溶性糖分含量,改善大蒜的内在品质,提高大蒜的营养价值,经济收益增加2133～7179元/hm2,施用钾肥的产投比达6.1：1～11.8：1。在当前产量和生产水平下,大蒜平衡施肥方案为：纯N300kg/hm2,P2O580kg/hm2,K2O300kg/hm2左右。本文将对指导大蒜合理施肥,优质高效生产具有积极的作用。     

增施钾肥对日光温室葡萄产量和品质的影响

通过日光温室葡萄定位施肥试验,研究了钾肥不同施用水平对葡萄产量与品质的影响。结果表明:适量施用钾肥能增加葡萄果实的还原糖、维生素C含量和果粒硬度,糖酸比为34.2~38.3,产量增幅达13.7%~24.0%。采用秋施基肥结合生长期追施方式,施用300 kg hm-2的K2O,且N∶P2O5∶K2O为1∶0.85∶1时,表现出最佳的作用效果和经济效益。     

不同NPK配置对强筋小麦群体生物量与产量的效应研究

在关中川道灌区以强筋小麦陕253为材料,研究了不同NPK配置对其不同生育期生物产量、群体数量和产量的效应,结果表明提高施肥量可显著增加生物产量、群体数量及产量,处理平均值分别比常规处理增加11.9%~43.6%、4.1%~17.4%和8.3%,其最佳N、P、K配置依次为N135kg hm-2,P2O5和K2O各120kg hm-2、N135kg hm-2,P2O5225kghm-2,K2O120kg hm-2和N225kg hm-2,P2O5和K2O各120kg hm-2。在目前常规投肥水平下适度增加钾肥有利于生物产量的显著提高,增加磷肥和钾肥有利于群体数量的提高,增施氮钾肥有显著的增产效果。产量的最佳NPK配比较常规处理增产19.1%,其增加养分的平均产量4.44 kg kg-1,比各处理平均养分产量高1.6倍。     

安徽江淮丘陵区杂交水稻钾肥效应初报

试验结果表明：杂交水稻每公顷施用K2O135kg时产量最高，达7735kg／hm，比对照(NPK0)增产12．1％。钾肥经济效益也以每公顷施K20135kg最高，比对照增收1008元／11m^2，产投比为3．3：1。钾肥施用量在K2O180kg／hm^2以下时，土壤中的钾素亏损，不能保持土壤中钾素平衡。     

Accumulation of copper in soils and leaves of tomato plants in greenhouses in Turkey

Copper (Cu)‐containing fertilizers, fungicides, and bactericides has been used extensively in the greenhouses in the Antalya province in recent decades with the use of such materials tending to increase year by year. The level of DTPA‐extractable Cu was determined in 210 soils (0–20 and 20–40 cm depth) and 105 leaf samples obtained from 105 tomato greenhouses. The DTPA‐extractable Cu contents of the soils taken from the 0–20 depth ranged between 0.76 and 88.03 mg kg^‐1 (mean 7.79 mg kg^‐1). The percentage of soils containing DTPA‐extractable Cu greater than the critical toxicity level (20 mg kg^‐1) was 8.1. The Cu content of tomato leaf samples ranged between 2.4 and 1,490 mg kg^‐1 (mean 166.5 mg kg^‐1). The Cu concentration in leaf samples was very high due to the intensive use of foliar applied Cu‐containing chemicals. As a consequence, 24.8% of the leaf tomato samples analyzed contained over 200 mg Cu kg^‐1, the maximum accepted tolerance level. Therefore, it may be necessary to reduce the use of Cu‐containing pesticides and fertilizers, or at least reduce the amount of Cu‐containing fertilizers being used in those greenhouses where Cu‐containing pesticides have been or are being used.     

Role of selenium in mitigation of cadmium toxicity in pepper grown in hydroponic condition

Selenium (Se) is an essential element for humans but is not considered as essential for plants. However, its beneficial role in improving plant growth and stress tolerances is well established. In order to study the role of Se in cadmium (Cd) toxicity in pepper (Capsicum frutescens cv. Suryankhi Cluster), this experiment was carried out in greenhouse conditions. Treatments comprised Cd [0, 0.25, and 0.5 mM cadmium chloride (CdCl₂)] and Se [0, 3, and 7 µM sodium selenite (Na₂SeO₃)] with three replications. The result showed that Cd decreased chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids, whereas Se supplementation diminished Cd toxicity on photosynthetic pigment. Selenium at 7 µM significantly increased the leaf area in the plants grown at 0.25 mM Cd. The application of Se at 3 µM with 0.25 mM Cd and Se at 3 µM and Se at 7 µM with 0.5 mM Cd increased the activity of catalase (CAT). Selenium at 7 µM decreased the proline content of pepper leaves exposed to Cd at 0.5 mM (30%). Selenium significantly enhanced the antioxidant activity of leaves, which was diminished by Cd toxicity. In general, Se has a beneficial effect on plant growth and is an antioxidant enzyme of pepper cv. Suryankhi Cluster under Cd stress and non-stress conditions.     

红壤区不同肥力水稻土根际硝化作用特征

通过根际培养箱(三室)——速冻切片技术研究了红壤地区高、低两种肥力下水稻苗期根表、根际和土体土壤矿质态氮含量和硝化强度,以及水稻生长、氮素积累的差异。结果表明,肥力水平对水稻根表和根际土壤铵态氮(NH4+-N)含量无显著影响,但高肥力显著提高土体土壤NH4+-N含量,以及根表、根际和土体土壤硝态氮(NO3--N)含量及硝化强度。两种肥力水稻土硝化强度最大值均出现在距根表2 mm处,分别为0.20和0.31μmol kg-1 h-1。土体土壤硝化强度随距根表距离增加而降低,低肥力土壤在距根表10～40mm处时硝化强度接近本底值,而高肥力土壤在距根表20～40 mm处时接近本底值。与不种水稻的CK相比,种植水稻显著提高根际土壤硝化强度。高肥力能显著改善水稻生长,增加植株氮素积累量,尤其显著促进根系生长及通气组织发育。由于红壤稻田肥力水平的差异造成水稻根际硝化强度以及水稻吸收NO3-的差异,导致高肥条件下水稻显示出更强的生长势和氮素吸收利用能力。因此,合理提高红壤稻田肥力水平对改善红壤区水稻根际土壤硝化作用及水稻氮素营养具有重要意义。     

自由基在鸡肾病发生中的作用研究

肾病即急性肾小管坏死.鸡肾病在养鸡生产中极为常见,尤其近年来,鸡肾病的发生日益增多,由于其发生机制不清楚,临床治疗鸡肾病的依据不足,致使治疗效果不佳,为此,提出本研究以探讨鸡肾病的发生机制,为本病防治提供理论依据.     

Occurrence of Sexual Hormones in Sediments of Mangrove in Brazil

The presence of sexual hormones (female estrogens) was assessed in sediments of a mangrove located in the urban region of southern Brazil. The estrogens are involved in human sexual reproduction. They act as the chemical messengers, and they are classified as natural and synthetic. The estrogens inputs in the environment are from treated and untreated sewage. The presence of estrogens in sewage is excretion from the female due to natural production and use of contraceptives (synthetic estrogens). With the indiscriminate release of sewage into the environment, estrogens can be found in rivers, lakes, and even in oceans. In this work, the presence of estrone (E1), 17-??-estradiol (E2), and 17-??-ethynilestradiol (EE2) in eight sedimentary stations in Itacorubi mangrove located on Santa Catarina Island, south Brazil, was investigated. Historically, the Itacorubi mangrove has been impacted by anthropogenic activities because the mangrove is inserted in the urban area of the Florianopolis. The estrogen EE2, used as contraceptive, had the highest concentration in mangrove sediment, 129.75?±?3.89 ng/g. E2 was also found, with its concentration ranging from 0.90?±?0.03 to 39.77?±?1.19 ng/g. Following the mechanism, under aerobic or anaerobic conditions, E2 will first be oxidized to E1, which is further oxidized to unknown metabolites and finally to CO₂ and water (mineralized). EE2 is oxidized to unknown metabolites and also finally mineralized. Theoretically, under anaerobic conditions, EE2 can be reduced to E1 even in environments such as mangrove which is essentially anaerobic.     

Meta-analysis in the Selection of Groups in Varieties of Citrus

Brazil is the largest producer of oranges (Citrus sinensis) in the world. The nutrient management of tree orchards is designed from experiments with a limited number of varieties. This knowledge is transferred to other varieties by diagnosing tissue nutrient composition and tree demand. Compositional data analysis has been first applied to tissue analysis of agricultural crops using centered log ratios with compositional nutrient diagnosis (CND-clr). The isometric log ratio (ilr) transformation is a new approach based on binary nutrient ratios and the principle of orthogonality (CND-ilr). We analyzed eleven nutrients: nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), boron (B), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and iron (Fe) in leaf tissue samples across 108 commercial plots (thirty-one grow Valencia, twenty-two Hamlim, twenty Pera, and thirty-five Natal). Nutrients were partitioned between macro- and micronutrients as well as anionic and cationic species. The effect size of varieties over Valencia was quantified by the mean and standard deviation of ilr values across ilr coordinates. Specific varietal nutrient profiles and ilr norms were defined. The nutrient profile of orange varieties could be classified into homogeneous groups to take advantage of fertilizer trials conducted on varieties of the same group. The Aitchison distance and a perturbation vector could be instrumental for diagnostic purposes and nutrient management.     

Effect of iron-quercetin complex on reduction of nitrite in in vitro and in vivo systems

This study investigated whether reducing agents such as quercetin and iron(II) facilitate formation of nitric oxide (NO) gas from orally ingested nitrite in an vivo study. When 3 mg/kg Na (15)NO2 was orally administered to rats with or without iron(II) or quercetin, Hb (15)NO, which is indicative of systemic (15)NO, was detected in the blood, with the maximum blood concentration of Hb (15)NO at 15 min after nitrite or nitrite plus quercetin treatment, whereas after administration of nitrite plus iron(II) or nitrite plus iron(II) and quercetin, the time was shortened to 10 min. Interestingly, iron(II), quercetin, or iron(II) plus quercetin did not affect the total amount of Hb (15)NO generated from orally administered Na (15)NO2. However, the systemic nitrite concentration was significantly decreased in the presence of iron(II) or iron(II) plus quercetin. These results may indicate that iron(II) is critical to the generation of NO gas from nitrite, whereas quercetin contributed little under the in vivo experimental conditions.     

旱地果园水肥管理模式研究进展

分析了旱地果园水肥管理模式的研究进展和存在问题,指出水肥胁迫尤其是水钾已成为旱区果树高产稳产优质化的主要限制因子。在系统探讨旱地果园水分管理、养分管理、综合管理以及果树叶营养综合诊断施肥标准的基础上,提出了旱地果园的高效水肥管理模式。     

Role of aldehyde oxidase in the hepatic in vitro metabolism of 3-methylindole in pigs

The metabolism of 3-hydroxy-3-methylindolenine (HMI), a recently discovered metabolite of 3-methylindole (3MI, skatole) produced by porcine liver microsomes, was investigated in vitro using porcine liver cytosol. HMI was rapidly metabolized to a single product, 3-hydroxy-3-methyloxindole (HMOI), by porcine cytosol. By the use of the selective inhibitors menadione and quinacrine, it was shown that the enzyme responsible for the oxidation of HMI into HMOI was aldehyde oxidase (AO; aldehyde:oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.2.3.1). The activity of AO in the conversion of HMI to HMOI was measured in a population of pigs (n = 30) with a wide range of 3MI levels in back fat (0.07-0.30 mg/kg). AO activity was found to be negatively correlated (r = -0.70; P < 0.001) with the level of 3MI in fat. The results of the present study suggest that AO plays an important role in the metabolism of 3MI in the pig and that its catalytic activity is related to an adequate 3MI clearance.     

东北黑土土壤磷的纬向分异

以中国东北的中纬度黑土区为样带,研究了有机磷浓度与有机质、全氮浓度的关系;全磷、有机磷、无机磷及有机磷和无机磷的比率与纬度分布的关系。结果表明,有机磷和有机质、全氮浓度具有良好的相关性,它们之间的相关系数分别为0.90和0.92,呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)。全磷、有机磷、无机磷、P_o/P_i在纬度上都存在不同程度的分异规律,即随着纬度的升高,其浓度或比率均有逐渐升高的趋势;其相关系数分别为0.68、0.77、0.26和0.60,相关分析表明,这些纬向分异规律都达极显著水平(P<0.01)。除了无机磷的纬向分异原因尚不明确之外,其他纬向分异的原因可能是由于黑土南北样带气候热量上的差异和人类活动的影响所致,从而造成南北样带之间有机质的矿化程度和速率产生差异。